Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “IRRIGATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[Value of colonic irrigation. Long-term followed-up in 432 colostomized patients].

OBJECTIVES: Irrigating colostomies allows patients to achieve nearly complete fecal continence using a simple technique. We assessed long-term results in our series of 432 patients. METHODS: From 1979 to 1992, we followed 432 patients who had undergone definitive colostomy surgery (mean follow-up = 8.4 years). RESULTS: Colonic irrigation was impossible in 281 cases mainly due to retarded patient information (42%) or patient incapacity (31%). It was possible in 151 patients (globally 31%). In patients with abdominoperineal amputations the rate was 63%, for Hartmann procedures 17% and for derivations 6%. Most of the derivations were supraombilical colostomies (n = 51) including 6 who used colonic irrigation. No complications related to the technique were observed and minor incidents (usually problems with the cannula and/or pain) occurred in 61 patients. Thirteen patients (9%) abandoned the technique including 5 who complained of incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these observations, we conclude that colonic irrigation is not used enough. The key to success is a quality stomy and early patient information and training. This technique is particularly adapted for active patients. It is performed every 48 hours and lasts about 35 minutes.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Oral irrigation in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Conceptually, supragingival and subgingival irrigation are techniques that may assist conventional therapy in the treatment and maintenance of periodontal patients. However, the dental literature contains diverse data on the efficacy of oral irrigation, and this variability leads to considerable confusion regarding its utility. This review attempts to place in perspective the advantages and disadvantages of supragingival and subgingival irrigation. Recommendations for use of irrigation therapy are based on the results of published clinical trials and are discussed herein. Shortcomings of comparative study designs are also noted to provide a context for decision making by clinicians.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Pulsatile pressure irrigation treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis.

The usefulness of the pulsatile pressure saline irrigation system has been demonstrated in the orthopedic, surgical, and dental literature. Its use during the treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis has not been documented. The literature concerning pressure irrigation is reviewed, and the indications and technique of pulsatile pressure saline/antibiotic irrigation for the treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis are enumerated and demonstrated with two case reports. The pulsatile pressure saline/antibiotic irrigation system may be a useful adjunct to the standard therapeutic modalities of infection management and can be used during the management of mandibular osteomyelitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The influence of caecostomy and colonic irrigation on pathophysiology and prognosis in acute experimental pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To find out if the presence of a stoma had any influence on the pathophysiology or prognosis of necrotising pancreatitis in rats. DESIGN: Randomised controlled study. MATERIAL: 112 male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Induction of pancreatitis by intraduodenal injection of 2 ml sodium taurocholate 2% with 10,000 units of trypsin; the duodenum and common bile duct were occluded for three minutes. The control group (n = 36) had no further procedure, but the remaining rats were randomised to have either caecostomy (n = 40) or colonic irrigation (n = 36). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality, histological grading of the pancreatitis, white cell count, serum amylase activity, and haemoglobin and endotoxin concentrations in blood. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 14% (n = 5) in the control group, 10% (n = 4) in the caecostomy group, and 8% (n = 3) in the irrigation group, leaving 31, 36, and 33 for assessment. Later mortality was 23% (n = 7), 17% (n = 6), and 9% (n = 3), respectively. The control group had a significantly higher median endotoxin concentration (219 ng/l) than both the caecostomy group (79.2 ng/l, p < 0.05) and the irrigation group (71.7 ng/l, p < 0.05). The amount of endotoxin was mirrored by the changes in the colonic mucosa in the different groups. CONCLUSION: Our results support the hypothesis that both caecostomy and colonic irrigation have a favourable effect on the outcome of necrotising pancreatitis in rats.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

[Subgingival irrigation: a heresy?].

Bacteria are the principal causal factor for gingivitis and adult periodontitis. This article is a review of the pertinent literature regarding subgingival irrigation with antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the clinical significance of this technique is evaluated. In order for the antimicrobial agent to reach the base of the periodontal pocket, the canula must be placed at least 3.0 mm subgingivally. Subgingival irrigation offers no added antimicrobial effect over root scaling alone, but may extend the therapeutic effect of scaling. The effect of subgingival irrigation is none the less temporary. Subgingival irrigation must be regarded as an alternative treatment for gingivitis and adult periodontitis when root scaling alone is not sufficient.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Using pulsatile pressure saline/antibiotic irrigation before reduction and fixation of infected mandibular fractures: literature review and report of two cases.

The efficacy of pulsatile pressure saline irrigation has been demonstrated in the orthopedic, surgical, and dental literature. However, its use for treating infected mandibular fractures has not been documented. This article reviews the literature concerning pressure irrigation. The pulsatile pressure saline/antibiotic irrigation technique and indications for its use during the treatment of infected mandibular fractures are demonstrated with two case reports. The pulsatile pressure saline/antibiotic irrigation system is a useful adjunct to the standard therapeutic modalities of infection management. It is also useful for managing infected mandibular fractures, especially when open reduction and internal fixation with bone plates have been planned.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Periodontal pocket irrigation as adjunctive treatment.

The emphasis in periodontal treatment generally has shifted in recent years from periodontal surgery towards periodontal medicine. Because the major periodontal disease group is the chronic inflammatory group, and the major direct cause of chronic inflammation is dental plaque, much of the new research is directed at more ergonomic and economic means of plaque control that have the efficacy of traditional methods. As a result, the field of plaque chemotherapy is expanding concurrent with the modes of application of anti-plaque chemical agents to their interdental and subgingival sites of intended action. Since the rediscovery of subgingival irrigation some 15 years ago, the technique has been shown to provide an efficient means of subgingival application of anti-plaque agents, and it has also been used to apply anti-inflammatory compounds. It was never intended to stand alone. It was and is meant to be used as an adjunct to professional debridement, but one that simplifies home-care oral hygiene for the patient. This, indeed, is part of the aim of all chemical anti-plaque adjunctive therapy. It requires the use of appropriate anti-plaque agents in sufficient concentration and with sufficient periodicity to be clinically effective. It is only ineffective if dose or periodicity is inadequate, or if mechanical plaque control is unrealistically good--that is, unlikely to be maintained long term by the majority of patients. Subgingival irrigation enables the patient for the first time to deal with bursts of periodontitis activity when professional help is not readily available. Although irrigation per se may dilute plaque toxins, it is still clinically inadequate without a suitable chemical adjunct. Subgingival irrigation with a suitable antimicrobial agent currently constitutes an effective adjunct to the simplified oral hygiene regimen that does not require unrealistic levels of interdental or subgingival home-care cleaning by the patient.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Effect of intraperitoneal saline irrigation at different temperatures on adhesion formation.

This study was designed to examine the influence of saline irrigation at different temperatures on adhesion/formation in the rat. Saline irrigation through a laparotomy incision was performed at the following temperatures: 30 degrees C, 34 degrees C, 37 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 45 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 60 degrees C. The control group (Gc, n = 20) underwent laparotomy without irrigation. Adhesions were found in: 5/20 animals of the Gc (all slight); 6/20 of the 30 degrees C group (all slight); 6/20 of the 34 degrees C group (all slight); 6/20 of the 37 degrees C group (all slight); 12/20 of the 40 degrees C group (all slight); 12/20 of the 45 degrees C group (11 slight, 1 moderate); 14/20 of the 50 degrees C group (12 slight, 2 moderate); 18/19 of the 55 degrees C group (2 slight, 6 moderate, 10 marked); and 18/18 of the 60 degrees C group (1 moderate, 8 marked, 9 massive). These results indicate that saline irrigation below body temperature does not prevent adhesions whereas warmed saline encourages adhesion formation in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage: the need for regulation.

Subsurface drainage resulting from irrigated agriculture is a toxic threat to fish and wildlife resources throughout the western United States. Studies by the U.S. Department of the Interior show that migratory waterfowl have been poisoned by drainwater contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. Allowing this poisoning to continue is a violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act under U.S. Federal law. Critical wetlands and waterfowl populations are threatened in both the Pacific and Central flyways. The public is also at risk and health warnings have been issued in some locations. Subsurface irrigation drainage is a complex effluent containing toxic concentrations of trace elements, salts, and nitrogenous compounds. Some of the contaminants are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority pollutants and they can be present in concentrations that exceed EPA's criteria for toxic waste. The on-farm drainage systems used to collect and transport this wastewater provide point-source identification as well as a mechanism for toxics control through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit process. A four-step approach is presented for dealing with irrigation drainage in an environmentally sound manner. This regulatory strategy is very similar to those commonly used for industrial discharges and includes site evaluation, contaminant reduction through NPDES, and compliance monitoring. The EPA must recognize subsurface irrigation drainage as a specific class of pollution subject to regulation under the NPDES process. Active involvement by EPA is necessary to ensure that adequate controls on this wastewater are implemented.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1976

Feedlot manure top dressing for irrigated pasture: good agricultural practice or a health hazard?

Top dressing a spray-irrigated pasture of orchard-grass with 125 t/ha of overwintered beef feedlot manure almost doubled the yield of dry forage: 6353 kg/ha vs. 3578 kg/ha for the plots receiving no manure. Even at this rate of application, the manure did not contaminate the irrigated grass with enteropathogenic bacteria after irrigation. When the grass became contaminated through the use of fecally polluted irrigation water, the fecal coliforms, indicator organisms with survival characteristics similar to the salmonellae, were effectively eliminated from the grass after exposure to 65 hr of bright sunlight.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A closed irrigation and drainage system for use with percutaneous abscess drainage: technical note.

A closed irrigation and drainage system has been used in 50 consecutive patients to assess its effectiveness in maintaining catheter patency and draining fluid collections. It consists of an irrigation fluid source, flushing syringe, drainage bag, and tubing to connect the components, and is assembled when the initial drainage procedure is performed. The system emphasizes the use of the siphon effect to maintain constant suction and a closed irrigation and drainage configuration that prevents spread of infection to others and minimizes contamination of the drained cavity. This method of irrigation and drainage also makes patient care considerably easier, and ensures catheter patency.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

Total contents and sequential extraction of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater, Akaki, Ethiopia.

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0-20 and 30-50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0-20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30-50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.

Ethiopia↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of socioeconomic and environmental impacts of waste stabilization pond and unrestricted wastewater irrigation: interface with maintenance.

The effluent from the waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus, is used for irrigation by poor rural farmers. There has been fear that the poorly maintained WSPs and the reuse practices are contributing to environmental degradation and health hazards. In this study the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the WSPs and reuse were evaluated based on data collected from questionnaires and the literature. The engineering and agricultural properties of soil in the irrigated and nonirrigated areas were compared. Comparison of the health status of the farmers and nonfarmers, of consumers of crops irrigated with wastewater and nonconsumers was performed using Student's t test and the z-score test. The occurrences of diarrhea, typhoid fever, and malaria among the various groups were used as indices. Analyses show that the health status of the farmers and consumers is poorer than those of nonfarmers and nonconsumers at the 5% level of significance. Vegetable cultivation using WSP effluent is a means of sustenance to the farmers and provides an affordable means of satisfying their nutritional deficiencies. However, the poorly maintained WSPs create odor and mosquito nuisances, trap and destroy livestock, and flood nearby compounds with waste debris. At both 1% and 5% levels of significance, communities around the ponds (< 300 m) suffer malaria more frequently than those who live far away (> or = 300 m). Cost-benefit analysis argues in favor of improvement of WSP management and irrigation reuse of wastewater. Dredging of the ponds, training workers and farmers, and adopting appropriate maintenance and monitoring strategies will greatly enhance the socioeconomic status of the urban poor farmers.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Environmental indices in irrigation management.

Irrigation management calls for objective criteria capable of representing the economy, reliability, and productivity of irrigation systems. These criteria must be compatible with long-term sustainability and conservation goals. The criteria representing the above goals are the economic effect of management on yield reduction, economic effect, and reliability referring to plant growth and operation of the network. In this study environmental indices are introduced to express the above criteria in quantitative terms. The inclusion of these indices at the farm and network level create a multicriteria framework for decision-making based on composite programming. An experimental study was conducted during the irrigation periods of 1989 and 1990 in Chania, Greece, concerning water delivered to 40 experimental plots, soil moisture content at the rootzone, and irrigation system operational failures. The data collected in real time were used for the calculation of the corresponding environmental indices. The variation in time and space is high and resulted in up to 62% of yield loss and low system performance (up to 7% of system temporal reliability). The study indicated that environmental indices could be incorporated to select alternatives and also to develop policies on water delivery. The final decision involves a trade-off analysis between cost of application and desired system performance. Measures of both primary objectives can be obtained using environmental indices that represent system operation aggregation at its basic levels (on farm and network).

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Modeling nitrogen uptake and potential nitrate leaching under different irrigation programs in nitrogen-fertilized tomato using the computer program NLEAP.

Readily available nitrogen (N) sources such as ammonium nitrate with excessive irrigation present a potential hazard for the environment. The computer program Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) is a mechanistic model developed for rapid site-specific estimates of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) moving below the root zone in agricultural crops and potential impacts of NO3-N leaching into groundwater. In this study, the value of NLEAP was tested to simulate N uptake by crops and NO3-N leaching parameters in large lysimeters under the tomato crop. Three seedlings of tomato variety of H-2274 (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) were transplanted into each lysimeter. N fertilizer at the rate of 140 kg N ha(-1) was sidedressed in two split applications, the first half as ammonium sulphate and the second half as ammonium nitrate. The lysimeters were irrigated based on programs of C 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50, C referring to class A-Pan evaporation coefficients. Parameters such as leaching index (LI), annual leaching risk potential (ALRP), N available for leaching (NAL), amount of NO3-N leached (NL) and amount of N taken up by the crops (NU) were estimated using the NLEAP computer model. To test the ability of model to simulate N uptake and NL, measured values were compared with simulated values. Significant correlations, R2 = 0.92 and P < 0.03 for the first year and R2 = 0.86 and P < 0.06 for the second year, were found between measured and simulated values for crop N consumption, indicating that the NLEAP model adequately described crop N uptake under the varied irrigation programs using an optimal N fertilization program for the experimental site. Significant correlations, R2 = 0.96 and P < 0.01 for the first year and R2 = 0.97 and P < 0.01 for the second year, were also found between measured and simulated values of NL, indicating that the NLEAP model also adequately predicted NL under the varied irrigation programs. Therefore, this computer model can be useful to estimate the NO3-N moving beyond the root zone under conditions in which the present experiment was carried out. Also, the NLEAP-estimated NAL values and other parameters can also be used to improve N management practices and N fertilizer recommendations that will help to decrease the adverse effect of N fertilizer on groundwater quality and farm profitability.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of focal mollusciciding in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme, Sudan.

Since the establishment of the Rahad Irrigation Scheme in 1979, the prevalence of schistosomiasis has increased to high levels in some villages despite the efforts of the Blue Nile Health Project to prevent this. Although a programme of focal snail control has been implemented since 1979, when the first intermediate host snails were detected, infected snails are abundant in human water contact near villages where transmission of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium takes place. The objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the focal snail control operations in irrigation canals, in terms of reductions in snail density and repopulation rates of treated sites. The efficacy of focal mollusciciding was evaluated by (1) evaluation of the routine molluscicide operation done by the Blue Nile Health Project, (2) experimental application of various dosages of the molluscicide and (3) study of snail repopulation rates. Efficiency was measured by mortality among caged snails placed in the target stretch and from pre- and post-treatment counts of relative snail densities. The short-time application of niclosamide can be very effective in reducing the density of the intermediate host snails in the target stretch of canal. An efficient exposure seems to be approximately 3 ppm (a.i.) for 30-40 min when water flow is slow, while 1 ppm is efficient when water velocity is very slow, i.e. less than 0.04 m S-1, and 0.6 ppm is efficient when the water is virtually stagnant. Turbidity seems not to impair the effect of the treatment and vegetation does not reduce the efficiency of niclosamide, provided the current speed is low and the chemical is applied to the entire width of the canal. However, the results also clearly demonstrate some of the shortcomings of the standard procedure of niclosamide application. A high water velocity and discharge will rapidly wash the chemical through the target canal stretch and the snails will be exposed only for a short period if the routine procedure is followed. In addition, the chemical will not mix sufficiently with water within standards of aquatic macrophytes. Recolonization of treated canal stretches is fast, especially during the irrigation period when water velocities are high and juvenile snails are abundant. Snail density may attain pretreatment levels three weeks after an effective application. Since the routine procedure is most effective at low current speeds, it is suggested that water velocity could be controlled during the application in coordination with the Irrigation Department.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of irrigation on appearance and survival of infective larvae of goat gastro-intestinal nematodes in Guadeloupe (French West Indies).

In Guadeloupe (French West Indies), faeces from naturally infected goats were deposited during the dry season on three plots, irrigated with long (plot A) or short herbage (B) and non-irrigated with long herbage (C). Microclimatic data and the evolution of L3 population size in faeces, on soil surface and on herbage were followed over a period of 26 days. The initial nematode egg population was comprised of 58% Haemonchus contortus (HC), 25% Trichostrongylus colubriformis (TC) and 17% Oesophagostomum columbianum (OC). Temperature and water content varied in time and space (soil, faeces, herbage) from homogeneous in A to very heterogeneous in C. In A and B, population dynamics were similar with higher values of maxima in A. Larval peaks occurred on day 9 after deposition in faeces in plot A: 23.1, 39.1 and 17.2 L3/100 eggs, respectively for HC, TC and OC; the same day in soil: 1.9, 0.6 and 3.1 L3/100 eggs. On day 26 it remained less than 1 L3/100 eggs in both soil and herbage for the three species. In C, only TC larvae were observed coming, after rain, from eggs in which hatching had been delayed. It was difficult to separate the respective effects of temperature and water content on the development of the eggs, but irrigation gave favourable conditions for all eggs to develop into larvae. Pasture rotation with 28-35 days of regrowth should minimize the increased risk of infection for the goats due to irrigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Control of schistosomiasis transmission in newly established smallholder irrigation schemes.

The extent to which schistosomiasis can be controlled through careful design of the irrigation works, the operation schedule, the location of villages and the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation in smallholder irrigation schemes at Mushandike in south-east Zimbabwe is reported. The schemes provide land for 400 peasant families who are monitored for schistosomiasis soon after resettlement. Between April 1986 and August 1987 there was a marked reduction in overall prevalence following treatment. For Schistosoma haematobium, the reductions in 2 schemes were 53% and 82% and for S. mansoni, 82% and 100%, in spite of transmission in settlements upstream from the schemes. In contrast, in a nearby irrigated farm where no control measures were introduced, S. haematobium prevalence declined by only 31% while that for S. mansoni increased by 22% a year following treatment. These results are supported and strengthened by measurements of snail population sizes and their infection rates, cercarial densities in the water and incidence data for the human population, and suggest that the engineering and environmental control measures introduced are significant means of controlling transmission in smallholder irrigation schemes with the lowest recurrent costs.

Adolescent↗