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PubMed2006

[Phlebotominae: vectors of leishmaniasis in the provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, Argentina].

The transmission of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) has increased in 9 provinces of Argentina since 1985. Santa Fe and Entre Ríos did not record in this period autochtonous probed cases: however, an epidemic outbreak took place in 2003 in Bella Vista, Corrientes, located in an area with ecological continuity and contiguous to both provinces. In order to evaluate the potential risk of transmission of LT, Phlebotominae were captured at locations close to and southern from Bella Vista during February 2004. The traps located on the shores of Parana river in Santa Fe (El Rabón, Villa Ocampo, Cayastá), and Entre Ríos (La Paz. La Celina-Villa Urquiza) captured 860 individuals of Lutzomyia neivai (99.5%) and Lu. migonei (0.5 %), both species with vectorial capacity for Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. In Tartagal, Santa Fe, the captures were consistent with the residual "chaco" landscape, 7 individuals of Lu. nerivai, Lu. migonei and Lu. cortelezzii. The risk of LT epidemic transmission in these provinces is highlighted, mainly due to the progressive southern tropicalization of the paranaense gallery forest. Clinical and entomological surveillance is recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The basic health plan's impact on preventing cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural areas of Santander, Colombia].

OBJECTIVE: Measuring the impact of the Basic Colombian Health Plan for Preventing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in three towns in the Santander department. METHODS: An ecologic design using housing as the analysis unit. Children aged less than ten were randomly selected from rural schools and visited in their homes by trained volunteers. Structured survey-forms were filled in and every child was examined for scars or active cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Cluster-adjusted binomial regression was used when analysing data. RESULTS: Eighteen villages, 284 houses and 609 children aged less than 10 were surveyed. Scar/lesion prevalence was 19.1%, differences being noted between municipalities: El Playón 7.1%, Landázuri 32.8% and Rionegro 13.9%. Information regarding leishmaniasis had been received by 42.8% of the houses and 39.9% had received some type of intervention from the Basic Colombian Health Plan, bed-nets being the most frequent (92.5%). Basic Health Plan intervention showed a preventative effect in bivariate analysis; however, such effect was not evident following adjustment for other socioeconomic and environmental variables (PR = 1.39 IC 95% 0.76-2.56). CONCLUSION: Basic health plan intervention for cutaneous leishmaniasis prevention has had no significant association with scar/lesion prevalence in children aged less than ten in these rural areas, probably because its effect has been exceeded by local socioeconomic and environmental conditions, as well as administrative conditions related to the programmes' poor coverage.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The ecological characteristics of Anopheles mosquitoes associated with low malaria transmission in Siwa oasis, Egypt.

The ecology of Anopheles sergentii and An. multicolor was investigated over eight months to examine the entomological factors maintaining the low Plasmodium vivax transmission in Siwa oasis. The two species were encountered as larvae while the dominant species, Anopheles sergentii was also collected as adults. Breeding sites were characterized for the two species in six localities. Larvae of both species were common during June and November. In Bahi El Din as an indicator village with a higher endemicity, An. sergentii females were endophilic but more common inside animal sheds than in houses, attracted more to donkey-baited traps than to human hosts, more endophagic as human biters and were more common in May/June and November. Female survivorship was higher in November than in the other months. Vector potential of An. sergentii was predicted and revealed that the species characteristics (low human contact, short survival and zoophilic feeding behavior) are responsible for maintaining such low and unstable malaria in Siwa oasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sarcocystis falcatula of opossums: transmission by cockroaches with fatal pulmonary disease in psittacine birds.

Old World psittacines experienced an acute fatal illness in outdoor breeding collections in South Florida. Toxoplasma-like organisms were found histologically in pulmonary capillaries and elsewhere. Because the organisms underwent schizogony and could not be transmitted to mice, we looked for a cause other than Toxoplasma gondii. An opossum was trapped on the premises of 1 facility and was found to be shedding sporocysts similar to Sarcocystis falcatula in its feces. Cockroaches were prevalent and suspected as transport hosts. Cockroaches that had ingested opossum feces and subsequently were fed to cockatoos induced an identical fatal illness. Obstruction of pulmonary capillaries by developing schizonts and pulmonary edema were the most important pathologic findings. The epidemic was stopped by biological insect control employing flightless chickens to reduce cockroach populations and by an electric fence restricting access of opossums to these outdoor psittacine breeding facilities.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Plasmodium falciparum travels by train from Ethiopia to Djibouti].

To investigate the role of the Djibouti-Ethiopian railway as a potential vehicle for inter-regional spread of malaria vectors and malaria parasites, we performed a double-sided study, both entomological and parasitological, during November 1989, at the frontier post of Guelile where the trains from Ethiopia enter the Republic of Djibouti. No malaria-transmitting mosquitoes were collected either from the daily passenger train or from the weekly vegetables train. One hundred and five passengers entering Djibouti by train from Ethiopia had a thick film examined for malaria parasites. Five smears were positive for Plasmodium falciparum, among them two showed gametocytes. We conclude that the railway may be an effective route for the propagation of the human malaria parasite between Ethiopia and Djibouti. Indeed, passengers infected abroad could import plasmodia into Djibouti and thus become the index cases for local malaria outbreaks, in case the climatic and entomological prerequisites essential for sustaining malaria transmission are present.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Aspects of pesticide toxicology.

Pesticides are currently perceived by the public as posing a major long-term threat to the health of the population. While the acute toxic effects of accidental or intentional ingestion of large doses are accepted, very little is known about the health risks associated with chronic occupational exposure or a life-long intake in food and drinking water. As in most cases of risk assessment, it is the relative risks that must be considered. Pesticides have made a vital contribution to the quality and quantity of food and overall to health both in developed and, most significantly, developing countries, so that their sudden withdrawal would present far more serious health problems than do their potential long-term toxic effects. Genetic engineering may develop seeds that are naturally resistant to many plant diseases, and biological methods of insect control are likely to be used more frequently, but the continued use of pesticides will be necessary for many more years. There is a pressing need for research into the chronic health effects in man of low-level exposure to pesticides, the mechanisms of the toxic effects, and the development of reliable methods for monitoring exposure. The responsibility for ensuring that this work is undertaken must be accepted by governments.

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PubMed1988

Horse-baited insect trap and mobile insect sorting table used in a disease vector identification study.

A horse-baited trap and a mobile insect sorting table were used to conduct an arthropod survey for potential vectors of Potomac Horse Fever in southern Maryland and northern Virginia. The trap and table worked effectively for the live collection and sorting of haemophagous Diptera such as: Simulium spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca autumnalis, Tabanus spp. and Chrysops spp. during the diurnal collections periods, and Culicoides spp. during the crepuscular periods. The trap was not as convenient for live collection of mosquito species during the nocturnal period. Modifications to the trap design was suggested for mosquito live trapping.

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