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PubMed1978

Screening for urinary oligosaccharides: application to a mentally handicapped population and to patients with some other diseases.

The method for screening urinary oligosaccharides described in the accompanying paper [Clin. Chem. 24, 669 (1978)] has been applied to a large group of mentally handicapped patients as well as to patients with cystic fibrosis, malignant disease, and schizophrenia. The cause of the mental handicap was unknown in most cases. The primary object of the study was to investigate a possible link between some diseases and urinary complex carbohydrates. Our results show that abnormalities that are detectable in this way do not contribute significantly to the overall incidence of mental handicap, nor are they expressed in the other diseases studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Effects of a training program on teacher behavior and handicapped children's self-concepts.

The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the revised Utah State University Self-Concept Protocol Program in changing teacher behaviors presumed to be related to pupil self-concept. This program was focused on teachers with handicapped pupils in mainstreamed classrooms (grades 4 through 6). Ten volunteer teachers were trained in the self-concept behaviors as part of an inservice course. Eight additional volunteer teachers served as a no-treatment control group. Program-related teacher behaviors were observed and a pupil self-concept measure was administered before and after the inservice course. Results indicated that, although no changes occurred in program-related behaviors for the control group teachers, experimental group teachers showed significant increases on six of the 12 program-related behaviors. No gains in self-concept were made by handicapped children; however, there was some evidence for differential effectiveness of the program for learning disabled and emotionally handicapped children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1980

[The motor development of physically handicapped children as a central task of special education (author's transl)].

A physical disability is always the starting point of a life-long process the dynamics of which are determined by the autonomy of the biological and psychological maturation, as well as by social influences. The motor development of the physically handicapped child is related to its personality formation. Motor and behavioural deficiencies can worsen and produce long-term effects. Therefore, starting as soon as possible, at best on a daily basis, physical education and kinesiotherapy must be used to compensate for these deficiencies and activate the forces of psychological and physical self-regulation. Physicians and kinesiotherapists must pay more attention to the normal need of movement of physically handicapped children. The motor development of the physically handicapped must become an integral part of the paedagogical responsibilities of physical education. For this reason, it is necessary that physical instructors with special qualifications are systematically employed in special schools and rehabilitation facilities.

Child Development↗
PubMed1980

Employer acceptance of the Hansen's disease patient and other handicapped persons.

One hundred and four employers were interviewed in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, in order to compare their attitudes toward hirings the leprosy patient and persons with five other handicapping conditions (deep facial scars, the loss of two limbs, blindness, tuberculosis, and past psychiatric disorders). It was discovered that the noncontagious, nondeformed leprosy patient was the third best accepted of the six handicapped persons, slightly behind the job candidates with facial scars and tuberculosis. It was also found that 74% of the employers who were interviewed stated that they would either "probably" or "definitely" keep one of their workers if it were discovered that he had leprosy but was under treatment and represented no risk for other employees. A total of 82% said the same thing regarding a worker discovered to have tuberculosis. The single most cited reason by employers for having a negative attitude toward hiring handicapped candidates as a group was functional--the candidate would be "unable to do the job." The most cited justification for not hiring the leprosy patient was that "customers and other employees wouldn't like it." The author concludes that while there certainly exists employer prejudice towards the leprosy patient in the Bauru area, the study shows that this prejudice is neither unique nor insurmountable by any means. Later practical experience in rehabilitating and placing the leprosy patient in integrated jobs confirms this impression of the study. He urges that attention be given to creating many more integrated vocational rehabilitation opportunities for the Hansen's disease patient.

Amputees↗
PubMed1980

Dental programs for the handicapped: current trends.

In summary, dental care for the handicapped population will continue to improve and become more available as more individuals from all levels of society become more actively involved. Dental schools will need to change both undergraduate and postgraduate curricula to include thorough coverage of those topics which provide better understanding of the etiology, management, prevention, and social issues involved in the acceptance of handicapped patients in private professional offices. The role of the dentist on interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary teams will continue to expand as the dentist accepts the challenge of quality care for the handicapped community.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Impairment, psychiatric symptoms, and handicap in dwarfs.

Impairment, handicap and psychiatric symptoms were systematically studied in 84 dwarfs. Although all subjects were physically impaired by virtue of their skeletal dysplasias, only those with severe physical abnormalities were handicapped in obtained education and employment. Handicap in finding marital partners was present and unrelated to physical impairment rating. Fewer than half the subjects had ever married. Men in this sample, who were often extraverted as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, complained less often of psychiatric symptoms and felt less stigmatized than the women subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Communication barriers between 'the able-bodied' and 'the handicapped'.

The specific details and hardships of having a handicap or chronic disease vary from person to person. But not the core problem. The story is inevitably difficult both to hear and to tell. The hearing brings up many basic fears of personal and social failure to the listener. The telling confronts the individual who has a handicap with the depressing realities to be faced every day. Moreover, the problems that both "the able-bodied" and "the handicapped" have in communicating with one another are rooted deep in Western culture.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Children's ratings of peers presented as mentally retarded and physically handicapped.

Third- and sixth-grade children were shown slides and tapes presenting target children as either (a) physically nonhandicapped and nonretarded, (b) physically handicapped only, (c) mentally retarded only, or (d) physically handicapped and mentally retarded. All children were rated more favorably by third graders than sixth graders and more favorably by boys than girls. Physically handicapped target children were rated more favorably than were nonhandicapped children on behavioral intentions measures but were not rated differently on an attitude scale; retarded children were also rated more favorably than were nonretarded children on the former measures but less favorably on the attitude scale. Significant interactions were noted and implications of the results discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1981

Statistics of handicapped person in Europe: an international comparison.

Statistics of handicapped persons in six European countries (Austria Belgium, Denmark, Great Britain, Netherlands, West-Germany) were analyzed respectively as to (1) the basic definitions of "handicap', (2)the applied survey methods, and (3) the publication of survey and results. These surveys were more effective and less biased where (1) clinical-causal as well as social-final aspects were used defining "handicap', (2) interview data were verified by specialists (physicians) or standardized methods (tests), and (3) survey and results were represented differentiatedly. Examples for good statistics are the surveys in Great Britain and especially those in the Netherlands.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1983

The treatment of newborn infants with major handicaps. A survey of obstetricians and paediatricians in Victoria.

We report the results of a survey of the attitudes and practices of obstetricians and paediatricians in Victoria with respect to the treatment of infants born with severe handicaps. Eighty-seven obstetricians and 111 paediatricians either completed questionnaires or agreed to be interviewed during the period 1981-1982. The treatment of severely handicapped infants is a matter of increasing concern to members both of the public and of the medical profession. The principal question is whether every infant should have its life prolonged by all available means, or whether some infants born with severe handicaps should be allowed to die. We attempt to identify areas of consensus and disagreement. We do not propound any particular point of view--our intention is rather to stimulate debate.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

[Present problems of the mentally handicapped (author's transl)].

At the present time mental handicap has become a multidimensional polydisciplinary task. A structurally static consideration of the pathological anatomic data as an unalterable situation due to cerebral organic deficiency or classifying the handicap as a disease is no longer tenable. Therefore training programs with a joint medical and medical pedagogic approach are becoming increasingly important. Yet there still remains much to clarify in causal - and therapeutic - research. The situation of the parents and sublings in the family with a handicapped child is consequently subject to special problems and psychosocial stress.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Effects of structured interactions with severely handicapped peers on children's attitudes.

Regular-education children in Grades 4 through 6 participated in structured social interactions with severely handicapped children, and an attitude survey was administered to measure the effects of the intensive contact upon them and their classroom peer group. Results over two semesters of the program revealed significantly higher acceptance of individual differences on three attitudinal dimensions by children at an experimental school (n = 241) in comparison to children from schools where no severely handicapped children were enrolled (n = 288) and schools with severely handicapped children enrolled but without the interaction program (n = 288). Results support the development of personalized, peer-interaction interventions to facilitate social acceptance of child variance in integrated school settings.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Maternal personality and role in the rehabilitation of physically handicapped subjects].

The paper focuses on the importance of affective relations within the handicapped child's family during rehabilitation. In particular, the personality of the mother, as expressed for example through her pedagogical approach and emotive attitude, is correlated to the degree of success of the re-educational programme. Twelve children with neurological handicaps were monitored during a programme of rehabilitative physiotherapy. The mother-child relations were studied, focusing on the mother's difficulty in accepting her child's situation and adequately responding to the child's requirements, with the aim of identifying those instruments which promote, as far as possible, "separation" and autonomy. The study underlines the need for a medical team with which the parents can communicate both to obtain correct information and to diminish their anxiety in order to facilitate therapy and also establish a more satisfactory relationship with the handicapped child.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

[Sleep disorders in visually handicapped children in infancy and preschool age].

A parents' questionnaire was used to assess sleep disorders (night waking, settling difficulties) in 265 visually impaired and 67 nondisabled 10- to 72-month-olds. Results showed that multiply handicapped blind children (n = 57), blind children with no additional impairments (n = 56) and multiply handicapped partially sighted children (n = 71) more frequently had difficulties in getting to sleep (more than once a week) and in sleeping through the night (night waking more than once per week and taking more than 5-10 minutes to get back to sleep) than nonhandicapped children, whereas the frequency of sleep disorders (night waking, settling difficulties) in partially sighted children with no additional neurological or physical impairments (n = 81) did not differ from that of nonhandicapped controls. Blind children, whether they were multiply handicapped or not, exhibited sleep disorders more frequently than partially sighted children. The results indicated relationships between sleep disorders and the regularity of children's daily routines, the activities in the evening before going to bed, and the children's sleeping habits.

Blindness↗
PubMed1995

[Partnership and role of the psychiatrist beside the mentally handicapped persons and their families].

Partnership and role of the psychiatrist beside the mentally handicapped persons and their families. The author analyses his 35 years long collaboration with parents and their associations, and the follow up of mentally handicapped persons themselves. The author questions:--the generalisation of debatable theories without enough explicativity, which makes difficult the "therapeutic alliance" with the parents--the deficiency of educative projects--the doubtful reactions from the responsibles of parents associations in the scientifical spheres, and their refusal to make up their mind with some incomplete results of education. However, the collaboration with most of the parents is usually efficient and pleasant. It seems difficult to manage the psychopedagogy with the toddlers and the polyhandicapped persons without them. Finally, the author insists on the necessity of a patient psychological preparing of the handicapped person, in order he becomes conscience of his difference. Argument for a reflexion about each one role and responsibility, for a real partner-ship, with harmony and complementarity.

Family↗
PubMed1994

[Ethics and handicap].

The deprivation of numerous possibilities suffered by the severely-handicapped on account of their somato-psychic deficiency extends to many areas: mobility, relationships, autonomy in their everyday life, dependency, psychological or even mental consequences. The most elementary ethics would require to take all these deprivations into account, not just in the choice of accommodation structures but also in the behaviour of relatives and friends, or of qualified members of staff, in their approach to the handicapped. The range of application of these ethical rules must therefore extend from the quality of life and assistance, and the concern for efficiency of interventions, to the problems of security and securization, the assessment and the prevention of risks deriving from the handicap or its consequences, through the information of the patients regarding their elementary or specific rights, the introduction of the most favourable basis in order to make sure that they enjoy the dignity due to any human being, whatever his condition. Such a vast program requires a great many means of action, which all imply the recourse to the appropriate material and human assistance.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1994

[Medical and economic aspects of handicaps].

Handicap has heavy economic implications. Pensions, whose the amount is about 127 billions of french francs, are paid, every year, to disabled persons. But the medical charges of these persons, paid by the social security, are not established, nor the wealth undoing. On the other hand, a lot of jobs are run to take care of the handicapped and many rehabilitation units and homes are devoted to them (33,000 beds) as well as adapted employment (81,000 places). The risk of dependency in the elderly has led to a deep change in the allocation of many savings. Rehabilitation cost-effective programs are contributive to reduce handicaps; significant demonstrations has been given for many common diseases as low back pain, post-stroke hemiplegia, osteoporosis.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1994

[Coping strategies of mothers and fathers with a first- or second-born mentally handicapped child].

In 25 families with two children and one child with mental retardation, differences in coping between mothers and fathers were studied, taking into consideration the ordinal position of the handicapped child. Mothers showed more emotional stress, more self-criticism, searched more for social support and experienced more "up and down" in the process of adaptation. If the first child was handicapped mothers coped more by "mastery" than mothers of a second born handicapped child and more by "expression" than fathers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗