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PubMed1990

Effects of single doses of propiomazine, a phenothiazine hypnotic, on sleep and oxygenation in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Serious respiratory depression may occur in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), receiving hypnotics during acute exacerbations. However, in a previous study on oxygenation during sleep in patients with stable hypoxemic non-hypercapnic COPD, we were unable to demonstrate a significant negative effect from single doses of nitrazepam and flunitrazepam. We have now investigated the effects of propiomazine, a phenothiazine hypnotic, in a double-blind randomized cross-over study of oxygen saturation and apneas during sleep and other sleep variables in 12 non-obese hypoxemic but clinically stable theophylline-treated COPD patients (PaO2 8.1 kPa, PaCO2 5.6 kPa, FEV1 31% of predicted value). None of the respiratory variables were adversely affected by a single oral dose of 25 mg propiomazine, whereas total sleeping time and the sleep efficiency index increased.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1991

Hypnotically induced auditory hallucinations and the mouth-opening maneuver: a failure to duplicate findings.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to replicate the part of a study by Bick and Kinsbourne in which hypnotically induced auditory hallucinations in normal volunteer subjects were abolished by requiring the subjects to open their mouths. METHODS: Sixty-four normal volunteer subjects were hypnotized, and an attempt was made to induce auditory hallucinations. The subjects in whom hallucinations were successfully induced were then asked to perform the mouth-opening maneuver and the control maneuvers of putting their fingers in their ears or squeezing their eyes shut in an effort to end the hallucinations. RESULTS: Sixteen subjects reported having hallucinations. None of them reported that a hallucination was abolished by opening the mouth or closing the eye; four reported ending hallucinations by putting their fingers in their ears. CONCLUSIONS: Opening the mouth does not affect auditory hallucinations induced by hypnosis in normal persons. The most likely reason for the discrepancy between the results of this experiment and those of the Bick and Kinsbourne study is that the design of the latter study was faulty because it permitted demand characteristics to influence the results.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Hypnotic visual illusion alters color processing in the brain.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether hypnosis can modulate color perception. Such evidence would provide insight into the nature of hypnosis and its underlying mechanisms. METHOD: Eight highly hypnotizable subjects were asked to see a color pattern in color, a similar gray-scale pattern in color, the color pattern as gray scale, and the gray-scale pattern as gray scale during positron emission tomography scanning by means of [(15)O]CO(2). The classic color area in the fusiform or lingual region of the brain was first identified by analyzing the results when subjects were asked to perceive color as color versus when they were asked to perceive gray scale as gray scale. RESULTS: When subjects were hypnotized, color areas of the left and right hemispheres were activated when they were asked to perceive color, whether they were actually shown the color or the gray-scale stimulus. These brain regions had decreased activation when subjects were told to see gray scale, whether they were actually shown the color or gray-scale stimuli. These results were obtained only during hypnosis in the left hemisphere, whereas blood flow changes reflected instructions to perceive color versus gray scale in the right hemisphere, whether or not subjects had been hypnotized. CONCLUSIONS: Among highly hypnotizable subjects, observed changes in subjective experience achieved during hypnosis were reflected by changes in brain function similar to those that occur in perception. These findings support the claim that hypnosis is a psychological state with distinct neural correlates and is not just the result of adopting a role.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Euhypnos forte, high dose temazepam for resistant insomnia: post-marketing surveillance in 10,057 patients unresponsive to conventional hypnotic dosage.

A post-marketing surveillance study of Euhypnos Forte (temazepam 20 mg) capsules for the treatment of insomnia in 10,057 patients previously unresponsive to other hypnotics given in conventional doses. Patients were prescribed a nightly dose of 40 or 60 mg, but 95% actually took 40 mg. At 2 weeks, 89% of patients found the treatment effective, as did 95% at 3 months. Hangover, severe enough to stop treatment, occurred in less than 3% of patients, and other adverse reactions such as headache, dreams, gastrointestinal disturbance and hangover symptoms were reported by only 6% of patients at 2 weeks and 4% at 3 months. The most common reason for stopping treatment was the patient having no further need for hypnotics. Euhypnos Forte was effective in 88% of 3,800 patients who had found nitrazepam unsatisfactory and 90% of 1,013 patients unresponsive to barbiturates.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2005

Decreased duration of mechanical ventilation when comparing analgesia-based sedation using remifentanil with standard hypnotic-based sedation for up to 10 days in intensive care unit patients: a randomised trial [ISRCTN47583497].

INTRODUCTION: This randomised, open-label, multicentre study compared the safety and efficacy of an analgesia-based sedation regime using remifentanil with a conventional hypnotic-based sedation regime in critically ill patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation for up to 10 days. METHODS: One hundred and five randomised patients received either a remifentanil-based sedation regime (initial dose 6 to 9 microg kg(-1) h(-1) (0.1 to 0.15 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) titrated to response before the addition of midazolam for further sedation (n = 57), or a midazolam-based sedation regime with fentanyl or morphine added for analgesia (n = 48). Patients were sedated to an optimal Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) score of 3 or 4 and a pain intensity (PI) score of 1 or 2. RESULTS: The remifentanil-based sedation regime significantly reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation by more than 2 days (53.5 hours, P = 0.033), and significantly reduced the time from the start of the weaning process to extubation by more than 1 day (26.6 hours, P < 0.001). There was a trend towards shortening the stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) by 1 day. The median time of optimal SAS and PI was the same in both groups. There was a significant difference in the median time to offset of pharmacodynamic effects when discontinuing study medication in patients not extubated at 10 days (remifentanil 0.250 hour, comparator 1.167 hours; P < 0.001). Of the patients treated with remifentanil, 26% did not receive any midazolam during the study. In those patients that did receive midazolam, the use of remifentanil considerably reduced the total dose of midazolam required. Between days 3 and 10 the weighted mean infusion rate of remifentanil remained constant with no evidence of accumulation or of a development of tolerance to remifentanil. There was no difference between the groups in SAS or PI score in the 24 hours after stopping the study medication. Remifentanil was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil was well tolerated; it reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation and improves the weaning process compared with standard hypnotic-based sedation regimes in ICU patients requiring long-term ventilation for up to 10 days.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1981

Further studies on the determinant role of brain level of pentobarbital for the development of acute hypnotic tolerance.

Controlling the brain level of pentobarbital and the duration of hypnosis at the initial treatment in relation to development of acute hypnotic tolerance was studied. Simultaneous treatment of bemegride or TRH with pentobarbital attenuated the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital in a dose dependent manner, but neither the brain level of pentobarbital nor the development of tolerance was modified by this treatment. The effect of TRH was further demonstrated in rats by concomitant intracarotidal infusion with pentobarbital maintaining the brain concentration of pentobarbital and also the duration of exposure of the brain to pentobarbital under a constant condition. On the other hand, THC significantly prolonged the hypnosis induced by pentobarbital but did not potentiate the effect of pentobarbital to develop acute tolerance. Thus, the brain level of pentobarbital at the initial treatment is the primary determinant for the development of acute tolerance and the duration of hypnosis is not the essential factor in this mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of post-hypnotic suggestions on muscular endurance.

This study examined the effects of post-hypnotic suggestions upon maximal endurance capacity, Borg ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate. Experimental subjects were administered post-hypnotic suggestions to improve or decrease performance, and control subjects were given similar instructions during the awake state. Endurance time could be decreased significantly when the fatigue suggestion was given to experimental subjects, but performance could not be enhanced with the facilitating suggestion. Control subjects showed no significant changes across conditions. The Borg ratings indicated that experimental subjects experienced subjective changes as suggested by the hypnotist. In addition, analysis failed to find any significant differences for the heart-rate data.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Hypnotic suggestion of stimulus change and visual cortical evoked potential.

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the hypnotic suggestion of stimulus intensity change would affect the physical parameters (latencies, amplitudes) of the visual cortical evoked potential. Stimulus intensity was kept constant as visual cortical evoked potentials were measured under conditions in which it was suggested that stimuli were "bright" or "dim". The results of both experiments led to the conclusion that, under the present condition, hypnotic suggestion of stimulus intensity change did not result in changes in visual cortical evoked potentials.

Electrophysiology↗
PubMed1976

Lateral eye movements, hypnotic susceptibility and field independence-dependence.

Previous research indicates that lateral eye movements are associated with hemispheric activity in the brain. In the present study involving 48 female subjects, "left-gazing" (right-hemispheric activity) was positively related to field-dependence, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test and the Stroop test, and also to hypnotic susceptibility. It was concluded that field-dependence and hypnotic susceptibility are both mediated by processes associated with right-hemispheric activity.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Effects of hypnotists' and subjects' sex on hypnotic susceptibility.

2 male and 2 female student-hypnotists administered the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C to 49 male and 42 female subjects. Subjects were also administered a group hypnotic-susceptibility scale and questionnaire measure of absorption and willingness to cooperate with hypnosis. The effects of these three measures on Stanford, Form C scores were statistically controlled with analysis of covariance. Neither hypnotists' sex, subjects' sex, nor the interaction of these variables was significantly related to scores on the Stanford scale. Implications for hypnosis research were briefly discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Lateral eye-movements, hypnotic susceptibility and imaginal ability in right-handers.

A total of 46 male and 36 female right-handers were assessed on three measures of left-moving, as well as on hypnotic susceptibility, and several measures of imaginal ability. The three left-moving indices intercorrelated significantly. However, none of these indices correlated significantly with hypnotic susceptibility or imaginal ability variables in either sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and thermal regulation: new directions for research.

This study examined the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and thermal regulation using biofeedback. 30 subjects were given the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C. Immediately after the susceptibility score was determined, all subjects were given instructions to lower the peripheral skin temperature on the right middle finger. Subjects remained under hypnosis while they performed this task. A significant negative correlation (-.38) was found, in that the higher subjects' susceptibility, the better they were able to maintain a lower dermal temperature over trials. A 2 X 6 analysis of variance for low and high susceptibility with repeated measures yielded a significant main effect for subjects and a significant interaction of group X trials; highly susceptible subjects maintained a lower mean temperature over trials than subjects of low susceptibility. Issues for future research concerning the role of susceptibility in research on hypnosis are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Personality, hypnotic susceptibility and EEG responses: preliminary study.

22 men and women, students in psychology, were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, also percent theta, alpha and beta EEG spectral powers were evaluated during an hypnotic induction induced according to Barber's method. The EEG performance was compared with two baseline eyes-open, eyes-closed conditions and with a neutral control situation of listening to a weather report. No relation was found between Extraversion-Introversion scores and scores on the Barber Suggestibility Scale. The difference in EEG powers was nonsignificant for groups high and low in suggestibility, while a significant interaction was found for eyes open or closed X suggestibility groups when extreme scores of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism were considered according to Eysenck's (1966) method. The right theta power of the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, high in susceptibility in eyes-open condition was higher than the neurotic extraverts, and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis. The right theta power of the neurotic extraverts and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis showed a tendency to increase in eyes-closed conditions, while an opposite observation was made for the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, subjects who were high in susceptibility. It is interesting to notice, according to Galbraith, et al. (1970) that it was the eyes-open condition which yielded the best EEG predictor of hypnotic susceptibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Increase in cutaneous temperature induced by hypnotic suggestion of pain.

Eight patients with atopic eczema and six healthy subjects were given hypnotic suggestion to feel pain in the upper part of the back and in one case on the palm. An average local increase in skin temperature of 0.6 degrees C (detected by thermovision) occurred under this condition. For some patients cutaneous pain threshold was increased before the experiment by means of repetitive hypnotic suggestion of analgesia. These subjects reported feeling no pain subjectively, but the local change in skin temperature was equal in both cases. The results suggest a central mechanism induced by measuring changes in pain threshold in the skin, which changes are independent of local changes in blood flow.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Hypnotic susceptibility and its relationship to outcome in the behavioral treatment of asthma: some preliminary data.

12 subjects from an experiment on relaxation therapy for asthma were given the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A. Full scale hypnotic susceptibility scores were positively correlated, at a borderline significance, with improvement in the methacholine challenge test, a measure of asthma severity. Performance on the amnesia item of the Harvard Group Scale was correlated with improvement in self-reported symptoms of asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cortical power spectrum analysis of hypnotic pain control in surgery.

Cortical power spectrum (CPS) of brain potentials was recorded from the scalp between prefrontal and parietal regions in both right hemisphere (RH) and left hemisphere (LH). A pattern of laterality shift in CPS occurred at different stages during an extensive oral surgery, performed under hypnosis, in a young female patient. Video and audio recordings as well as psychophysiological recordings were obtained through the following 6 stages: Baseline, Hypnosis, Surgery (1 hr, no cortical recording), Immediate Postsurgery Procedure, Hypnotic Re-experience, Hypnotic Rest, and Posthypnotic Baseline. Indications of anxiety and pain scores were reported in writing by the patient through verbal command by the hypnotist. In each stage, 10 min of CPS (10 spectrum/stage, 8 epochs/spectrum, 6 seconds/epoch) were analyzed by a PDP-11 computer. The results of CPS analysis demonstrated significant large total power reduction at different stages. There was significant correlation between both hemispheres at baseline, but dissociation of hemispheric power output occurred during hypnosis stages. LH was more dominant than RH during baseline and presurgery hypnosis, but both were leveled-off immediately following the surgery procedure. However, RH became more dominant during all postsurgery hypnosis stages. Interestingly, this pattern shifted back to the original relationship during the posthypnotic baseline stage. Specific changes of spectral power in theta and alpha of EEG activities in both hemispheres also occurred in conjunction with hypnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions in the treatment of non-organic male sexual dysfunction.

We have examined the effects of acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions, and compared them with placebo in the treatment of male sexual dysfunction with no detectable organic cause. The study comprised 15 men (mean age 36.7 +/- 10.43 years) who received acupuncture treatment, 16 men (mean age 38.4 +/- 10.75 years) who underwent hypnosis (mean age 35.3 +/- 11.52 years) and 29 men (mean age 36.2 +/- 11.38 years) who served as controls. They were interviewed periodically; the patients' reports were verified by interviewing their partners. Men who received placebo had a 43-47% improvement in sexual function, while the rates of improvement in the treated groups were higher, but not significantly so. The success rates of acupuncture and hypnotic suggestions were 60% and 75% respectively. Although the improvement was not statistically significant, treatment with acupuncture could be used as an adjuvant therapy in non-organic male sexual dysfunction. The only treatment superior to placebo seemed to be hypnosis. A more effective treatment may be obtained by combining these therapeutic modalities, but this needs further study.

Acupuncture Therapy↗