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International migration and falling into the income 'safety net': social assistance among foreign citizens in Sweden.

The author focuses on public assistance payments to international immigrants in Sweden. "One object of the article is to give a statistical overview of the subject; another is to discuss reasons why international migrants receive social assistance more frequently than others. The latter leads to the formulation of econometric models and the estimation for immigrants with different backgrounds." It is found that "the number of immigrants receiving social assistance has increased since the mid-1960s. We also found that immigrants are considerably more frequent recipients of social assistance than others...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗

Assessment of the effects of socioeconomic factors on child mortality in the Amman upgrading areas, 1985.

"Data from the 1985 Amman Follow-Up Health and Population Survey are used to examine the association between child mortality and socioeconomic and environmental conditions which are directly influenced by...[government sponsored development activities]. Ordinary least squares regression is used in the analysis and the estimates show that the proportionate effects of mother's education, housing quality, water and electricity supply, availability of soap for handwashing and sewage connection are highly significant."

Asia↗

Pakistan: contraceptive prevalence rate up.

Pakistan's low sociodemographic profile has changed dramatically since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, said the Minister for Population Welfare and Science and Technology, HE Begum Sayda Abida Hussain, during her statement at the Forum. Based on the population census of 1998, Pakistan has an annual population growth rate of 2.3%, she said. The decline may be attributed to changes in married patterns and a rapid reduction in marital fertility, she added. The contraceptive prevalence rate has gone up from only 2% in the early 1990s to about 27% in 1998. Meeting the demand for reproductive health services, reducing maternal, infant and child mortality, and promoting gender equality are high priorities for her government, she informed the participants in the Forum. In line with this priority, the Government of Pakistan has developed a new population and development policy and is working to improve the education and status of women, lower fertility, increase contraceptive prevalence, and reduce infant and maternal mortality, she told the meeting. Pakistan is expanding reproductive health services in the rural and urban areas through community-based organizations, she said. Some 50,000 women workers now provide counseling and other services to women at their doorstep. Before concluding her address, she called on donors' increased support for ICPD implementation. "The full implementation of the ICPD agenda requires resources that are beyond the capacity of a developing country like Pakistan," she said.

Asia↗

The costs of urbanization: a case study of Pakistan.

"A methodology is developed for estimating the aggregate costs of urbanization in Pakistan for 1983-2003. These costs are then compared with the future investment resource pool, and are found to be larger than the total pool. Alternative policy solutions to alleviate the problem are explored. Although some capital-saving strategies (such as major public works programs in rural areas and labor-intensive employment policies) would be helpful, it will be impossible to avoid a substantial rise in the proportion of the urban population without services from about one quarter to about one half of the total. The paper concludes with suggestions for refining the methodology in future studies."

Asia↗