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Cloning of a creatinase gene from Pseudomonas putida in Escherichia coli by using an indicator plate.

A genomic library of Pseudomonas putida DNA was constructed by using plasmid pBR322. Transformants of Escherichia coli in combination with Proteus mirabilis cells grown on creatinase test plates were screened for creatinase activity; transformants were considered positive for creatinase activity if a red-pink zone appeared around the colonies. One creatinase-positive clone was further analyzed, and the gene was reduced to a 2.7-kb DNA fragment. A unique protein band (with a molecular weight of approximately 50,000) was observed in recombinant E. coli by minicell analysis.

Cloning, Molecular↗

New vectors in fission yeast: application for cloning the his2 gene.

We describe a new Escherichia coli vector (pON5) that allows positive selection for recombinant clones. In this plasmid, the bla gene from pBR322 is permanently active, whereas the neo gene from transposon Tn5 is repressed by the cI-encoded lambda repressor. When DNA is inserted into the Bc/I or HindIII restriction sites situated within the cI gene, the neo gene becomes transcribed from the lambda pR promoter. We have also made a Schizosaccharomyces pombe derivative of pON5 (= pON163) by introducing the fission yeast ars1 and ura4+ sequences. We show that this plasmid is capable of transforming Sc. pombe ura4 strains, as well as ura 3 strains of the distantly related budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have used pON163 for the construction of two fission yeast genomic libraries. From these gene banks clones were isolated that were able to complement fission yeast his2 mutants. Such plasmids could also rescue his4C mutants of Sa. cerevisiae, defective in the histidinol dehydrogenase activity of the multifunctional HIS4 gene product. Finally, we describe the plasmid pDW232 which is useful for functional analysis of fission yeast genes. It is a pGEM3 derivative adapted to fission yeast, carrying multiple cloning sites between the T7 and SP6 promoters, together with ars1 and ura4+ from Sc. pombe.

Cloning, Molecular↗

Partial nucleotide sequence and chromosomal localization of a bovine zinc finger gene ZNF164.

A clone carrying an open reading frame coding for a novel zinc finger protein of the Krüppel family was isolated from a bovine genomic library and designated ZNF 164 (zinc finger protein 164). Partial sequencing revealed that it contained at least 13 zinc finger motifs preceded by a lysine-rich region of 60 amino acids. The ZNF164 protein shared approximately 60% similarity with several zinc finger proteins but did not appear to be orthologous with a previously identified gene. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the ZNF164 gene was mapped to bovine chromosome band 17q24.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Identification of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding a plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase whose expression is restricted to anther tissue.

A gene (aha9) for a plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase was isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana genomic library and sequenced. Comparison of the aha9 predicted amino acid sequence with those of aha1, 2 and 3 and analogous genes from other species indicated the existence of at least two aha gene subfamilies whose divergence precedes that of the Nicotiana and Arabidopsis species. Transcript analysis in various organs revealed expression of aha9 in flower tissues only. Introduction of aha9 into Nicotiana tabacum by genetic transformation gave rise to transgenic plants which also express aha9 in flower tissues. A more detailed analysis showed that aha9 expression was restricted to anther tissues.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Identification of pathogenic leptospires by recombinant DNA probes.

Early diagnosis of leptospirosis of pulmonary diffuse hemorrhage type (PDH) is of crucial importance in saving patients. To develop a sensitive and specific method for diagnosis, a genomic library of the main pathogen of PDH, L. interrogans serovar lai strain 017, was constructed with the plasmid vector pUC9. Recombinant plasmids which have homologous fragments of pathogenic leptospires were screened from the bank. A recombinant plasmid, designated pCX7, could detect 1.7 kb fragment of strain 017, 9.0 kb of strain 601 and 30.0 kb of strain Hebdomadis, respectively, without cross hybridization with nonpathogenic leptospires such as L. biflexa strain Patoc I and Leptonema illini. The recombinant plasmid pCX7 could detect pathogenic leptospires which are the main pathogens endemic to Sichuan Province.

Blotting, Southern↗

Massively parallel algorithms for chromosome reconstruction.

Ordering clones from a genomic library into physical maps of whole chromosomes presents a central computational problem in genetics. Chromosome reconstruction via clone ordering is shown to be isomorphic to the NP-complete Optimal Linear Ordering problem. Massively parallel algorithms for simulated annealing based on Markov chain distribution are proposed and applied to this problem. Perturbation methods and problem-specific annealing heuristics are proposed and described. Experimental results on a 2048 processor MasPar MP-2 system are presented. Convergence, speedup and scalability characteristics of the various algorithms are analyzed and discussed.

Algorithms↗

Absence of polymorphism between HLA-B27 genomic exon sequences isolated from normal donors and ankylosing spondylitis patients.

Ninety percent of individuals with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) express HLA-B27. To determine if HLA-B27 coding sequences from normal vs AS individuals show differences that might relate to the etiology of the disease, the gene coding for this allele was cloned from three different partial genomic libraries. These libraries were made with DNA from three different cell lines expressing HLA-B27: MRWC (HLA-B27, 14), obtained from an AS patient; KCA (HLA-B27, w44), obtained from a known normal individual; and MVL (HLA-B27, 27), a homozygous consanguineous cell line of unknown origin. To increase the number of clones coding for the HLA-B locus, partial libraries were made using a complete Eco RI digestion of genomic DNA in the lambda vector 607. The libraries were screened with two probes; one probe hybridizes to all HLA-A, B, C class I genes, and the other to a small subpopulation of class I genes, including the B locus. DNA from clones hybridizing with both probes was transfected into murine L cells. Cell surface expression of HLA-B27 on murine L cells was detected with a polymorphic monoclonal antibody (ME1) specific for HLA-B27, 7, 22. DNA from those clones positive for HLA-B27 by transfection was subcloned into the Xba I site of M13mp18 and the DNA sequence for exons 2 through 4 (encoding domains alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3) was determined by the dideoxy technique by using synthetic oligonucleotide primers or the M13 primer. The resulting sequences show no difference between HLA-B27 alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 domains from a known AS patient and a known normal individual.

Base Sequence↗

Molecular cloning, functional expression and purification of a glucan branching enzyme from Neisseria denitrificans(1).

The nucleotide sequence containing the complete structural information for a glucan branching enzyme was isolated from a Neisseria denitrificans genomic library. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the active recombinant protein was purified. The deduced protein of 762 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 86313 Da shows similarity to the primary protein sequences of other known glucan branching enzymes. Amino acid sequencing of the isolated protein by Edman degradation confirmed the deduced start codon of the structural gene of the glucan branching enzyme. The purified glucan branching enzyme has a stimulating effect on the Neisseria amylosucrase activity.

1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme↗

Analysis of expression and evolutionary relationships of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes in Flaveria trinervia (C4) and F. pringlei (C3).

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) was shown to be encoded by a multigene family in various Flaveria species analysed. Several clones were isolated from genomic libraries of F. pringlei (C3 species) and F. trinervia (C4 species) and classified into four distinct groups according to their hybridization behaviour to a full-length cDNA clone encoding the PEPCase C4 isozyme of F. trinervia. A detailed cross-hybridization analysis demonstrated that the closest relative of most of the PEPCase genes isolated from F. trinervia and F. pringlei was not found in the same but in the other species. Northern analysis, using stringent conditions, allowed discrimination of class-specific PEPCase transcripts and revealed characteristic organ-specific expression patterns.

Biological Evolution↗

Physical mapping of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe histone genes.

The histone-encoding genes in Schizosaccharomyces pombe were physically mapped by hybridisation to filters containing cosmid and P1 genomic libraries. The H2A.2 gene and the H2A.1-H2B.1 gene pair mapped between the ade6 and rikI genes on chromosome III. The three H4-H3 gene pairs were mapped to three different regions by a H4.1 probe. Southern analysis of clones from each region revealed the positions of the three H4-H3 gene pairs. H4.1-H3.1 was localised to chromosome I between the mei2 and rad1 genes; H4.2-H3.2 mapped between rad3 and cdc2 on chromosome II; H4.3-H3.3 was localised to a region between the nuc1 and puc1 genes on chromosome II.

Blotting, Southern↗

The gene structure of tetranectin, a plasminogen binding protein.

The gene for human tetranectin was isolated from a genomic library with a mixture of degenerate oligonucleotide probes. The gene is about 12 kbp and contains two intervening sequences. The gene encodes a protein of 202 amino acid residues, with a signal peptide of 21 amino acid residues, followed by the tetranectin sequence of 181 amino acid residues. Northern blot analysis revealed that tetranectin mRNA was present in all eight tissues tested with the highest concentration in lung. Southern blot analysis showed hybridization to two genes. Further investigations are needed to determine whether the genes are allelic or non-allelic.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Identification of a novel family of human Rab-like small GTP-binding proteins.

The presence of a novel family of Rab-like proteins (Rlp) in the human genome is reported. The gene encoding the Rlp-2 was isolated from a human lymphocyte genomic library. The Rlp-2 gene is intronless and was mapped to chromosome Xq21.3 using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Several cDNA clones encoding the Rlp-1 were identified in a human hippocampus lambda library. Northern analysis revealed a 2.1-kb transcript of Rlp-1 expressed predominantly in brain, heart and skeletal muscle. The transcript was also observed in all examined regions of the human brain at a similar level. An additional gene, termed Rlp-3, which is highly related to Rlp-1 and Rlp-2, was found in the GenBank Data Base. The predicted molecular mass for Rlp is approximately 31 kDa and is consistent with that of Rlp-1 synthesized in Escherichia coli.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Isolation and analysis of the human 46-kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor gene.

From a genomic library in EMBL 3, two overlapping clones for the human 46-kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR46) were isolated, which span the entire coding sequence. The human MPR46 gene is distributed over 12 kb and is divided into seven exons (110-1573 bp). All the intron/exon borders agree with the consensus sequences of splice junctions. Exon 1 codes for a 5' untranslated sequence. The ATG initiation codon begins with the second nucleotide in exon 2. A signal sequence of 26 amino acid residues is followed by the extracytoplasmic (luminal) domain, which extends to exon 5. The transmembrane domain of the receptor spans exons 5 and 6 and the cytoplasmic domain is encoded by exons 6 and 7. The latter domain also codes for an extended 3' untranslated sequence. The transcription-initiation site was defined by primer extension. The sequence upstream of the cap site has strong promoter activity and contains structural elements characteristic of promoters found in housekeeping genes. No correlation between the genomic organization and known protein domains of the MPR46 was apparent. Moreover, the sequence of about 150 amino acids within the luminal domain of MPR46, which is homologous to the 15 repeats that constitute the luminal domain of the 300-kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR300), does not correlate with intron/exon borders. MPR46 and MPR300 have therefore diverged from a common ancestral gene before introduction of the present intron sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of a human pseudogene for hexokinase II.

A processed pseudogene for hexokinase II (HKII), the first such reported for a member of the hexokinase gene family, was isolated from a human genomic library by using a rat HKII cDNA as a probe. The pseudogene contains a region that is identical to the open reading frame of the human HKII cDNA at 97% of the nucleotide positions, but it contains several frameshift mutations, small deletions and insertions, and several stop codons. The human HKII pseudogene is located on the X chromosome and is integrated into a long interspersed nuclear repetitive DNA element (LINE). We estimate that this integration event occurred approximately 14-16 Myr (million years) ago.

Animals↗

High-resolution restriction map for a 240-kilobase region spanning 91 to 96 minutes on the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 chromosome.

A hierarchical approach allows the completion of contiguous sets of overlapping clones for small regions of a genome, one at a time rather than tackling the whole genome at once. On the basis of the BlnI restriction map for Salmonella typhimurium LT2, we dissected the chromosome into 21 different fragments by using a Tn5 transposon carrying a BlnI site. Dissected chromosomal fragments were purified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and used as probes for sorting a lambda DASHII genomic library of 2,304 primary clones. A total of 129 clones identified as spanning the region from 91 min to 98 min were partly ordered on the basis of the intensity of hybridization with mitomycin-induced Mud-P22 phage DNAs from insertions with pac sites in opposite orientations at 93 min used as probes. Decreased signal intensity with the Mud-P22 probes corresponded to the increased distance of the clone from the site of Mud-P22 insertion and allowed the clones to be placed in two groups from 91 min to 93 min and from 93 min to 98 min and into four intensity categories within the two groups. A member of each category was used to generate a riboprobe from the T3 promoter flanking the insert. This probe identified overlapping clones among the 129 clones. This subchromosomal library was then screened again with riboprobes from nonoverlapping clones. After four cycles of this strategy, a minimal contiguous sequence of 19 partly overlapping clones was selected for restriction mapping. A detailed map of 378 sites for eight restriction enzymes is presented for a region of about 240 kb. Working clockwise, the following genes were placed on this physical map on the basis of their restriction maps: malFEK, lamB, malM, lexA, qor, dnaB, alr, uvrA, proP, pmrB, pmrA, melA, melB, phoN, amiB, mutL, and miaA.

Bacteriophage lambda↗

The cab-m7 gene: a light-inducible, mesophyll-specific gene of maize.

Southern blot analysis has revealed the existence in maize of perhaps 12 members of the nuclear cab multigene family encoding the chlorophyll a- and b-binding proteins of the photosystem II light-harvesting complex. Hybridization with 3' probes derived from unsequenced cDNA clones showed that six members of this family differ from one another with respect to expression in mesophyll and/or bundle sheath cells and regulation by light. An additional member of this family, designated cab-m7, that encodes a 28 kDa primary translation product has now been identified. It has been cloned from a maize genomic library and sequenced to begin to define the bases for differences in the expression of these genes. This cab gene is shown to be strongly preferentially expressed in the mesophyll (vs. bundle sheath) cells of maize. Furthermore, the gene is photo-responsive; although small amounts of cab-m7 mRNA are present in etiolated leaves, the mRNA pool is 8-fold larger after six hours of illumination. DNA sequences upstream of the cab-m7 gene resemble those found in the 5'-flanking regions of some other plant genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Abundance, polymorphism and genetic mapping of microsatellites in rice.

Dinucleotide microsatellites have been characterized and used as genetic markers in rice. Screening of a rice genomic library with poly(dG-dA).(dC-dT) and poly(dG-dT).(dC-dA) probes indicated that (GA)n repeats occurred, on average, once every 225 kb and (GT)n repeats once every 480 kb. DNA sequencing of ten randomly selected microsatellites indicated that the numbers of repeats ranged from 12 to 34 and that the patterns of microsatellites in rice were similar to those of humans and other mammals. Primers to these microsatellite loci as well as to four published microsatellite-containing sequences have been designed and degrees of polymorphism has been examined with 20 rice accessions. Multiple alleles, ranging from 5 to 11, have been observed at all the microsatellite loci in 20 rice accessions. Alleles specific to two cultivated subspecies, indica and japonica, were found in some microsatellite loci. Heterozygosity values of all the microsatellite markers were significantly higher than those of RFLP markers, based upon a parallel comparison. Ten microsatellite loci have been genetically mapped to four rice chromosomes. The genomic distribution of microsatellites appears to be random in rice.

Base Sequence↗

A complete structure of the mouse Ah receptor gene.

A complete sequence of the Ah receptor gene was cloned from a mouse genomic library by using the Ah receptor cDNA as a probe. The Ah receptor gene is 37.5 kb long and is split into 11 exons by 10 introns. Sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region of the Ah receptor gene reveals that there is neither a TATA box nor a CAAT box in the promoter region. Instead, this gene has a few GC boxes and other enhancer elements in the 5' upstream flanking region. Southern blot analysis indicated that the Ah receptor gene is a unique gene.

Animals↗