Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Genetics, Behavioral”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: a bioecological model.

In response to Anastasi's (1958) long-standing challenge, the authors propose an empirically testable theoretical model that (a) goes beyond and qualifies the established behavioral genetics paradigm by allowing for nonadditive synergistic effects, direct measures of the environment, and mechanisms of organism-environment interaction, called proximal processes, through which genotypes are transformed into phenotypes; (b) hypothesizes that estimates of heritability (e.g., h2) increase markedly with the magnitude of proximal processes; (c) demonstrates that heritability measures the proportion of variation in individual differences attributable only to actualized genetic potential, with the degree of nonactualized potential remaining unknown; (d) proposes that, by enhancing proximal processes and environments, it is possible to increase the extent of actualized genetic potentials for developmental competence.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

We're off to see the genome.

We discuss some societal and legal ramifications of the human genetics revolution. Our reflections were stimulated by discussions among scientists, citizens and legal experts at a large public symposium. We outline key issues regarding oversight of genetic research on human subjects, banking of DNA data by governments and corporations, the potential impact of behavioural genetics and effects upon racial and racist thinking. We contend that, in some cases, well-intentioned but naive efforts to protect the rights of individuals and groups may hurt everyone by blocking the progress of useful research.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1978

Model-fitting approaches to the analysis of human behaviour.

Model-fitting methods are now prominent in the analysis of human behavioural variation. Various ways of specifying models have been proposed. These are identical in their simplest form but differ in the emphasis given to more subtle sources of variation. The biometrical genetical approach allows flexibility in the specification of non-additive factors. Given additivity, the approach of path analysis may be used to specify several environmental models in the presence of assortative mating. In many cases the methods should yield identical conclusions. Several statistical methods have been proposed for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. The most suitable rely on the method of maximum likelihood for the estimation of variance and covariance components. Any multifactorial model can be formulated in these terms. The choice of method will depend chiefly on the design of the experiment and the ease with which a data summary can be obtained without significant loss of information. Examples are given in which the causes of variation show different degrees of detectable complexity. A variety of experimental designs yield behavioural data which illustrate the contribution of additive and non-additive genetical effects, the mating system, sibling and cultural effects, the interaction of genetical effects with age and sex. The discrimination between alternative hypotheses is often difficult. The extension of the approach to the analysis of multiple measurements and discontinuous traits is considered.

Adoption↗
PubMed2003

Absolute pitch: a model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function.

Absolute pitch (AP), the ability to identify or produce the pitch of a sound without any reference point, is discussed here as a possible model system for understanding the neurobiology of complex cognitive functions. AP is of interest because it may reflect an atypical organization of sensory representations. Indications are that it depends on both genetic factors and exposure to musical training during childhood, supporting the idea of a sensitive period. Functional and structural neuroimaging studies suggest special roles for working memory and associative memory mechanisms in AP, and results from these studies indicate that there may be structural markers of AP in asymmetries of cortical areas. AP seems to depend on the nervous system's response to experiential, maturational and genetic factors, making it a good candidate model for understanding how these interactions play out in cognitive development generally.

Brain↗
PubMed2004

A genome-wide screen for genes influencing conduct disorder.

While behavioral genetic studies have suggested that childhood conduct disorder is under genetic influence, studies aimed at gene identification are lacking. This study represents the first genome-wide linkage analysis directed toward identifying genes contributing to conduct disorder. Genome screens of retrospectively reported childhood conduct disorder and conduct disorder symptomatology were carried out in the genetically informative adult sample collected as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). The results suggest that regions on chromosomes 19 and 2 may contain genes conferring risk to conduct disorder. Interestingly, the same region on chromosome 2 has also been linked to alcohol dependence in this sample. Childhood conduct disorder is known to be associated with the susceptibility for future alcohol problems. Taken together, these findings suggest that some of the genes contributing to alcohol dependence in adulthood may also contribute to conduct disorder in childhood.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Etiological aspects on craniofacial morphology in twins with cleft lip and palate.

The craniofacial morphology of 39 Finnish twin pairs concordant or discordant for cleft of the lip (CL), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), or cleft palate only (CP) was studied by means of lateral cephalometric radiographs. The intrapair differences between various cleft and twin subgroups were compared by means of univariate analysis; multivariable analysis of cleft discordant pairs and the variance components were estimated with the TWINAN program. Larger values for intrapair differences were found, especially in linear measurements in older twin pairs. Heritability estimates for the cranial base measurements and, to a lesser extent, for the mandibular measurements were high. Comparisons on the basis of cleft type revealed more differences between twin pairs when clefting was more severe. Concordant and discordant CP twin pairs showed similarity in their intrapair craniofacial morphology, indicating that surgery seemed to have no major effect on their craniofacial morphology. A similar comparison in discordant UCLP showed that, in addition to clefting itself, external factors, i.e., the repaired cleft's direct effects on craniofacial morphology, have a strong influence on craniofacial morphology, especially in the maxillas of the UCLP twins. The craniofacial morphology in these Finnish twins supports the hypothesis of different genetic behavior for cleft lip and cleft lip and palate (CL(P)) and CP in Finland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

In our genes.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Project normal: defining normal variance in mouse gene expression.

The mouse has become an indispensable and versatile model organism for the study of development, genetics, behavior, and disease. The application of comprehensive gene expression profiling technologies to compare normal and diseased tissues or to assess molecular alterations resulting from various experimental interventions has the potential to provide highly detailed qualitative and quantitative descriptions of these processes. Ideally, to interpret experimental data, the magnitude and diversity of gene expression for the system under study should be well characterized, yet little is known about the normal variation of mouse gene expression in vivo. To assess natural differences in murine gene expression, we used a 5406-clone spotted cDNA microarray to quantitate transcript levels in the kidney, liver, and testis from each of 6 normal male C57BL6 mice. We used ANOVA to compare the variance across the six mice to the variance among four replicate experiments performed for each mouse tissue. For the 6 kidney samples, 102 of 3,088 genes (3.3%) exhibited a statistically significant mouse variance at a level of 0.05. In the testis, 62 of 3,252 genes (1.9%) showed statistically significant variance, and in the liver, there were 21 of 2,514 (0.8%) genes with significantly variable expression. Immune-modulated, stress-induced, and hormonally regulated genes were highly represented among the transcripts that were most variable. The expression levels of several genes varied significantly in more than one tissue. These studies help to define the baseline level of variability in mouse gene expression and emphasize the importance of replicate microarray experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Quality control in the yeast secretory pathway: a misfolded PMA1 H+-ATPase reveals two checkpoints.

The yeast plasma-membrane H(+)-ATPase, encoded by PMA1, is delivered to the cell surface via the secretory pathway and has recently emerged as an excellent system for identifying quality control mechanisms along the pathway. In the present study, we have tracked the biogenesis of Pma1-G381A, a misfolded mutant form of the H(+)-ATPase. Although this mutant ATPase is arrested transiently in the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum, it does not become a substrate for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation nor does it appear to stimulate an unfolded protein response. Instead, Pma1-G381A accumulates in Kar2p-containing vesicular-tubular clusters that resemble those previously described in mammalian cells. Like their mammalian counterparts, the yeast vesicular-tubular clusters may correspond to specific exit ports from the endoplasmic reticulum, since Pma1-G381A eventually escapes from them (still in a misfolded, trypsin-sensitive form) to reach the plasma membrane. By comparison with wild-type ATPase, Pma1-G381A spends a short half-life at the plasma membrane before being removed and sent to the vacuole for degradation in a process that requires both End4p and Pep4p. Finally, in a separate set of experiments, Pma1-G381A was found to impose its phenotype on co-expressed wild-type ATPase, transiently retarding the wild-type protein in the ER and later stimulating its degradation in the vacuole. Both effects serve to lower the steady-state amount of wild-type ATPase in the plasma membrane and, thus, can explain the co-dominant genetic behavior of the G381A mutation. Taken together, the results of this study establish Pma1-G381A as a useful new probe for the yeast secretory system.

Cell Membrane↗
PubMed2006

The ABC of demographic behaviour: how the interplays of alleles, brains, and contexts over the life course should shape research aimed at understanding population processes.

This paper proposes core innovations in the strategy of research on demographic behaviour. One aim is a shift of attention away from events and towards a focus on dynamic processes and their interplay: away from a preoccupation with marriage and divorce, births, deaths, migrations, and household structure towards a broader perspective that takes account of partnership and intimacy, parenthood, potential and well-being, position in society and space, and personal ties. Another aim is a much closer engagement with genetics, neuroscience, psychology, and behavioural economics. A third aim is a strategy that pays more attention to pathways within the individual, to the processes entailed when the individual interacts with various contexts, and to progressions that involve the interplay of the pathways and processes through the life course. These shifts of emphasis, which have already begun to occur, require a systematic reassessment of priorities for research on demographic behaviour.

Demography↗
PubMed2006

Evidence relating dietary sodium to cardiovascular disease.

The expectation that dietary sodium intake might influence cardiovascular disease occurrence has been based upon its impact on blood pressure (BP). Solid experimental data confirms the ability of large (75-100 mmols/24 hours) changes in dietary sodium to reduce pressure by, on average, mid-low single digits. However, there is substantial inter-individual variation in BP response. In addition, sodium restriction generates other, sometimes undesirable effects, including increased insulin resistance, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and increased sympathetic nerve activity. The health effects of salt restriction are, therefore, the sum of these recognized, and probably other unrecognized, intermediate effects. Ideally, salt restriction would be tested in a randomized clinical trial. In its absence, there are 9 observational studies linking baseline sodium intake, estimated by either 24 hour urine or dietary intake, to morbidity and mortality. The results have been inconsistent. The only study in hypertensive patients, there was an inverse relation of sodium to cardiovascular outcome. In a Japanese study, stroke incidence was increased among males with the highest salt intake. Two studies found a direct relation of sodium intake to cardiovascular mortality in an obese minority of the group studied. Taken together, these results suggest, not surprisingly given the genetic, behavioral, and environmental variety of humankind, that heterogeneity best describes the relation of sodium intake to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In short, the available data provides no support for any universal recommendation of a particular level of dietary sodium.

Blood Pressure↗