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PubMed2002

Perceptual integrality of sex and identity of faces: further evidence for the single-route hypothesis.

According to current face-recognition models, sex (gender) and identity of faces are processed in independent routes. Using Garner's speeded-classification task, the authors provide evidence that sex and identity are processed within a single route. In 4 experiments, participants judged the sex or the familiarity of faces while the other dimension remained constant or varied randomly. The results of Experiments 1, 2, and 4 showed that participants could not selectively attend to either sex or familiarity without being influenced by the other, irrelevant dimension. Thus, identity and sex are integral dimensions. Experiment 3 provided evidence that when sex judgments are based on hairstyle heuristics, false separability can emerge. The findings support the claim that identity and sex are processed within a single route.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mom, dad, I'm straight: the coming out of gender ideologies in adolescent sexual-identity development.

Little attention has been given to how femininity and masculinity ideologies impact sexual-identity development. Differentiating violations of conventional femininity and masculinity ideologies as part of an overt process of sexual-identity development in sexual-minority adolescents suggested the possibility of a parallel process among heterosexual adolescents. Based on feminist theory and analysis of heterosexual adolescents narratives about relationships, the importance of negotiating femininity and masculinity ideologies as part of sexual-identity development for all adolescents is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Harry Benjamin's first ten cases (1938-1953): a clinical historical note.

The value in studying Dr. Harry Benjamin's first gender dysphoria patients is in learning how they described themselves--without any books to read, without any other source of information, assuming that he or she was alone and unlike anyone else in the world--and before hardly any literature on the subject had been published. Just as today, Benjamin's earliest patients came to him self-diagnosed. Even without the terminology currently available, their early descriptions of this unique phenomenon are identical with cross-gender identity patients who present themselves today: a recognition of the condition very early in their lives; the attempts at cross-dressing; the secrecy; the guilt; the unsuccessful attempts at suppressing desires and feelings; the episodic and continuous purging. These early individuals who suffered from gender conflicts had discovered Benjamin who would try to understand their unusual dilemma and be a barometer and a guide for the changes they would make. Their early individualistic perceptions provided insights that led to the birth of a new discipline. These 10 people must be lauded for their courage in seeking a description and a solution for a phenomenon that had no description and no treatment.

Female↗
PubMed1994

The psychotherapeutic treatment of male homosexuality.

This paper discusses aspects of the aetiology and treatment of male homosexuality, a topic that has become quite controversial in recent years. The paper is based on material from the author's patients, and also notes the contributions of others. In spite of many reports of successful treatment outcomes, some people continue to deny such results. This paper confirms that such patients can indeed be understood and treated successfully. A possible aetiological factor that has not been mentioned before in the literature is discussed, namely, the abortion of a pregnancy caused by the male patient that may have led to his "coming out" or declaring his homosexuality. Three main conclusions are reached. First, that some people who have had homosexual fantasies, behaviors, or identified themselves as homosexual, can become comfortably and fulfillingly heterosexual with psychotherapeutic treatment. Second, that human sexuality is not rigidly compartmentalized into either hetero- or homosexuality but varies on a continuous spectrum, and is affected in any individual by psychodynamic influences. Third, that before "coming out," young people, especially teenagers, should have the opportunity to explore their sexual identity with a psychodynamically oriented psychotherapist.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Masculinity-femininity in creative college women.

The possible relationship between masculinity and creativity in college women was investigated through a battery of masculinity-femininity scales that tapped both manifest and latent masculinity, factorially derived clusters, and an ipsative measure. Two samples (n = 45 each) of women who had scored above the 75th percentile and below the 25th percentile respectively on two measures of creativity were used. High creative subjects scored higher on activity and described themselves as more masculine; indications are that they possess a broader, less stereotyped sex-role identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

In defense of a multidimensional approach to sexual identity.

The papers in Bisexual and Homosexual Identities assert that standard notions of sexual identity are inadequate. Their criticisms rest on unarticulated views about the nature of science, which constitute positions in the Verstehen controversies. It is argued that social constructionist conceptualizations of sexual identity, which these papers propose as an alternative to earlier ones, are unidimensional and thus inadequate. Despite its limitations, Shively and De Cecco's (1977) model for components of sexual identity, if augmented by ideas of (1) psychobiologically mediated arousal cue-responses and (2) self-concepts, provides a more comprehensive and potentially richer conceptualization of sexual identity than social constructionist theories.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Deconstructing heterosexuality: life stories from gay New York, 1931-1941.

By 1940, the sexual identity of heterosexuality became established in American popular culture. In the late 1930s, a path-breaking study of homosexuality was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of medical and scientific specialists, under the sponsorship of the Committee for the Study of Sex Variants. The "sex variants" study was based on a sample of volunteers from New York's lesbian and male homosexual community. This article focuses on a narrative analysis of the case study texts of the male sample. Using deconstruction as an interpretive strategy, the texts are examined in relation to the culturally dominant sexual ideology of heterosexuality. Implications are drawn about the relevance of life stories to identity politics.

Female↗
PubMed2001

A multidimensional approach to homosexual identity.

The existing developmental stage models of homosexual identity do not consider the diversity of human sexual experience. The stage models stem from an essentialist perspective, in which the process of homosexual identity formation is largely a matter of becoming aware of one's underlying, or real, sexual orientation. Once homosexual orientation is identified, the only legitimate outcome is to develop homosexual identity and eventually incorporate that identity as one aspect of the total self. In this paper, we are concerned with those people for whom the stage models are inadequate in describing their experience of sexual identity development. The social constructionist perspective holds that the process of identity formation is a continual, two-way interactive process between the individual and the social environment, and that the meanings the individual gives to these factors influence the development of self-constructs and identity. Sexual identity develops within this contextual framework and, because it is influenced by continual interaction, is fluid over time and experience, throughout one's life. Our model does not rely on the existing developmental models of homosexual identity; rather, our model looks at desire, behavior, and identity as three separate constructs related to sexual identity. We posit that from the social constructionist viewpoint, there is in fact no true endpoint to sexual identity development.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Female homosexual patients in psychoanalysis.

There are few psychoanalytic publications on female homosexuality, but those that do exist have each contributed to our knowledge not only of homosexuality in women but also of femininity. Homosexuality in women is a defence acting in two directions: against going backwards (out of fear of psychical fragmentation) and against going forwards (and working through the Oedipus complex). Identification with the father's penis is generally regarded as characteristic of female homosexuality, but my experience suggests that it is not always present, because, where sexual differentiation is less well established, identification with the baby predominates. While some patients break off their analysis prematurely out of fear of psychical fragmentation and the depressive position, other patients manage to overcome their anxieties and repeat and then work through in the transference the early object relations contained in their homosexual fixations, so that they can find their way back to a better established female identity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ritualistic behavior in young children.

The aim of this study was to examine ritualistic behavior at its developmental peak. Children 20-59 months of age were sampled through a national system of daycare centers in Israel (N = 228). The order of onset of the ritual behaviors measured was virtually identical to that reported for an American sample (D. W. Evans et al., 1997). Gender and age effects were found for fearfulness but not for ritualistic behavior. Maternal reports of ritualistic behavior were highly correlated with reported fears, and with shy and emotional temperament. Mothers of the children who were in the top 10% in their use of rituals according to maternal report, worried about their child's ritualistic behavior, even though maternal worry was not correlated with ritualistic behavior for the whole distribution.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Long-term influence of divorce and single parenting on adolescent family- and work-related values, behaviors, and aspirations.

Following a summary of the relevant divorce research, this article examines possible long-term influences of both divorce and living with a single mother on the development of adolescents' values and plans. We examine how divorce affects children both directly and indirectly through its impact on the mother's resources, attitudes, and socialization goals. Particular focus is placed on those aspects of family interaction that impact on identity formation as it is linked to educational and occupational goals and to gender-role related behaviors associated with marriage, family, and job plans. Possible benefits as well as potential costs of living with a single mother are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Name and identity.

Identity, though complex, can be encoded in a name. The name bears the stamp of the namers' traditions and their hopes for the child. The infant's characteristics influence the choice to some degree and, to a degree, a name affects the person who bears it. The interface between names and personal identity is illustrated clinically in syndromes of transsexualism and multiple personality, in twinning, and in the development of the ego-ideal.

Black or African American↗