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PubMed1983

Susceptibility of day-old chicks and ducklings, goslings and quails to pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis and pigeon herpesviruses.

Day-old chicks were susceptible to pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) by intracerebral (i/c) inoculation. Infected birds developed neurologic signs starting from 2 to 15 days post-infection, and 85% died. The virus was recovered from the brains of diseased chicks in titers ranging between 104 and 105.5 EID 50/0.2 ml. Inoculated birds shed the virus in their droppings throughout the 2 weeks observation period. Day-old chicks given the virus by the intranasal (i/n) or oral routes did not develop any specific signs but shed the virus also in their droppings throughout the observation period. Ducklings and goslings inoculated intravenously (i/v), i/n or orally were resistant. Day-old chicks and ducklings, goslings and quails inoculated by different routes with pigeon herpesvirus (PHV) did not show respiratory or nervous signs.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Residue of organochlorine compounds and mercury in birds' eggs from the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario.

Eggs (307) were collected in 1971 from twenty species of birds with a variety of feeding habits from the Niagara Peninsula. This area of ontario is intensively developed for agriculture and heavy industry and has a large urban population. Representative species were obtained from both the terrestrial and aquatic food chains. Eggs were analyzed for organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and total mercury. Eggs from carnivorous species at the top of the aquatic food chain had the highest mean residues of signa DDT(7.6to 22.4 pm), PCB (3.5 to 74.0 ppm) and total mercury (0.64 to 0.83 ppm). Eggs from some terrestrial carnivores (red-tailed hawk and great horned owl) also had relatively high residues (2.5 to 3.9 ppm of sigmaDDT, 0.2 to 1.0 ppm of PCB, 0.06 to 0.09 ppm of mercury, however levels were much lower than those found in eggs from aquatic-feeding carnivores. Eggs from one red-shouldered hawk had residues comparable to the aquatic feeding carnivores. Eggs from herbivorous and insectivorous birds of both aquatic and terrestrial environments contained much lower residues. PCB residues were slightly lower in eggs among the terrestrial feeding species (0.05 to 2.0 ppm) than among the aquatic feeders (0.14 to4.0 ppm) and tended to be lower in eggs from terrestrial species collected in rural than incity environs. Levels of sigmaDDT were similar in both groups with eggs from terrestrial feeders containing mean resisues between 0.15 and 2.64 ppm and those from aquatic feeders between 0.33 and 2.79 ppm.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Isolation and identification of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the pivotal enzyme in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids and is the only carboxylase with a biotin-containing subunit greater than 200,000 daltons. The biotin moiety is covalently linked to the active site and has a high affinity (Kd = 10(-15) M) for the protein avidin. This relationship has been used in previous studies to identify acetyl-CoA carboxylase isolated from mammalian species. However, acetyl-CoA carboxylase has not been isolated and characterized in a poikilothermic species such as the rainbow trout. The present study describes the isolation and identification of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the cytosol of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver. The enzyme was isolated using two distinct procedures--polyethylene glycol precipitation and avidin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Identification of the isolated protein as acetyl-CoA carboxylase was made by the following: (1) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (2) avidin binding; (3) in vivo labeling with [14C]biotin; and (4) acetyl-CoA carboxylase-specific activity. The subunit molecular weight of the major protein was 230,000 daltons +/- 3.3%. This protein was shown to bind avidin (Mr = 16,600) prior to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating the presence of biotin. In addition, protein isolated from fish that had previously received intraperitoneal injections of [14C]biotin, showed the majority of radioactivity associated with the 230,000 dalton protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed2003

Urochordates carry multiple genes for goose-type lysozyme and no genes for chicken- or invertebrate-type lysozymes.

Genome clones and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and from the larvacean Oikopleura dioica were analysed for the presence of lysozyme-encoding genes. Two genes were found to potentially code for goose-type lysozymes in Oikopleura, while three or possibly more g-type proteins form the lysozyme complement of C. intestinalis, and at least one of these genes from each species is expressed based on EST data. No genes for chicken- or invertebrate-type lysozymes were found in either urochordate species. Consistent with this finding, extracts of Oikopleura animals possessed hydrolysing activity on bacterial cell walls, and this activity was not inhibited in the presence of a known inhibitor of chicken-type lysozyme. A wide range of isoelectric points for the predicted lysozymes from Ciona (pI 4.4, 6.4 and 9.9) and from Oikopleura (pI 5.0 and 8.0) suggests tissue-specific adaptations as well as specific functional roles of the lysozymes. Comparisons of gene structures, encoded sequences, cysteine residue content and their positions in the proteins indicate that the g-type lysozymes of Ciona intestinalis are more closely related to those of vertebrates than are the g-type lysozymes of Oikopleura. Multiple genes from each species may result from separate and lineage-specific duplications followed by functional specialisation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Blood lead concentrations in waterfowl utilizing Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.

The Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Lake Coeur d'Alene, and the Spokane River contain elevated heavy metal concentrations in sediment and water from historical mining and ore processing operations in the Coeur d'Alene Basin. Lead poisoning has been identified as the cause of death in hundreds of waterfowl utilizing wetlands in the floodplain of the Coeur d'Alene River, but little was known about hazards to waterfowl from heavy metal contamination in shallow bays and wetlands of Lake Coeur d'Alene. We examined lake sediment and blood lead concentrations in waterfowl utilizing Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to evaluate potential lead contamination of waterfowl utilizing the lake. We collected 56 palustrine and 102 lacustrine sediment samples and 61 mallard and 8 wood duck blood samples. Mean lead concentrations from palustrine and lacustrine sediment samples ranged from 14 to 3508 mg/kg dry weight (dw) and from 19 to 5009 mg/kg (dw), respectively. Lead concentrations in palustrine and lacustrine sediment from several Lake Coeur d'Alene bays were higher than those in lake reference areas and were higher than Bunker Hill Superfund Site target cleanup levels and suggested site-specific toxicity thresholds for swans. Mean blood lead from mallard and wood ducks sampled from Lake Coeur d'Alene bays were within lead toxicity ranges for waterfowl associated with clinical and severe clinical lead poisoning. We also collected 19 Canada goose and 3 mallard fecal samples to evaluate exposure through sediment ingestion. Waterfowl using Lake Coeur d'Alene appear to be exposed to lead by ingesting contaminated lake sediment. Our model predicts a sediment lead effects range of 147-944 mg/kg (dw) and mortality effects level of 1652 mg/kg (dw) for mallards utilizing Lake Coeur d'Alene. The locations of Harrison Slough, Powderhorn Bay, and Cottonwood Bay at the mouth of the Coeur d'Alene River and Blackwell Island and Cougar Bay near the Spokane River outflow of Lake Coeur d'Alene were the areas of greatest concern for waterfowl exposure to lead contaminated sediment.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Self-splicing activity of the mitochondrial group-I introns from Aspergillus nidulans and related introns from other species.

The mitochondrial genome of Aspergillus nidulans contains several group-I introns. Each one has been assayed for its ability to self-splice in vitro in the absence of proteins. The intron from the apocytochrome b gene is unusual among subgroup IB4 introns in being able to self-splice, unlike a similar intron from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The first intron in the cytochrome oxidase subunit-1 gene self-splices but only correctly completes the first step of splicing; cryptic 3' splice-sites are recognized instead and these are also used at a low frequency in vivo. The highly homologous intron from Podospora anserina completes both steps in vitro. The remaining introns do not self-splice. The correlation between subgroup category, the likely presence of specific tertiary interactions, and self-splicing activity is discussed.

Apoproteins↗
PubMed2006

Sarcocystis sp. from white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons): cyst morphology and life cycle studies.

An experiment was carried out using three cubs of the arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). Twenty-five-day-old cubs were infected by feeding them with the leg muscles of the white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) containing Sarcocystis sp. (cyst type III) cysts. Under the light microscope, the cysts were ribbon-shaped up to 4 mm long and up to 750 microm wide. On the surface of the wall (up to 2.4 microm), they had teat- or finger-like villar protrusions. Ultrastructurally, the cyst wall was a type-9 with villar protrusions (up to 2.3 microm long) different in size. The 11.4x1.7 (10.0-13.5x1.5-2.5)microm cystozoites were almost straight and shuttle-shaped. The fox cubs started shedding typical 12.0x8.0 (10.0-12.8x6.8-8.6)microm Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts on the 13th-14th days post-infection. The patent period lasted 19 days. The conclusion drawn was that the arctic fox (A. lagopus) can be one of the definitive hosts of Sarcocystis sp. (cyst type III) from the white-fronted goose.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during 1985-2001.

Twenty-nine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in several regions of China during 1985-2001 were characterized pathotypically and genotypically. All except one of these strains were velogenic. For genotyping, phylogenetic tree analysis (nt 47-420), restriction site mapping (nt 334-1682) and residue substitution analysis (residues 4-124) of the F gene were performed using sequences of our isolates and sequences of selected NDV strains from GenBank. The results revealed that most of these newly characterized strains belonged to six novel genetic groups that were designated as VIf, VIg, VIIc, VIId, VIIe and IX. The genotype IX viruses, to which the China challenge strain F48E8 used for vaccine evaluation belonged, were found only in China and still induced sporadic infections in certain areas. Isolates belonging to group VIf and VIg were distinct from previously reported members of genotype VI, with genetic distance from 2.5 to 12.1%. Subgenotype VIIc, VIId and VIIe viruses, which were distributed in clusters in the phylogenetic tree distinct from members of subgenotypes VIIa and VIIb, were responsible for disease outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks and circulated predominantly in southern China in recent years. Finally, cross-protective testing showed that specific-pathogen free (SPF) chickens vaccinated with La Sota vaccines can be fully protected against challenge by strains from genetic groups VIb, VIg, VIId and IX, indicating that the antigenic differences between strains of various genotypes are insufficient to change the cross-protection conferred by the commonly used vaccine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Detection and identification of avian, duck, and goose reoviruses by RT-PCR: goose and duck reoviruses are part of the same genogroup in the genus Orthoreovirus.

A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure for the detection of avian, duck, and goose reovirus (ARV, DRV, and GRV) RNA from cell culture supernatant and clinical samples was established. Based on multiple sequence alignment, a pair of degenerate primers was selected and synthesized. The amplified, cloned, and sequenced 598-base-pair products from the sigmaA-encoding gene fragment from 16 isolates (ranging over 30 years) indicated that the primer regions were well conserved. The sensitivity of this method was determined to be 10(-2) PFU. The specificity of the RT-PCR method was determined by testing specimens containing avian influenza A viruses, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus, all of which yielded negative results with no discernible background. The efficiency of the system for detection of ARV, DRV, and GRV directly in 71/83 clinical samples was confirmed. The nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that DRV and GRV isolated from China in different locales and years were closely related, showing 97.4-100% homology to each other, but with only 86.7-88.5% identity to DRV 89026. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities in the amplified sigmaA-encoding gene were 74.2-78.4% and 86.9-92.0%, respectively, between duck/goose and chicken species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GRV and DRV aggregated into the same specified genogroup within subgroup II of the genus Orthoreovirus and are more closely related to ARV than to Nelson Bay virus. Overall, this study developed a sensitive and specific technique for the identification ARV, DRV, and GRV, and sequencing analysis has enhanced our understanding of the evolutionary relationship between ARV, DRV, and GRV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of Hong Kong 97-like H5N1 influenza viruses from eggs of Vietnamese waterfowl.

Three H5N1 influenza viruses were isolated from shell washes of duck and goose eggs confiscated from travelers coming from Vietnam. All eight gene segments of these viruses share high sequence identity with the H5N1 avian influenza viruses that caused outbreaks in poultry and humans in Hong Kong in 1997. Animal studies indicate that these isolated viruses are able to replicate in mouse lung and could be found in the organs of ducks without causing any clinical signs or death. However, the viruses are highly pathogenic for chickens. Although the source of these recently isolated Hong Kong 97-like H5N1 viruses is undetermined, their detection in the egg shell of duck and goose suggests that this particular genotype of H5N1 virus may have re-emerged in nature or may have been circulating continuously.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Expression of goose parvovirus VP1 capsid protein by a baculovirus expression system and establishment of fluorescent antibody test to diagnose goose parvovirus infection.

The gene encoding VP1 capsid protein of a goose parvovirus was cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector and a recombinant baculovirus was produced. The recombinant virus expressed a protein of 88 kDa corresponding to the molecular weight of VP1 protein and the protein was detected by immunoblotting. By indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, the expressed protein was detected in the nucleus of the insect cells as big granules and electron microscopy also showed several big granules in the nucleus infected with the recombinant virus. The IFA test was developed for screening antibody in Muscovy ducks.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Complete genome sequence and biological characterizations of a novel goose paramyxovirus-SF02 isolated in China.

A paramyxovirus designated as APMV-1 (NDV) isolate SF02 (abbre. as SF02) was recently isolated from goose in China. SF02 was identified as a member of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII. NDV strains are generally pathogenic only for fowls, including chicken and pigeon, and not for waterfowls such as goose and duck, whereas SF02 is highly pathogenic for both fowls and waterfowls. In the present study the complete genome consisting of 15, 192 nucleotides of SF02 was sequenced. Genomes of SF02 and all known APMV-1, Strains contain 6 ORFs in the order of NP-P-M-F-HN-L, and that of SF02 had an extra 6 nts between NP and P genes. Moreover, an anti-sense ORF consisting of 549 nt at the 1960 to 1412 and deduced 182 amino acids was found in SF02. The SF02 genome shared 83% identity and its 6 ORFs 81.9-86.1% identities with the reference APMV-1 strains. The possible mechanism determining different host range and pathogenicity is discussed based on genetic analyses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Purification of S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase by affinity chromatography with fatty acid synthase attached to Sepharose.

S-Acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for release of short-chain fatty acids from fatty acid synthase, was purified to homogeneity in 50-60% yield by a procedure involving affinity chromatography with fatty acid synthase as the affinity ligand attached to Sepharose. This procedure gave a 10- to 12-fold increase in yield over the previously available method.

Animals↗