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PubMed1976

Detection of drugs of abuse by radioimmunoassay: a summary of published data and some new information.

We review the status of radioimmunoassays for detection of abused drugs. Individual assays with use of 125I-labeled antigens are all performed in an identical manner and can be completed in 30 min to 1 h. Combined assays for simultaneous detection of two or more such drugs or assays in which a tritium-labeled antigen is used require 1-2 h for completion. All tests can be performed with 0.1 ml or less of specimen. The assays involving 125I reliably detect urinary concentrations of, per liter, 40-100 mug of morphine, 100 mug of barbiturates, methadone, methaqualone, or benzoylecgonine, and 1000 mug of amphetamine. The assay for morphine involving 3H detects 60 mug/liter. Each assay is capable of providing a qualitative and quantitative estimate of the drugs sought. The 125I-labeled antigens have a usable shelf life of at least two to four months after the antigen is iodinated; the tritium assay is stable for six months. The assays can be performed with use of paper discs that have been suspended in urine and then dried, in place of the liquid specimen. The assays appear to be equally applicable to detection of drugs in urine, blood, saliva, and tissues. All of them are done at ambient temperature and can be used equally well for emergency (stat) tests or mass screening. Except for the benzoylecgonine assay, the clinical reliability of these tests has been demonstrated.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1976

Assessment of CNS drug activity in rhesus monkeys by analysis of the EEG.

The data generated from the application of spectral analytical techniques to the analysis of electroencephalograms (EEG) provide a reliable base for the quantification of such data. Drugs with a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) activities were characterized by their effects on neocortical EEGs of Macaca mulatta monkeys according to the specificity of autospectral changes at different anatomical sites. Changes in total spectral power, in the shape of the spectral envelope, and in the relative stability of the drug-induced EEG were assessed at various doses. Electroencephalograms were recorded from epidural electrodes under resting conditions and under the influence of CNS drugs. Autospectra representing sequential 4-second samples of EEG were generated successively over a nominal frequency band of 0-64 Hz. Averages of sequential autospectra were computed over specified time periods. Spectral power over the entire bandwidth and selected frequency regions was calculated and compared. This facilitated the grouping of drugs with similar activities, as well as the distinguishing of changes not readily detectable by visual inspection of the conventional EEG in the time domain.

Amobarbital↗