SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GLOBULINS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Specific binding of human corticosteroid-binding globulin to cell membranes.

Specific binding sites for corticosteroid-binding globulin were detected on membranes prepared from human prostates. The binding sites are typical of membrane receptors: they are saturable and specific and have high affinity. There was little specific binding at 4 degrees C and 23 degrees C. Maximal specific binding was obtained at 37 degrees C. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a single set of binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 8.7 X 10(-7) M and a binding capacity of 22 pmol/mg of membrane protein. The sites were specific for corticosteroid-binding globulin; binding was not inhibited by human testosterone/estradiol-binding globulin, by albumin, or by transferrin. The density of specific binding sites in membranes obtained from several organs from the rhesus monkey is consistent with the hypothesis that corticosteroid-binding globulin is involved in the transport of steroid hormones into target tissues.

Albumins↗

PubMed1966

Immunoglobulin isoantigens (allotypes) in the mouse. II. Allotypic analysis of three gammaG2-myeloma proteins from (NZB x BALB/c)F1 hybrids and of normal gammaG2-globulins.

Further analysis of the isoantigens (allotypes) of 2 classes of normal mouse immunoglobulins, gammaG(2a) and gammaG(2b), has shown a minimum of 10 specificities for the Ig-1 locus (controlling gammaG(2a)-antigens) and 3 specificities for the Ig-3 locus (controlling gammaG(2b)-antigens). Three gammaG(2)-myeloma proteins of plasma cell tumors induced in (NZB x BALB/c)F(1) mice have been analyzed for the isoantigens they carry. NZB mice are genotypically Ig-1(e) Ig-3(e), while BALB/c are Ig-1(a) Ig-3(a). Two of the myeloma proteins are gammaG(2a)-globulins. One of these, GPC-7, carries all the isoantigenic specificities of the Ig-1(e) allele while the other, GPC-8, carries all the isoantigenic specificities of the Ig-1(a) allele. Thus only one of the parental alleles of the mouse in which the tumor arose is expressed in each of these myeloma proteins. The third myeloma protein GPC-5, also carries the antigens of only one parental strain (NZB). However GPC-5, a gammaG(2b)-globulin, carries only one of the Ig-3 specificities normally associated with gammaG(2b)-globulins of NZB. Most remarkably it also carries one Ig-1 specificity normally associated with gammaG(2a)-globulins of NZB. This is the first analyzed mouse myeloma shown (a) to express some but not all the antigenic specificities normally associated with an allele and (b) to carry antigenic specificities controlled by two distinct immunoglobulin loci. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the genetic control of immunoglobulins.

Animals↗

PubMed1968

Suppression of adjuvant disease in the rat by heterologous antilymphocyte globulin.

The effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on adjuvant arthritis, an immunologically induced disease in the rat, was studied. ALG was prepared from the serum of rabbits immunized against rat lymphocytes. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in rats by a single intracutaneous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant; after 9 to 12 days, all control rats developed polyarthritis. Administration of antilymphocyte globulin about the time of adjuvant injection produced marked inhibition of clinical disease. Some suppression was apparent even when ALG was started after the onset of arthritis. Rats receiving ALG remained conspicuously healthy compared to controls. Urinary findings and renal histology showed no evidence of nephritis. The results of serum corticosterone determinations made it unlikely that adrenal stimulation contributed to the actions of ALG. Antilymphocyte preparations lowered peripheral lymphocyte counts and suppressed primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes, but had little effect on the skin reaction to PPD, even in rats protected from arthritis. All rats given ALG developed antibodies to rabbit globulin; there was no evidence that ALG inhibited the appearance of antibodies to itself, and prior hyperimmunization of rats with rabbit globulin did not interfere with the biological activity of ALG subsequently injected. Antisera produced separately against lymph node and thymus cells had identical properties with regard to agglutination of lymphocytes and thymus cells. Administered to rats, these preparations were equally potent in lowering lymphocyte counts and suppressing both adjuvant arthritis and the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. It is concluded that ALG, as used in these experiments, is a potent immunosuppressive agent without obvious toxic effects.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1952

Albumin and globulin circulation in experimental ascites; relative rates of interchange between plasma and ascitic fluid studied with C14-labeled proteins.

Plasma containing carbon(14)-labeled albumin and globulin, obtained by feeding epsilon-C(14)D,L.-lysine to a donor dog, has been injected intravenously and intraperitoneally into recipient dogs with experimental ascites. The circulation and interchange of total plasma protein between circulating blood and ascitic fluid have been confirmed and the participation of both albumin and globulin in this interchange has been demonstrated. Labeled albumin tends to reach equilibrium in plasma and ascitic fluid in a shorter period of time (1 to 2 days) than does globulin (2 or more days), after administration of labeled plasma by either route. Evidence is presented that the rate of transfer of albumin across the peritoneal membrane is at least three times faster than that of globulin in terms of weight.

Albumins↗

PubMed1976

Adrenocorticosteroids and corticosteroid binding globulins in protein calorie malnutrition.

A study of adrenocorticosteroids and corticosteroid binding globulins was undertaken in 35 malnourished children with a weight deficit of 10 to 45%. The mean corticosteroid levels 5.9 +/- 3.0 mug% were not significantly different from control values of 6.43 +/- 3.2 mug%. Steroid levels were however low (4.38 +/- 1.8 mug%) in children with marasmic kwashiorkor. The corticosteroid binding globulin was reduced to 11.9 +/- 5.4 mug of cortisol bound in malnourished children with and without edema and was significantly lower than controls. "Free cortisol" levels were significantly raised in the malnourished state. In the presence of acute infection there was a remarkable rise of steroids suggesting that there was no hypofunction of the adrenal cortex. Where the infection was chronic (e.g., pulmonary tuberculosis) the levels were normal suggesting an adaptation to the stress. Early studies of the steroids and corticosteroid binding globulins within 2 to 3 weeks of starting a high protein diet showed that there was a remarkable rise of serum albumin 2.3 +/- 0.4 to 3.3 +/- 0.7 g%, steroids from 5.9 +/- 5.5 to 12.3 +/- 7.4 and corticosteroid binding globulins from 13.0 +/- 4.1 to 20.2 +/- 6.3 mug of cortisol bound per 100 ml. Weight gain was from 0.2 to 1.0 kg. A follow-up of four children for 6 weeks showed that the steroid levels fell to within normal limits. The integrity of the hypothalamohypophyseal adrenal axis was unimpaired in five out of six children studied. In conclusion it appears that marasmic children are well adapted to the stress of malnutrition and the ability of the adrenals to respond to stress is unimpaired.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1976

Clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus.

Studies of human globulin immune to rabies virus before licensure showed that it suppressed active antibody responses when individuals received 16 doses of duck embryo vaccine but not when they received 23 doses of duck embryo vaccine. Prospective surveillance of use of human globulin immune to rabies virus since licensure in 1974 has revealed that 40% of persons who receive 14-16 doses of duck embryo vaccine have low or undetectable antibody responses 30-90 days after initiation of the series. Ten percent of individuals receiving 21-23 doses of duck embryo vaccine have inadequate antibody responses, a percentage not significantly different from that found in recipients of 14 doses of vaccine alone. Human globulin immune to rabies virus has also been used for treatment of one case of clinical human rabies; this use was based on the observation that antibodies to rabies virus in serum do not develop until after the seventh day of clinical illness, and antibodies are absent from spinal fluid as long as 19 days after onset of symptoms. Intracranial pressure and neurological function remained stable after administration of human globulin immune to rabies virus, but two days after initiation of therapy, the patient died of progressive pulmonary dysfunction and tension pneumothorax.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Storage and mobilization as antagonistic functional constraints on seed storage globulin evolution.

When seeds germinate nearly all the proteins are degraded in senescing storage tissue cells. All these proteins act as amino acid reserves which are mobilized to nourish the seedling. Nevertheless, the major amount of the seeds' protein reserve consists of a few enzymatically inactive, abundant, genuine storage proteins. In their metabolism the conflicting processes of biosynthesis, protein turnover and breakdown, are temporally separated. No degradation of correctly formed storage proteins was observed at the time of synthesis and accumulation during seed maturation. Breakdown takes place after a (long) period of rest when seeds germinate and seedlings start growing. At that time genuine storage proteins are no longer synthesized. Genuine storage proteins have evolved structural features permitting controlled temporal patterns of protection and proteolysis. The acquisition of inserted sequence stretches as sites accessible to limited proteolysis played a key role in the evolution of this control system and happened in coevolution of genuine storage proteins with specific proteinases. This can be deduced from the results of current research on the mechanisms of limited and unlimited proteolysis of storage globulins and on storage globulin evolution. The evolved system of controlled structure-function interplay between storage globulins and proteinases is part of a syndrome that, in addition, comprises differential compartmentation and gene expression of storage proteins and proteinases for controlling the total spatial and temporal patterns of globulin storage and mobilization in maturing and germinating seeds.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1981

Precursor of rat liver alpha 2u-globulin: partial amino acid sequence determination of its signal peptide.

The biosynthesis of alpha 2 u-globulin, the major protein in rat urine, was studied in a cell-free system programmed with messenger RNA isolated from rat liver. Analysis of the primary translation product by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a molecular weight of approximatley 22,000 daltons as compared to 20,000 daltons for the mature form. When translation was carried out in the presence of dog pancreas microsomes, alpha 2u-globulin was cotranslationally processed and sequestered in the microsomal lumen. Automated sequencing to mature alpha 2u-globulin and the labeled precursor disclosed the presence of 19 additional amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the primary translation product of the urinary alpha 2u-globulin. The partial amino acid sequence of this extension was determined.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed1976

Use of rabbit antithymocyte globulin in cardiac transplantation. Relationship of serum clearance rates to clinical outcome.

Serum rabbit globulin (RG) clearance rates were determined in 30 consecutive cardiac transplant recipients by radioimmune assay of serum RG levels after completion of an initial postoperative course of rabbit anti-human antithymocyte globulin (RATG). Twenty patients, who exhibited rapid RG elimination rates (average half-life, 1.6 days), had a rejection onset time of 16.2 days rejection frequency of 3.9 episodes/100 patient days, and a 1-year survival rate of 59%, respectively, as compared with 28.3 days, 1.9 episodes/100 patient days, and 80%, respectively, for the 10 patients with more prolonged initial RG elimination rates (average half-life, 11.4 days); Nineteen patients received one or more repeat courses of RATG. In 16 of these a progressive increase in RG half-life during subsequent RATG administration could be demonstrated. A close correlation was observed between total RATG doses given in the initial course and peak serum levels of RG obtained (r = 0.82) and between onset of rejection and initial t1/2 RG (r = 0.69). This latter correlation was improved by the elimination of one of the 30 patients (r = 0.81) or by considering only those patients treated from a single RATG batch (r = 0.85; n = 15). No significant relationship was detected between any of the parameters assayed and (1) total RATG dose, or (2) rosette inhibition titers of RATG administered. Survival and rejection parameters of the first 30 patients receiving RATG were compared with the previous 20 receiving equine antithymocyte globulin; these 50 comprising the entire population in which rejection was confirmed by cardiac biopsy. Rejection onset was 20 versus 12 days, rejection frequency was 3.1 versus 5.0 episodes/100 patient days, and graft survival at 1 year was 66 versus 41% for the RATG-equine antithymocyte globulin-treated patients, respectively. From these data it was concluded that (1) RATG administration favorably affects transplantation outcome; (2) RATG half-life, as reflected by RG clearance rates, was the most important variable governing RATG effectiveness, (3) variation in rosette inhibition titers within RATG batches made in the same fashion from large rabbit pools were of minimal clinical importance; and (4) monitoring of serum RG levels provided a necessary and rational basis for effective modulation of immunosuppressive therapy.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Diffusion of gamma globulin into the arterial wall identifies localized entry of lipid and cells in atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The localization of atheromatous lesions in vulnerable arteries and their relatively rare occurrence in other arteries of the same subject cannot be explained by current theories of the aetiology of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether abnormal diffusion of gamma globulin into the arterial wall from the lumen will identify defects of barrier function allowing localized entry of lipid and cells in atherosclerosis. METHODS: Paraffin sections of left anterior descending coronary arteries and corresponding internal thoracic arteries from 80 human subjects aged 1-65 years were stained for gamma globulin by the immunoperoxidase technique. Duplicate sections were stained with orcein to demonstrate the elastin structure. RESULTS: The barrier function of the luminal surface of the thickened intima was associated with the presence of an elastin lamina beneath the endothelial cells. With advancing age, the coronary arteries exhibited breakdown of this barrier function in localized areas with entry into the arterial wall of gamma globulin, lipid and cells. This was rare in the internal thoracic artery. CONCLUSION: Lack of continuity or incomplete formation of this sub-endothelial lamina, which was seen particularly in the coronary artery, was associated with localized entry into the arterial wall of gamma globulin, lipid and cells from the circulating blood and with the development of atheromatous lesions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Predictive value of serum globulin levels for the extent of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.

The mechanism underlying disease progression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is unknown. Immunoglobulins stimulate the proliferative activity of rat hepatic stellate cells in vitro. A strong association was found between serum immunoglobulin levels and hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Our objective was to determine if the same index could also be used in patients with chronic HBV infection. The records of 100 patients with biochemical, serological, virological and histological evidence of chronic HBV infection were reviewed for background factors and serum globulin and immunoglobulin levels. Mean (+/-SD) patient age was 44.0 +/- 14.7 years; 80 (80%) were male. Of the factors found to be significant on univariate analysis, the only significant predictors of severe hepatic fibrosis (stage > or = 2) on multivariate analysis were serum globulin level [odds ratio (OR) 5.97, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.82-19.53, P = 0.0004], platelet count (OR 0.98, CI 0.97-0.99, P = 0.001), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) level (OR 1.003, CI 1.000-1.007, P < 0.042) but not IgA, alkaline phosphatase, albumin or international normalized ratio. For each increase of 0.33 mg/dL in serum globulin, there was a 0.5 point increase in the stage of hepatic fibrosis. There appears to be a strong association between levels of serum globulin and IgG and extent of hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection. They can serve as noninvasive markers of hepatic fibrosis and, if confirmed, have important implications for the management of patients with chronic HBV infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Intravenous gamma-globulin infusions in patients with hypo-gamma-globulinemia: prevention of adverse reactions with corticosteroids.

A gamma-globulin preparation for intravenous use was given to 11 patients with antibody deficiency syndromes. Most of them had reacted earlier to intramuscular injections of normal gamma-globulin. The gamma-globulin employed produced adverse reactions, often quite severe in 8 of 9 intravenous infusions in three patients. After premedication with hydrocortisone, side effects appeared on 18 of 48 occasions in 10 patients, but only twice were they so severe that the infusions had to be interrupted. Thus, it seems that hydrocortisone diminishes the risk of side effects. The intravenously administered gamma-globulin seemed to be just as effective as the preparations for intramuscular use, and no severe infections appeared during the period of observation. There was no indication that the single hydrocortisone injections, usually 200 mg, increased the risk of contracting infections, but still such medication should be used with great caution in antibody-deficient patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Protective effects of human gamma-globulin preparations against experimental aerosol infections of mice with Bordetella pertussis.

The protective effects of three types of pooled human gamma-globulin preparations (intact: GG, S-sulfonated: GGS, and pepsin-treated: GGP) for intravenous use against experimental aerosol infection of mice with Bordetella pertussis have been evaluated. The gamma-globulin preparations GG and GGS showed significant protective activity whereas GGP did not, as evaluated by survival numbers, body weight gains and suppression of leucocytosis. GG and GGS but not GGP also possessed neutralizing activity against leucocytosis-promoting and histamine-sensitizing activities of pertussis toxin (PT). Evaluation of protective activities of GG, GGS and GGP prepared from rabbit gamma-globulin, highly immunized with PT and not containing any anti-F-HA (filamentous or agglutinin antibodies, demonstrated that anti-PT-GG and anti-PT-GGS but not anti-PT-GGP protected against experimental infection by B. pertussis. These studies showed that the protective activity was correlated with anti-PT titre but that the Fc portion of the gamma-globulin molecule is necessary for actual protection against whooping cough by B. pertussis.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Fingerprints in congenital rubella following maternal gamma globulin.

The fingertip skin ridge patterns of ten children with the congenital rubella syndrome whose mothers had received gamma globulin following exposure to german measles during pregnancy were compared with those of 29 patients whose mothers had not received gamma globulin and with those of 162 control children. Statistical evaluation of the pattern profiles by the Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the dermatoglyphics of the two groups of patients differed significantly from each other. Each group also differed from the control children: there was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in whorls in patients whose mothers had not had gamma globulin, but an increase (p = 0.001) in ulnar loops in those whose mothers had received gamma globulin.

Dermatoglyphics↗

PubMed1986

Nucleotide sequences required for the regulation of a rat alpha 2u-globulin gene by glucocorticoids.

alpha 2u-Globulin is a rat protein of as yet unknown function whose synthesis can be induced by glucocorticoids and several other hormones. Induction by glucocorticoids is a secondary response to the hormone: protein synthesis is required before the hormone can exert its stimulatory effect on alpha 2u-globulin transcription. We have used the linker-scanning mutagenesis procedure, followed by transfer of the mutant genes into mouse L-cells for analysis of their phenotype, to determine sequences within a cloned alpha 2u-globulin promoter that are required for its regulation by glucocorticoids. Mutations between positions -115 and -160 abolish or greatly reduce the inducibility of alpha 2u-globulin by the hormone. Mutations just upstream from this region, between positions -177 and -220, have an opposite effect; they increase induction two- to fourfold.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed1980

Occurrence of globulin-like migrating blood albumins, or GLIMBAL, in pathological rat and human sera.

The presence in the serum of albumins having a globulin-like electrophoretic mobility (globulin-like migrating blood albumins or GLIMBAL) has been determined by immunoelectrophoresis in rat and human sera. GLIMBAL have been detected occasionally (14%) in rat sera during the acute inflammation induced by yeast injection. GLIMBAL were, on the other hand, present in pathological human sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (50%), systemic lupus erythematosus (69%), and liver disease (17%). These data indicate that the occurrence of GLIMBAL in human sera is more frequent than previously described. Many pathological conditions are accompanied by electrophoretic changes of serum, consisting of an increase of globulins and eventually albumin decrease; our data indicate that these changes may in some conditions reflect a process of albumin transformation rather than an increase in globulin synthesis.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene-induced alpha-2u-globulin nephropathy.

Male and female Fischer-344 (F-344) and male NCI-Black-Reiter (NBR) rats were dosed with 0, 35.5, or 71 mg 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB)/kg/day for 10 days. Male F-344 rats were dosed with TNB (0 and 35.5 mg/kg) for 20 and 30 days. Hematoxylin and eosin and Mallory-Heidenhain stains and alpha-2u-globulin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical stains were performed on kidney sections. All treated male F-344 rats exhibited dose-related accumulation of hyaline droplets containing alpha-2u-globulin in proximal tubules. The kidney weights were significantly increased in male and female rats treated with TNB. Significant increases in cell proliferation in proximal tubules were observed in male F-344 rats. Renal changes observed in TNB-treated rats appeared identical to those from other chemicals that induce alpha-2u-globulin nephropathy in male rats. No hyaline droplet accumulation was found in female F-344 and male NBR rats at any doses. We can conclude that TNB induces dose-related exacerbation of hyaline droplets containing alpha-2u-globulin in male rat kidney and subsequent cell proliferation.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed1991

Age-dependent reversal of the lobular distribution of androgen-inducible alpha 2u globulin and androgen-repressible SMP-2 in rat liver.

Hepatocytes situated at pericentral and periportal zones of the liver lobule show differences in the expression of several liver-specific genes, such as androgen-inducible alpha 2u globulin and androgen-repressible senescence marker protein-2 (SMP-2). A marked temporal difference in the expression of these two androgen-regulated genes has also been observed. The liver of the pre-pubertal male rat is insensitive to androgen, and during this period hepatocytes synthesize only SMP-2. During young adult life (greater than 40 days), the liver becomes androgen sensitive and concomitant synthesis of alpha 2u globulin and repression of SMP-2 occur. In the senescent male rat (greater than 750 days), the liver again becomes androgen insensitive when the decline in alpha 2u globulin is accompanied by an increase in SMP-2 synthesis. In this article we present results to show a correlation between the temporal and spatial (intralobular) changes in the expression of the androgen-inducible alpha 2u globulin and the androgen-repressible SMP-2 in rat hepatocytes. Results indicate that the temporal changes in hepatic androgen sensitivity are dictated by the intralobular location of the hepatocytes. Hepatocytes located around the central vein (pericentral/perivenous) may benefit from a paracrine advantage for the expression of a subset of genes, including the gene for the androgen receptor.

Aging↗