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PubMed1994

[Population, migration, and development].

"Rapid demographic growth in Africa has not been accompanied by economic development. It has generated important flows to the North. Family planning programs will not be sufficient to solve the problems caused by...demographic growth and they will most likely increase in the future. Controls of these [outflows] are unlikely to effective. Under these conditions, only the economic development of the South will allow the limitation of outmigration." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Africa↗
PubMed2003

[Menarche, early pregnancy, and obesity in selected Brazilian women from a health care center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil].

The aim of this study was to investigate obstetric variables potentially associated with obesity among 486 Brazilian childbearing-age women aged 15-59 residing in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State. Body fat (BF) was measured through impedance analysis, and obesity was defined as BF > 30%. The association between obstetrics factors and obesity was evaluated through multivariate logistic regression. The following variables remained in the logistic regression after adjustments for total income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity: age at menarche < 12 years (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.62-5.61), age > 30 and < 39 (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.01-2.92), age > 40 years (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.76-6.27), age at first childbirth (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.07-3.68), and the following interaction: age group > 30 and < 39 and age at menarche (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.83). It appears that obstetric factors affect obesity through a complex network of interrelations that involve the covariates studied above. It is important to support efficient programs to prevent obesity, as well as family planning programs emphasizing a reduction in the prevalence of teenage pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project.

In 1994, an experiment was launched by the Navrongo Health Research Centre that will test the demographic impact of community health and family planning services in a rural, traditional area of northern Ghana. While exhaustive social research has been directed to clarifying societal constraints to reproductive change, relatively little is known about how African cultural characteristics can be a resource to family planning programs. This study will clarify ways in which cultural resources of a traditional African society can be used in efforts to foster reproductive change. This article reviews characteristics of the study population, the design of the Navrongo experiment, and the research plan. The Navrongo Project will be the first African experimental trial of the demographic impact of family planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Family planning in Brazil today: an analysis of recent research].

This two-component study (descriptive cross-sectional and qualitative) assessed the availability of contraceptives in primary care clinics in Brazilian municipalities. The family planning program was also analyzed as part of the country's Family Health Strategy. Phone interviews were held with local health managers to obtain information on contraceptive supply in a selected sample of municipalities. Four municipalities were selected and visited for the qualitative analysis, using direct observation and semi-structured interviews with health professionals and managers. Descriptive statistical and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Content analysis technique was used for qualitative data. According to the results, family planning activities are often not integrated with other health activities. Health professionals and managers failed to understand family planning as part of primary health care and felt unable to assist patients. Family planning in Brazil is marked by the unavailability of contraceptives in public health programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The role of family planning in recent rapid fertility declines in developing countries.

World Fertility Survey data for ten developing countries are used to examine the respective roles of development and family planning in influencing the regulation of fertility. The findings show that high proportions of women at all socioeconomic levels in the countries studied wanted no more children, including large proportions among rural, poor, and uneducated women with few children. The data also show that despite the limitations of underdevelopment, in countries with strong family planning programs knowledge and use of contraception was high. These findings confirm that there is a large unmet demand for family planning and point to the importance of continued allocation of funds to support service programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of outreach on the continuity of contraceptive use in rural Bangladesh.

In 1978, the Bangladesh family planning program launched a national program of outreach services that continues to the present. Young married women were hired and trained to visit women in their homes, offer contraceptive services, provide information, and support sustained use over time. This report uses data from two rural districts to assess the effect of the household visitation program on the continuity of contraceptive use. Results of a multivariate analysis show that household outreach has had a pronounced net effect on the continuity of contraceptive use throughout the study period and that the magnitude of this effect has increased with time. This finding suggests that sustained contraceptive use continues to benefit from home-based outreach even after a decade of service encounters. Policy implications of this finding are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Lessons from the Chinese experience: China's planned birth program and its transferability.

This article describes the most salient developments in the planned birth program of the People's Republic of China during the 1970s and discusses the potential for transfer of some features to other countries. Many Chinese activities are of interest because they are designed for a country with scarce resources for development and a low-income population. Some particular program features worth noting are: the encouragement of local initiative and experimentation: specific methods for the diffusion of innovation; and total integration of the health system with other development-political, administrative, economic, and social-at the grass-roots level.

Birth Rate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

PFPP re-introduces DMPA.

The Philippine Family Planning Program formally re-introduced depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or DepoProvera as a program method last March 22, 1994. DMPA will be added to the choices available to couples who desire to practice responsible parenthood. DMPA is an injectable contraceptive containing synthetic progestin which resembles progesterone. It is a scientifically effective, medically safe and legal contraceptive which is injected every three months. Its effectivity reaches up to 99.7% in the first year of use. A WHO [World Health Organization] study had shown that its effectiveness is comparable to bilateral tubal ligation. DMPA's mechanism of action is the inhibition of ovulation and the thinning of the endometrium. It is a safe contraceptive which the US Drug and Food Authority (USDFA) and our own Bureau of Food and Drug Authority had approved for contraceptive use. WHO studies had shown that DMPA does not lead to increased cancer risk, congenital malformation and infertility. DMPA was initially developed in the 1960s as a treatment for endometrial and renal cancer. Its contraceptive effects then led to its use as a family planning method. Over 9 million women had used DMPA. It is a very safe, reversible and effective family planning method with manageable side effects. These include: menstrual irregularities, amenorrhea, weight gain, nausea and vomiting. These effects can be adequately managed by a trained service provider. DMPA will be initially introduced by the Department of Health in 10 pilot areas. IMCH will soon introduce the method in our clinics once the supplies are available and the clinic staff are prepared in the service provision of DMPA.

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Introducing the low-dose pill to Bangladesh; issues of continuation and failure.

In response to government plans to introduce a low-dose pill to the national family planning program of Bangladesh, a comparison of the performance of low-dose and standard-dose pills among a rural Bangladeshi population was conducted. Continuation rates were found to be better among users of the low-dose pill and there was no evidence that failure rates were higher. The relative risk (standard-dose vs. low-dose) over the first 30 months following adoption was 1.25 for first method continuation, and 1.29 for extended use failure. This paper, thus, provides evidence that low-dose pills may be a suitable method of contraception for rural Bangladeshi women.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Withholding of funding for UNFPA, 1988.

In 1988, USAID decided for the fourth year in a row to withhold its contribution to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). The contribution amounts $25 million. The stated reason for the withholding of funds was the same as in past years: the Agency's objection to UNFPA support for China. It viewed China's family planning program, which emphasized the importance of one child per family, as sanctioning coercive abortions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1983

The introduction of postpartum intrauterine devices in the People's Republic of China.

In China, which has a commitment to family planning and, in particular, to the one-child family, a postpartum IUD should be widely accepted and could have significant impact on the Chinese family planning program. This report presents the introduction of the Delta T and Delta Loop devices, with 200 immediate postpartum insertions. Fifty-two deliveries were by cesarean section. The 6-month expulsion rates were 13.3 and 17.2 for the Delta T and Delta Loop, respectively. There was one pregnancy reported. Analysis suggests that the two devices are suitable for use in the postpartum period for Chinese women.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Norplant consensus statement and background review.

This review has highlighted the attributes of a very important new method of contraception. The signatories to this document agree that, with the provision of appropriate information and instruction for the user, Norplant is a good contraceptive choice to be made available worldwide in family planning programs that have the resources for appropriate training and counseling. The signatories to this document are acting in their own personal capacity and not as representatives of any particular organization.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗
PubMed1989

Fertility, menstrual characteristics, and contraceptive practices among white, black, and Southeast Asian refugee adolescents.

This study compares fertility and menstrual characteristics and contraceptive practices of white, black, and Southeast Asian refugee adolescents participating in the Minneapolis Health Department's Maternal and Infant Care Program between 1980 and 1982. Mean ages were similar among all racial groups; however, half the Hmong adolescents had a live birth as compared to less than 25% of the other racial groups. More than 75% of the Hmong and other Southeast Asian adolescents were married as compared to 11% of the whites and 8% of the blacks. Menarche was significantly later (2 years) for Hmong and other Southeast Asians, and the interval between menarche and first pregnancy was significantly shorter for the Hmong. While more than half of the whites and blacks previously used contraception, 14% of the Hmong and 29% of the other Southeast Asians had used contraception. Oral contraceptives were the most frequently used method for whites, blacks, and Southeast Asians; the Hmong were equally likely to choose oral contraceptives or barrier methods. The Hmong were less likely to choose contraception postpartum than were the other groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning amongst women in a high density low income urban of Enugu, Nigeria.

A total of 334 Nigerian, non-pregnant women, living in a high density, low-income urban area of Enugu, Nigeria, were interviewed on knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning. About 97.6% were found literate. Knowledge and approval of family planning was high, 81.7% and 86.2% respectively, but the practice of family planning was low, as only 20% of the women were on a family planning method. The commonest methods for both ever use and current use were safe period/Billings, condom, IUCD and injectables. The commonest source of family planning information was health workers, while the commonest single reason for non-practice of a method was rejection by the husband. It is concluded that despite their high level of education/literacy, with the attendant high knowledge and approval rate of family planning, the socio-cultural influence of men on their wives is a major stumbling block to the use of modern family planning in this part of Nigeria. Policy makers should, therefore, increase male involvement in family planning programs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Introduction of non-scalpel vasectomy at the Mexican Social Security Institute.

Since government approval of the Mexican Family Planning Program in 1977, the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) has been one of the major family planning service providers in Mexico. No-scalpel vasectomy, a refined surgical vasectomy technique developed and widely used in China, has been introduced in 20 countries, including Mexico. This paper will describe the experience of the IMSS in introducing the no-scalpel vasectomy technique into its service delivery system, and will review the clinical and programmatic experience, and the impact of no-scalpel vasectomy on client and provider attitudes toward vasectomy.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International Conference on Better Health for Women and Children through Family Planning: recommendations for action.

The importance of upgrading and revitalizing family planning programs so that health and human needs can be better met was addressed by 225 governmental and nongovernmental leaders from 60 countries at the International Conference on Better Health for Women and Children through Family Planning, in Nairobi, Kenya, 5-9 October 1987. Family planning as a health measure, to prevent unwanted and high-risk pregnancies and the resulting deaths of hundreds of thousands of mothers and children in the developing world, was the focus of the conference. It was sponsored by the major international organizations concerned with family health and population issues: International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), the Population Council, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank. The Recommendations for Action arising from the conference and reprinted below are endorsed by all seven of these sponsoring organizations and agencies.

Child Welfare↗