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PubMed1997

[Encephalitozoon cuniculi--clinical and epidemiologic significance. Results of a preliminary serologic study in humans].

Recently attention in human medicine has been drawn to encephalitozoonoses. Increased liability to develop the infection is found in particular in people with an impaired immunobiological condition. Evidence of this are more numerous infections in AIDS patients. However, the impact of encephalitozoonoses cannot be ruled out in other groups of patients. This calls however for specific aimed investigations. The authors examined 98 sera of employees of a slaughterhouse for encephalitozoonosis. Five sera (5.1%) were positive. Sera of 92 forestry workers, 22 dog breeders and 150 blood donors were negative. In future it will be necessary to focus attention on seropositive subjects in conjunction with the possible transmission of the disease from animals to man.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Chemical accidents and catastrophes as a source of the greatest hazard to the environment and human health in Poland].

The author presents sources of the greatest chemical hazards to the environment in Poland, among which industry and transport occupy the first two places. The availability of data and information on chemical hazards to the environment and the human health are discussed. Legislation, organisation and competences of institutions designed to prevent and mitigate the outcomes of chemical disasters are outlined. It was found that in Poland a possible danger of chemical disasters with serious consequences for the people and environment does really exist. Certain industrial installations as well as road and railway transport belong to the major threats. Among chemicals, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide and phosgene are considered as most dangerous. In Poland the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry are legally responsible for prevention and mitigation of the outcomes of chemical disasters.

Disaster Planning↗

PubMed1997

Electron microscopic perspectives of gill pathology induced by 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate in the goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus).

This experiment has clarified the ultrastructural pathology, by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), induced by 1-naphthyl-N- methylcarbamate (carbaryl) in the gills of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus Linneaus). Carbaryl is a low toxicity pesticide commonly used in forestry and agriculture and for controlling aquatic weeds and crustacean predators of shellfish, and has been known to cause gill damage in fish and clams. A variety of cellular changes were observed after exposure of goldfish for 96 h to a sublethal dose of 10 mg carbaryl/l of water. SEM revealed secondary lamellar fusion, distortion, thinning, and mucus release. TEM responses included enlargement of subepithelial lymphatic spaces and mitochondrial disruption and distortion of the lamellar covering epithelium. Pillar cells became detached and chloride cells were vacuolated. Fish were able to withstand these changes in subacute experiments due to redundancy in gill surface area.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Analysis of the incidence and routes of transmission of tularemia in Slovakia].

The morbidity from tularaemia in Slovakia has since the epidemic incidence in the sixties a declining trend. The mean annual morbidity rate declined from 5.5 per 10(5) population in 1960-1969 to 0.3 in 1980-1994 and is markedly influenced by the incidence of tularaemia in the well known epidemic area in western Slovakia where in 1985 also the first cases of transmission of tularaemia by ticks were recorded in Slovakia. During the last decade (1985-1994) in Slovakia 126 cases were notified, out of them 96.8% in the western Slovakian region, more than half of the cases were recorded in the districts of Nitra and Nové Zámky. The analysis of the incidence of the disease in western Slovakia as compared with the previous decade (1975-1984) drew attention to marked changes in the epidemiology of tularaemia and a rise of the cases transmitted from other sources of infection than hares and by ectoparasites. Their ratio is almost 66%, from that 20.5% formed by cases transmitted by ticks (15.6%) and by other arthropods (4.9%). In the majority of patients with ticks in the case-history the ulceroglandular form of the disease was recorded (79%), with the primary affection at the site of the tick-bite, in the majority with lymphadenitis in the inguinal area (63.2%). The majority of the cases was recorded in summer, most frequently in occupational groups: pupils and students, forestry workers and mainly other occupations. The results of an epidemiological survey and data on the prevalence of for ticks infected with Francisella tularensis in the endemic area of Slovakia indicate that the tick-borne of tularaemia in humans Central European ecological conditions is probably more frequent than hitherto assumed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Occupational exposures and gastric cancer.

The role of occupational substances as stomach carcinogens has not been well investigated. In 1979, a population-based case-control study was undertaken in Montreal to explore the possible association between hundreds of occupational circumstances and several cancer sites, including the stomach. In total, 250 male patients with pathologically confirmed stomach cancer, 2,289 male controls with cancers at other sites, and 533 population-based male controls were interviewed to obtain detailed job histories and relevant data on potential confounders. Job histories were evaluated by expert chemists and hygienists and translated into a history of occupational exposures. On the basis of results of preliminary analyses and literature review, we selected 16 occupations and industries and 32 substances for in-depth multivariate analysis using the pooled group of cancer and population controls. We found elevated risks for excavators and pavers, forestry workers, electric and electronic workers, motor transport workers, and food industry employees. The substances that were most plausibly associated with gastric cancer were: crystalline silica, leaded gasoline, grain dust, lead dust, zinc dust, hydraulic fluids, and glycol ethers. The paucity of data documenting the association between most of these occupational circumstances and gastric cancer precludes drawing firm conclusions.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

32P-postlabeling detection of DNA adducts in mice treated with the herbicide Roundup.

Roundup is a postemergence herbicide acting on the synthesis of amino acids and other important endogenous chemicals in plants. Roundup is commonly used in agriculture, forestry, and nurseries for the control or destruction of most herbaceous plants. The present study shows that Roundup is able to induce a dose-dependent formation of DNA adducts in the kidneys and liver of mice. The levels of Roundup-related DNA adducts observed in mouse kidneys and liver at the highest dose of herbicide tested (600 mg/kg) were 3.0 +/- 0.1 (SE) and 1.7 +/- 0.1 (SE) adducts/10(8) nucleotides, respectively. The Roundup DNA adducts were not related to the active ingredient, the isopropylammonium salt of glyphosate, but to another, unknown component of the herbicide mixture. Additional experiments are needed to identify the chemical specie(s) of Roundup mixture involved in DNA adduct formation. Findings of this study may help to protect agricultural workers from health hazards and provide a basis for risk assessment.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Cultural diversity in central America and Panama: its relationship to conservation and planning.

The most frequently overlooked aspect of conservation of natural resources and economic development is human cultural diversity. However, conservation and development of natural resources are basically human-oriented endeavors and all conservation and developmental efforts ought to start with a clear understanding of the varied needs of the people. In addition, cultural diversity is a natural resource that ought to be protected along with all the more commonly recognized resources of the ecosystems of which humans form an integral part. Cultural diversity in a large measure is an ecological phenomenon because such diversity includes variations in the ways different people perceive and utilize the environments in which they live. Thus, cultural diversity, in large measure, equates with ecological diversity. It has been well established that a high degree of ecological diversity (including taxonomic, niche, biogeochemical and other measures of diversity) is a necessary attribute of humid tropical ecosystems if such ecosystems are to remain viable over long periods of time. The current land-use trends in Central America and Panama are leading toward ever larger areas being devoted to monocultural use with sharply reduced ecological diversity that poses great dangers for the near and long terms. In addition, the resultant removal of people from rural areas results in growing social, economic and political problems, that are not being successfully met by developing nations. Not only is there a growing wastage of human resources, a weakening of the social structures, and an increasing and dangerous dependence upon monocultures oriented toward export markets, but the ecological diversity of the previous existing land-use systems are being lost. This kind of diversity is probably no less valuable to the ecological health of a nation's agriculture, forestry, and general resource utilization than is the genetic diversity of "primitive" crop plant varieties which biologists now recognize and increasingly seek to preserve as "modern" crop plant varieties become ever more simple genetically and hence ever more vulnerable to disease and other perturbations.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1998

Uses of mushrooms by Finns and Karelians.

Finns have adopted two traditions of mushroom use: one, the old Roman tradition, came through France and Sweden to the educated, mostly Swedish speaking people of southwest Finland; the other came from the east via Karelia and was adopted by ordinary country folk. This eastern tradition is still maintained among the Karelinas living in Tver government in Russia. Even the use of Amanita muscaria for killing flies is still utilized there. The western tradition favoured chanterelles and Boletus edulis, the eastern acrid milk caps, the Lactarius species. During the famines in the 1860's and after the World War II the government authorities tried to promote the use of wild mushrooms, but the real impulse to a more versatile mushroom use was initiated after the war when 400,000 evacuees from that part of Karelia conquered by the Soviet Union were resettled among farming families all over Finland. In 1969 the National Board of Forestry began to train mushroom advisors, a programme which still continues. In 1981 Finland passed a statute on edible mushrooms and drew up a list of commercial species. Even today the largest percentage of marketed mushrooms comes from Eastern Finland and the Lactarius tivialis species sells best. Gyromitra esculenta, the false morel is considered a delicacy. Today picking mushrooms is a passionate hobby for many Finns.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed1998

[Tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by raw milk--what is the significance of this route of infection? Studies in the epidemic region of South-West Germany].

Despite the observation of TBE cases after consumption of raw milk from cows or goats, so far the proof of the alimentary route of human infection has not been possible. In the regions of southwestern Germany, where TBE is known to be endemic, milk-borne TBE infections have not yet been observed. To assess the significance of raw milk consumption for viral transmission, a cross-sectional study (114 forestry workers, 177 individuals exposed during their leisure-time activities, 170 non-exposed individuals) and a case-control study (50 TBE patients, 150 controls) were carried out. The results of the study show that both the time spent in the endemic region and also the professional exposure to ticks do influence TBE seroprevalence, whereas the consumption of raw milk (milk directly from the farmer) is no major risk factor for TBE infection or disease. Among leisure-time activities, only hunting has an effect comparable to the one of the professional exposure to ticks. Besides epidemiological data obtained in humans, serological investigations of cows were performed. Here it is shown that milk-producing animals are involved in the natural transmission of TBE virus. Since former studies had shown that TBE-viremic animals excrete the virus with the milk--although over a short period and in low concentrations--the occurrence of milk-borne TBE infections cannot be excluded in the endemic regions of south-western Germany. However, from the epidemiological point of view, their significance may be neglected. Vaccination has proven the most reliable means of TBE prevention, irrespective of the route of infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Increased incidence of thyroid cancer among Norwegian women married to fishermen].

The relationship between thyroid cancer in women and the occupation of their spouses was examined in a retrospective cohort study. Of the 2.9 million women registered in the Central Population Registry of Norway by the end of 1991, 1.2 million had a spouse registered with an occupation in one or more of the censuses of 1960, 1970 or 1980. These women were included in the study. Based on the first digit of their husbands' five-digit Nordic occupational code, the women were assigned to ten broad categories. A standardised incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each occupational category. The women were further subdivided and analysed in 71 groups defined by the first two digits of their husband's occupational code. Among the women included in the study, a total of 2,409 cases of thyroid cancer were reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway during the period 1960-92. A significantly elevated risk of thyroid cancer was found only among women whose spouses belonged to the occupational category Agriculture, forestry or fishery (n = 208,279), with a SIR of 1.13. In the subgroup Fishing, whaling and sealing work (n = 40,839), the risk was even higher with a standardised incidence ratio of 1.91. Our data support the proposed relationship between increased risk of thyroid cancer and mode of living, more specifically dietary fish or other seafood.

Adult↗

PubMed1950