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At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Delta(9)-THC stimulates food intake in Lewis rats: effects on chow, high-fat and sweet high-fat diets.

Free-feeding adult male Lewis rats were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, and effects on food intake were measured at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h postinjection. Rats were fed rat chow, a high-fat diet (HF) or a high-fat sweetened (HFS) diet. Small increases in HF and HFS intake following doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg were seen at 1, 2 and 4 h, but not 6 or 24 h compared to vehicle intake. Increases following 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg did not differ from each other at any time point and 2.5 mg/kg produced smaller differences at all time points. There was no difference between HF or HFS intake at any time point although larger increases were seen in the HF group compared to both chow and HFS following 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg. This work confirms previous data in both humans and rats indicating a stimulatory role for cannabinoids in ingestive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Subarachnoid fat embolism complicating autologous fat grafting following translabyrinthine excision of acoustic neuroma.

A 64-year-old man had complete excision of an acoustic schwannoma via the translabyrinthine route and the mastoid cavity was packed with fat. Post-operatively there were two episodes of aseptic meningitis and CT scanning demonstrated migration of fat into the basal subarachnoid CSF spaces. This unusual complication should be recognized and differentiated from both true infective meningitis and aseptic meningitis from other causes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of low-fat meal and high-fat meal on postprandial lipemic response in non-obese men according to the -1131T>C polymorphism of the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene (randomized cross-over design).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare low-fat (LF) meal and high-fat (HF) meal on the postprandial lipemic responses according to the -1131T>C polymorphism of the APOA5 gene in a population usually consuming a LF diet and having a high frequency of the variant allele at the APOA5 -1131T>C SNP. METHODS: This study was conducted using a cross-over design and 49 non-obese healthy men (42.8 +/- 0.7 yrs, 23.9 +/- 0.25 kg/m(2)) participated in the meal tolerance test. They were randomly assigned to consume one of two types of experimental enteral formulae (LF vs HF) with a seven-day interval. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 3, 4 and 6h after ingestion and analyzed for total and chylomicron TG, glucose, insulin and free fatty acid. RESULTS: No differences were found in anthropometic parameter, calorie and macronutrient intakes and total energy expenditure between TT (n = 23) and TC + CC (n = 26) men. Fasting total TG were higher in TC + CC men than TT men, but fasting chylomicron TG were not significantly different between TT men and C carriers, TT subjects had no significant differences in postprandial responses of total TG and chylomicron TG and postprandial mean changes of chylomicron TG between LF and HF meal. On the other hand, C carriers had delayed peak time of total TG compared to TT subject and higher postprandial response and mean changes of chylomicron TG at HF meal compared to LF meal. CONCLUSION: The capacity to clear chylomicron-TG or hydrolyze TG might become a rate-limiting factor on HF diet in TC + CC men resulting in higher postprandial triglyceridemia. Therefore, HF diet for C carriers of the APOA5 gene may be one of important CVD risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of dietary fat source and copper supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid profile of meat and depot fat, and on cholesterol content in meat.

1. Three hundred and twenty d-old chickens were fed on a wheat/maize-soyabean meal diet supplemented with (i) 50 g/kg lard, (ii) 25 g/kg lard and 25 g/kg rapeseed oil, (iii) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil, and (iv) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil and 200 mg copper per kg as copper sulphate pentahydrate. 2. Final weights at 39 d of age in chickens receiving rapeseed oil were lower by 9% than in those fed on the diet containing only lard (P<0.05). The fatty acids profiles of lipids extracted from the tissues of 10 chickens per group reflected those of the diets. 3. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of breast muscles and abdominal fat (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) was increased and the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was decreased by the substitution of lard by rapeseed oil (P<0.001). These changes were more pronounced for the adipose tissue than for breast muscles. 4. Copper sulphate supplementation increased the final body weight of chickens by 4.3% (P<0.05), reduced the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion (P<0.05) in abdominal fat and increased the PUFA:SFA ratio (P<0.05). The magnitude of improvement, however, was small. 5. The substitution of rapeseed oil for lard decreased the concentration of cholesterol in breast muscles by 13%. Copper supplementation further reduced the cholesterol content by 25%. Both effects were significant (P<0.001).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1980

Plasma carnitine levels in adult males in India: effects of high cereal, low fat diet, fat supplementation, and nutrition status.

Effects of diet and nutrition status on plasma carnitine levels was examined in adult Indian men. Apparently healthy subjects from middle and low income groups, consuming predominantly cereal-based diets had normal levels of plasma carnitine and albumin. Subjects with clear-cut evidence of malnutrition as judged by anthropometry, who, however, had normal plasma albumin, tended to have higher concentrations of plasma carnitine. Conversely, subjects with nutritional edema had markedly reduced plasma carnitine which improved with treatment. Among subjects with plasma albumin above 3.0 g/dl, plasma carnitine showed a weak but significant inverse correlation with anthropometric index (weight/height2 X 100). Increased intake of dietary fat reduced plasma free carnitine markedly and total carnitine marginally, but raised acyl carnitine. The results suggest that plasma carnitine levels in adults may be regulated by a balance between factors influencing its availability through the diet or its synthesis (availability of precursor amino acids, activity of synthetic enzymes), and utilization (body weight, quality and quantity of fat).

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of a high-protein and low-fat diet vs a low-protein and high-fat diet on blood glucose, serum lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.

Six middle-aged patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes and six normoglycemic control subjects were fed protein-rich and fat-poor (diet A) or protein-poor and fat-rich food (diet B). The patients were hyperglycemic, VLDL triglycerides levels were higher, and HDL cholesterol levels lower than corresponding findings in control subjects. Bile acid formation and biliary lipid composition did not differ between the two groups, but net steroid balance in the patients was elevated by a factor of approximately 2. A switch from diet A to diet B in control subjects was associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol and decreases in bile acid synthesis and net steroid balance. Lipoprotein pattern in the patients remained unchanged, and effects on total bile acid production and steroid balance were less consistent. It is suggested that the response in the patients reflected diabetes-associated abnormalities in lipid metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids.

The effect of fats high in individual, prevalent saturated dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and hemostatic variables in young healthy subjects was evaluated in a randomized strictly controlled metabolic feeding study. Three experimental diets: shea butter (S; 42% stearic acid), palm oil (P; 43% palmitic palmitic acid), and palm-kernel oil with high-oleic sunflower oil (ML; 10% myristic acid, 30% lauric acid) were served to 15 men for 3 wk each, separated by washout periods. Diet S compared with diet P resulted in significant reduction in plasma cholesterol (22%) LDL cholesterol (26%), apolipoprotein B (18%), HDL cholesterol (12%), apolipoprotein A-I (13%), and a 13% lower factor VII coagulant activity (P = 0.001). Similar differences were observed between diets S and ML. In conclusion, intake of shea butter high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in young men, compared with fats high in saturated fatty acids with 12-16 carbons.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of an energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet relative to a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight loss, body composition, nutritional status, and markers of cardiovascular health in obese women.

BACKGROUND: Limited evidence suggests that a higher ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss has metabolic advantages. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effects of a diet with a high ratio of protein to carbohydrate during weight loss on body composition, cardiovascular disease risk, nutritional status, and markers of bone turnover and renal function in overweight women. DESIGN: The subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 isocaloric 5600-kJ dietary interventions for 12 wk according to a parallel design: a high-protein (HP) or a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. RESULTS: One hundred women with a mean (+/-SD) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 32 +/- 6 and age of 49 +/- 9 y completed the study. Weight loss was 7.3 +/- 0.3 kg with both diets. Subjects with high serum triacylglycerol (>1.5 mmol/L) lost more fat mass with the HP than with the HC diet (x +/- SEM: 6.4 +/- 0.7 and 3.4 +/- 0.7 kg, respectively; P = 0.035) and had a greater decrease in triacylglycerol concentrations with the HP (-0.59 +/- 0.19 mmol/L) than with the HC (-0.03 +/- 0.04 mmol/L) diet (P = 0.023 for diet x triacylglycerol interaction). Triacylglycerol concentrations decreased more with the HP (0.30 +/- 0.10 mmol/L) than with the HC (0.10 +/- 0.06 mmol/L) diet (P = 0.007). Fasting LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and C-reactive protein concentrations decreased with weight loss. Serum vitamin B-12 increased 9% with the HP diet and decreased 13% with the HC diet (P < 0.0001 between diets). Folate and vitamin B-6 increased with both diets; homocysteine did not change significantly. Bone turnover markers increased 8-12% and calcium excretion decreased by 0.8 mmol/d (P < 0.01). Creatinine clearance decreased from 82 +/- 3.3 to 75 +/- 3.0 mL/min (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: An energy-restricted, high-protein, low-fat diet provides nutritional and metabolic benefits that are equal to and sometimes greater than those observed with a high-carbohydrate diet.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Postprandial changes in the plasma concentration of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in human subjects fed a fat-rich meal supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins.

The plasma concentrations of alpha (alpha)- and gamma (gamma)-tocopherol in 10 male and 15 female subjects (n = 14) received 1 g fat/kg body wt as soybean oil, and the meal was supplemented with 100% of the RDA for fat-soluble vitamins. In expt. 2, the subjects (n = 11) received 1 g fat/kg body wt as 50% soybean oil + 50% cream, and the meal was supplemented with 200% of the RDA for fat-soluble vitamins. The ratio of gamma- :alpha-tocopherol given in the test meal of expt. 1 was 2.8:1 and in expt. 2 was 0.9:1. Blood samples were obtained 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after the meal. Tocopherol concentration was measured in plasma and lipoprotein fractions. In both studies, plasma triglyceride concentration increased significantly after the meal (P less than 0.001). Mean plasma cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were unchanged, but plasma gamma-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased at 6, 9 and 12 h after the meal (P less than 0.05). The increase in plasma gamma-tocopherol was due to increases within the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction (d less than 1.006 g/ml) at earlier timepoints, followed by a sustained increase within low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions at later timepoints. In contrast, alpha-tocopherol in LDL and HDL decreased postprandially, concomitant with a rise in TRL alpha-tocopherol. Our results are consistent with the concept that there are differences in the distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in postprandial lipoproteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Fat metabolism following an intravenous bolus dose of a fat emulsion and carnitine.

Intravenous fat tolerance tests were performed with (carboxyl-14C)-triolein labelled Intralipid in four normal subjects with and without L-carnitine administration, 20 and 25 mg/kg body weight. The pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine was studied simultaneously with measurements of variables reflecting fat metabolism during 4 h. 3-OH-butyrate concentration in plasma was higher in all subjects when carnitine was given. No effect of carnitine was found in elimination of the exogenous triglycerides, the 14CO2 activity in expired air, concentration and specific radioactivity of non- esterified fatty acids or glucose in plasma. The data suggest that carnitine may slightly increase fatty acid oxidation in normal subjects provided that increase of 3-OH-butyrate concentration in plasma is the most sensitive variable reflecting fatty acid oxidation of the variables applied in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Fat content and xenobiotic concentrations in human milk: validation of an enzymatic assay of milk fat.

This study reports the validation of an automatic assay for milk triglycerides, as well as the association between milk xenobiotic concentrations and milk triglycerides. The correlation between this assay and a gravimetric reference method for total fat was good (r = 0.997). Triglycerides and xenobiotics were measured in breast milk sampled from one mother. She received two water-soluble drugs, tetracycline and doxycycline in two courses. The levels of organochlorines (DDE, PCB) were also measured and related to those of fat in milk samples from this mother. These and previous results indicate that milk triglyceride variations influence the concentrations of lipophilic xenobiotics in milk.

Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene↗
PubMed1990

Use of fat-modified food products to change dietary fat intake of young people.

Food purchasing and preparation practices were modified in two boarding high schools to increase the polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio (P/S) of the diet of students by changing food products rather than attempting to change eating behaviors. During years when fat-modified products were served, the P/S of males increased by 75 percent, versus a decrease of 6 percent during control years. For females, P/S increased by 53 percent during intervention years, versus an increase of 6 percent during control years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A reduced-fat diet and aerobic exercise in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance decreases intra-abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity but not beta-cell function.

Lifestyle modification reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and may have its effect through improving insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, or both. To determine whether diet and exercise improve insulin sensitivity and/or beta-cell function and to evaluate these effects over time, we quantified insulin sensitivity and the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) in 62 Japanese Americans (age 56.5 +/- 1.3 years; mean +/- SE) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who were randomized to the American Heart Association (AHA) Step 2 diet plus endurance exercise (n = 30) versus the AHA Step 1 diet plus stretching (n = 32) for 24 months. beta-Cell function (disposition index [DI]) was calculated as S(i) x AIRg, where S(i) is the insulin sensitivity index. The incremental area under the curve for glucose (incAUCg) was calculated from a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Intra-abdominal fat (IAF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) areas were measured by computed tomography. At 24 months, the Step 2/endurance group had lower weight (63.1 +/- 2.4 vs. 71.3 +/- 2.9 kg; P = 0.004) and IAF (75.0 +/- 7.9 vs. 112.7 +/- 10.4 cm(2); P = 0.03) and SCF (196.5 +/- 18.0 vs. 227.7 +/- 19.9 cm(2); P < 0.001) areas, greater S(i) (4.7 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5) min . pmol(-1) . l(-1); P = 0.01), and a trend toward lower AIRg (294.9 +/- 50.0 vs. 305.4 +/- 30.0 pmol/l; P = 0.06) and incAUCg (8,217.3 +/- 350.7 vs. 8,902.0 +/- 367.2 mg . dl(-1) . 2 h(-1); P = 0.08) compared with the Step 1/stretching group after adjusting for baseline values. There was no difference in the DI (P = 0.7) between the groups. S(i) was associated with changes in weight (r = -0.426, P = 0.001) and IAF (r = -0.395, P = 0.003) and SCF (r = -0.341, P = 0.01) areas. Thus, the lifestyle modifications decreased weight and central adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity in Japanese Americans with IGT. However, such changes did not improve beta-cell function, suggesting that this degree of lifestyle modifications may be limited in preventing type 2 diabetes over the long term.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1988

Effects of various combinations of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fats with saturated fat on serum lipid levels and eicosanoid production in rats.

The effects of varying the ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/S) and omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of dietary fats on lipid metabolism were studied in rats using safflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LSO), palm oil (PLO), and a 1:1 combination of these oils. The hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects depended on the P/S ratio of dietary fats, LSO (omega 3 PUFA) being more effective than SFO (omega 6 PUFA). A similar pattern of the response was observed on liver cholesterol and triglyceride. The liver cholesterol-lowering effect of LSO, but not SFO, remained even when they were combined with PLO. The activity of liver delta 6-desaturase tended to be higher while that of liver phospholipase A2 was significantly lower in the LSO group than in the SFO or PLO groups. The aortic PGI2 production and the production by platelets of thromboxane A2 were significantly low in rats fed LSO accompanying a distinct reduction of arachidonate in tissue phospholipids. The depressing effect of LSO disappeared when it was combined with SFO but not with PLO. There were no significant differences in enzyme activities and eicosanoid production between SFO and PLO in spite of a large difference in their P/S ratio. Thus, lipid parameters examined were complicatedly regulated by the ratios of omega 3/omega 6 as well as P/S, suggesting an existence of an appropriate ratio for these variables.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sex differences in the response of postprandial lipemia to a change from a low-fat low-cholesterol diet to a high-fat high-cholesterol diet.

To determine whether a short-term change in dietary habits affects postprandial lipemia in men and women in the same way, postprandial triglyceridemia was measured in age- and BMI-matched young healthy men and women after two weeks on the self-selected low-fat low-cholesterol (LF) diet and after another two weeks on the self-selected high-fat high-cholesterol (HF) diet. After a standardized challenge meal (1.4 g fat/kg of body weight), men had higher postprandial triglyceridemia than women on the HF diet but no such difference was observed on the LF diet. The results of this preliminary study suggest that there may be important sex differences in the mechanisms regulating the postprandial lipemia response to different diets, women being able to adapt better to the HF diet with respect to postprandial lipemia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimate of specific energy expenditure of fat-free mass and fat mass in children receiving total parenteral nutrition.

OBJECTIVES: Simple methods for calculation of the energy expenditure may be useful for clinicians involved in the treatment of nutritional disorders in children. The aims of this study were to (1) estimate the specific energy expenditure (SEE) of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) and (2) determine a sensitive predictive indicator of resting energy expenditure (REE). METHODS: The REE of 26 children receiving longterm TPN, was measured by long-term indirect calorimetry. Body composition was estimated from the sum of four skinfold measurements. RESULTS: The following regression equations were derived: (1) REE (kcal/d) = 56.6 x FFM (kg) + 97.9 (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.001); (2) REE (kcal/d) = 45.6 x BW (kg) + 136 (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.001); (3) REE (kcal/d) = 68.9 x FFM (kg) + 3.3 x FM (kg) (r2 = 0.985, p < 0.001). The results obtained allowed the estimate of K1 and K2 with their respective SEE: K1 = 3.3 +/- 18.0 kcal/kg of FM, K2 = 68.9 +/- 3.1 kcal/kg of FFM. CONClUSIONS Anthropometrically measured FFM is an easily determined predictive factor of REE. The above equations may be used to estimate the REE in stable children receiving TPN.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of nutrition in fat deposition and fat atrophy in patients with HIV.

HIV-associated body shape changes and metabolic abnormalities, called HIV-associated lipodystrophy, are being seen with increased frequency. These issues may be associated with an increased risk of other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, or with poor adherence to antiretroviral medications. Diet may be useful in the prevention and treatment of lipodystrophy and is a cost-effective and non-toxic intervention. At present, there are limited data on nutrition and HIV-related body shape changes. The purpose of this article is to review the roles that diet may play in the development and treatment of fat deposition and fat atrophy.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Should mono- or poly-unsaturated fats replace saturated fat in the diet?

The effects of diets differing in saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition (SAFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively) on plasma lipoproteins and factor VIIc were investigated in 28 middle-aged men and women with mild to moderate hyperlipidaemia. The subjects were stabilized on a diet with a total fat content fairly typical of New Zealand, containing approximately 40% energy as fat, before entering a randomized cross-over trial of diets high in PUFA (20% energy; SAFA and MUFA 10% each) or a high MUFA diet (20% energy; SAFA and PUFA 10% each). After 6-week periods on each diet the subjects returned to a high SAFA diet. Body weight and blood pressure remained unchanged during the study. Total and LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and the HDL2 subfraction were significantly lower on both the MUFA and the PUFA diet than on SAFA. However, there were no statistically significant differences in lipoprotein concentrations on the MUFA and PUFA diet. Factor VIIc concentrations were similar on the three diets. The proportion of PUFA in a MUFA diet appears to be a major determinant of the relative lipoprotein response to such a diet. In order to avoid a reduction in HDL-C when replacing SAFA with MUFA it may be necessary to ensure that PUFA does not provide more than about 8% total energy. Thus careful planning is needed to identify the most appropriate foods to replace those rich in SAFA in diets designed to reduce the lipoprotein-mediated risk of coronary heart disease.

Aged↗