SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The current models of decision-making are limited in their ability to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field. We propose the cognitive neuroeconomics model, which, we have used to better understand the process of decision-making in the domain of mental health, namely, young adults' risky sexual behavior. This model can have far reaching implications in developing adequate decision support tools.
Currently, approximately 16% of associate degree nursing (ADN) graduates acquire baccalaureate or higher degrees. Human capital analysis demonstrated negative to minimal average returns on investment (ROI) in BSN education. Increasing the ROI may influence ADNs to pursue baccalaureate education and can be an effective strategy for meeting the projected need for BSN-prepared nurses.
Cholesterol lowering statin therapy accounted for over 10% of total drug acquisition costs (87.5 million euros) under the Community Drugs Schemes in Ireland in 2004. Not surprisingly, the issue of value for money and cost effectiveness arises. Whilst statin therapy has proven cost effective in patients with established cardiovascular disease this is the first economic evaluation of statin therapy for primary prevention in the Irish healthcare setting. Using economic modelling techniques the incremental cost effectiveness of statin therapy in high risk individuals i.e. 10 year risk exceeding 15% ranged from 17,900 euros per life year gained (LYG) to 33,800 euros/LYG under the GMS scheme. Corresponding figures for the Drug Payment scheme were 24,500 euros/ LYG to 48,500 euros/LYG. All the statins could be considered cost effective i.e. threshold below 50,000 euros/LYG however atorvastatin proved the most cost effective statin in this pharmacoeconomic study.
Health and addiction harm of violence related to drinking is a very important aspect of the recent research studies. The social exchange theory, the family systems approach of alcoholism, the psychopharmacological model, the economic motivational model, and the tripartitate conceptual framework of Goldstein focus on the phenomenon within different causal contexts. According to recent studies approximately half of the cases is related to the alcohol consumption. Especially the binge drinking can facilitate violence. The problem is moderated by social, cultural, and ethnic specialties. The likelihood of alcohol related aggression increases in a rapidly changing society. Exposure to drinking related violence is frequent among women with pregnancy.
The Stress-Disequilibrium Theory is based on a new generalized analytic three-level model based on thermodynamics to describe the process of physiological risk development. This approach explains how low social control could cause chronic disease through chronic de-regulation of our highly integrated physiological systems. Could low external social control lead to low internal physiological control: i.e. compromised self-regulation--and then disease? The theory implicitly explores the evidence for the physiological causes of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, at a high level (i.e. a non-reductionist level) and in a unifying manner--to provide a potentially easier linkage to the broad social policy consequences implied by the global economy. Evidence from our own recent Heart Rate Variability monitoring and job strain research (5) is presented which assesses the effect of low control on autonomic regulation on the heart. The theory is consistent with the Demand/Control Model, and could be considered its underlying theoretical explanation.
This paper is an empirical exploration of the effects of a variety of family and economic circumstances experienced during childhood on one indicator of success in young adulthood--high school completion. The estimates suggest that parental education and mother's work are positive and significant determinants of high school completion, whereas growing up in a family with more children (who compete for resources), being persistently poor and on welfare, and moving one's residence as a child have significant negative impacts on high school completion. The effects of some family stress and economic events differ depending on the age of the child when they occur. The results support the economic model of investment in children, as well as the welfare culture and socialization models.
Automatic blood pressure monitoring has proved valuable in testing new antihypertensive drugs, providing greater precision at less cost. Results obtained by this method are better correlated with target-organ damage (e.g. left ventricular hypertrophy) than conventional office blood pressure measurements. A number of clinical conditions are better evaluated with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring than with conventional measurements, e.g. office (white coat) hypertension, episodic hypertension and intermittent hypertensive symptoms. An economic model suggests that appropriately constrained ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can be highly cost-effective in patients who are initially diagnosed as mildly hypertensive on the basis of repeated casual blood pressure measurements. Normative data are needed for populations by age, race, gender, body habitus and conditions such as pregnancy.
The conception of narcissism according to Freud involves a number of different issues and hypotheses. Historically, the numerous contradictions and obscurities in the various psychoanalytical theories of narcissism were clear from the beginning. In this study it was attempted to define four central concepts and critically revise their clinical and theoretical relevance. Following a historical survey on the development of the term by Freud, the problems of defining narcissism by means of the theory of drive and libido are described. The corresponding hypothesis concerning developmental psychology will then be examined with regard to the results of recent infant research. Then the first (and for Freud most important) narcissism concept is represented, narcissism as a mode of object relation and a type of object choice. In conclusion, the new theories, which emphasize narcissism in terms of sense of one's self and self-esteem will be dealt with. Thus this study contributes to the differentiation of the various concepts in the clinical theory of narcissism, especially concerning the unravelling of the object relation- and self-theories from energetic-economical models and developmental speculation of primary narcissism.
Previous studies indicate that while Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with pre-existing renal insufficiency were resistant to gentamicin nephrotoxicity, beagle dogs with renal dysfunction were sensitive. In this study the effects of gentamicin dose reduction method on nephrotoxicity were investigated in subtotally (approx. 65%) nephrectomized (Nx) SD rats. Thirty SD rats were assigned as controls (Ctrls, n = 10) or Nx (n = 20). All rats received gentamicin for 7 days. Nx rats received either a decreased dose, fixed interval (FI) or increased interval, fixed dose (FD) regimen to compensate for prior renal insufficiency. Pre- and post-dosing serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (SCr, SUN), adjusted SCr and SUN ([postdosing-predosing]/predosing), histopathologic scores and single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in all rats. Adjusted SCr and Sun values, as well as histopathology scores were consistently greater in FI rats than in FD rats. Additionally, FI rats had significantly greater predicted trough gentamicin levels than Ctrl or FD rats. The relatively lower nephrotoxicity in the FD regimen in rats agrees with results previously reported in dogs, thus indicating that the method of dose reduction in patients with compromised renal function may be a significant factor in lowering nephrotoxic potential. In addition, the subtotal Nx rat may thus be a valuable and economical model for assessing the nephrotoxicity of different drug dosage regimens in pre-existing renal disease.
An economic model concerning the value of using prostaglandin (PG) in dairy cows with nondetected estrus was developed. Considering numerous and varied assumptions, it was more profitable to treat cows with PG and to breed the cows at a detected estrus than it was not to treat the cows and to wait to breed the cows at a detected estrus. Generally, using timed artificial insemination, it was also more profitable to breed PG-treated cows than it was not to use PG. However, timed insemination was less profitable than was breeding PG-treated cows by artificial insemination at a detected estrus.
A simple method for the detection of antihypertensive activity in anaesthetised (66 mg/kg i. v. alpha-chloralose and 20 mg/kg i. v. aprobarbital) normotensive rats is described. Dihydralazine (0.5 to 2 mg/kg i. v.) reduced blood pressure dose-dependently but did not provoke the anticipated tachycardia. Clonidine (1 to 8 microgram/kg i.a.), guanethidine (0.5 to 5 mg/kg i.a.) and alpha-methyldopa (2.5 to 10 mg/kg i.a.) reduced blood pressure dose-dependently; the effect of reserpine (0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg i.a) was, however, not dose-dependent. Although all four drugs reduced heart rate, only clonidine and guanethidine did so in a dose-dependent manner. Phentolamine (0.5 to 2 mg/kg i. v.) and propranolol (0.01 to 1 mg/kg i. v.) elicited dose-dependent falls in blood pressure. Whereas phentolamine increased heart-rate slightly, propranolol elicited a bradycardia. It is concluded that the chloralose-aprobarbital anaesthetised rat is a suitable and economical model for the screening of potential antihypertensive agents including beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. However, reflex trachycardia provoked by peripheral vasodilators may not be apparent.
The following article is the verbatim text of a report based on research funded by the Social Security Administration and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the Rand Corporation. The report looks at changing fertility rates in the United States and their implications for future population size and age distributions. An economic model of fertility rate is used to explain observed differences in fertility rates amond couples and to predict future rates. The focus is on trends since 1947 because post-World War II data are the most complete. Several explanations for changing fertility rates are examined, and their usefulness in predicting the future is evaluated.
This methodological review seeks to explain the different levels of economic analysis, whose nature and use are often ill understood. These include analyses of cost-productivity, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit. The types of costs to be considered are then identified and classified into four groups according to whether they are direct or indirect, and visible or invisible. A numerical practical example of the cost-effectiveness of a breast cancer screening programme is used to demonstrate the techniques used in practice, and the types of problems and questions which may occur. The paper concludes that the development of epidemiological and economic models can make a significant contribution to the analysis of the complex interrelationships which prevail in the health services, and to the identification of aspects crucial for research and decision making concerning intervention strategies.
Health care organizations involved in innovative and creative work redesign projects may find traditional pay structures inadequate to meet the needs of the changing environment. The idea of salaried compensation for registered nurses is not unprecedented. However, few salaried compensation models for nurses are described in the literature. This article presents a model that we believe will be of particular interest to nurses in PACUs, because its design allows for adequate call coverage plus flexibility in scheduling. In addition, this compensation model eliminates incidental overtime, thus allowing for a more predictable salary budget.
Experiments were conducted on chick embryos; conditions of formation of bacterial cenosis of Shigella sonnei and E. coli were reproduced. The role of colicinogenia in the formation of bacterial cenosis was demonstrated. An accumulation of colicines in high titres (1: 5120- 1:2560) in the chick embryonic cavity was noted in combined or separate cultivation of colicinogenic shigellae and E. coli. An intergenera transmission of the col-factor was traced in experiments on chick embryos. The data obtained served as foundation for recommendation of the accessible and economic model (chick embryos) for the in vivo study of colicinogenia of the enteric bacteria representatives.
In 1969, R. Frish and J. Tinbergen received the first Nobel Price in Economics. 200 years after Quesnay's "economic tables", economics were at last considered as a science. During the last thirty years, economics haven't lost their scientific reputation, but, confronted with different situations in the world and in France, economics have been unable to bring appropriate solutions to every problem. Nowadays, economics are quite far from the promises born after the Second World War: indeed, until the 1974 world crisis, Keynes' theory (from a macro-economic point of view) and Walras' formalisation of the markets (from a micro-economic point of view) were sufficient to give satisfying representations of any economic reality and mechanism. Nevertheless, these theories were unable to deal with both growing unemployment and raising inflation in the late 70's and early 80's. Today, economics present a wide variety of efficient analysis of society. Game theory, behaviour theory or econometrics are new means used to found new kinds of reality representation. Therefore, if economics can no longer be considered as an exact science, it remains nevertheless scientific.
Staff development specialists are being forced to look at more economical models to present traditional educational programs. In this article, the author describes a creative approach taken by a nurse educators' consortium in northern New Jersey to collaboratively organize and present a basic critical care course. Benefits to learners as well as educators are identified. Cost analysis of this program versus that of a more traditional approach demonstrates the savings for each of the participating hospitals.
Aujeszky's disease (AD) is as much an economic problem as an epidemiological one. Several strategies are available for controlling the disease, and it is the task of the economist to compare all control options; the "best" strategy may differ depending on whether it is defined at the farm, regional, national or European Community (EC) level. After taking into account both the production losses due to the impact of the AD virus, and the expenditures for the control programme, the strategy which is most efficient from an economic point of view can be determined. However, the most efficient control strategy in one region cannot be chosen solely on the basis of the characteristics of that region, and circumstances in neighbouring regions have to be taken into account as well. Therefore, linkages between neighbouring EC regions are built into the economic model being developed in the EC-funded research project on Aujeszky's disease.