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PubMed1998

Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour.

In the present paper, a study of driver errors was replicated in a survey of over 1400 drivers. New error items were added to the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ). An analysis of data based on the original DBQ confirmed the three-factor structure obtained. When new items were included in the analysis a four-factor solution was found to be more appropriate. Two of the four factors correspond to the two factors presented previously, namely violations and dangerous errors, while the third factor, harmless lapses, was split into two new factors, inattention errors and inexperience errors in the present study. Inattention errors were shown to be of special interest as the scores for this factor increased with age, thus indicating errors that might be caused by automatization of driver behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The association between psychosis and violent crime: a study of offenders evaluated at a court psychiatric clinic.

Examination of 2100 psychiatric evaluations conducted by a court psychiatric clinic to determine competency or for a presentence evaluation indicated no association between a diagnosis of psychosis and commission of a crime of violence. However, offenders referred for a pretrial competency examination were more likely to have committed a crime of violence than were defendants seen for a presentence evaluation. The implications of these results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Violent delinquency: an examination of psychopathic typologies.

This study sought to determine the combined effects of psychopathy, low intellectual functioning, and love deprivation on violent delinquency. Low-intellectual-functioning psychopaths were significantly more violent than were low or high-intellectual-functioning nonpsychopaths or high-intellectual-functioning psychopaths. Love deprivation was more strongly related to violence than was psychopathy/intellectual functioning, and severely love-deprived, low-intellectual-functioning psychopaths were the most violent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The measurement of criminal dangerousness as a personality construct: further validation of a research index.

The validity of an index measuring criminal dangerousness was further evaluated by determining whether it could discriminate among prisoners committing violent crimes at three levels of severity. The index score was a multiplicative product of an antisocially score and an IQ score, with high antisocially and low IQ reflecting greater dangerousness. Comparison of index scores for men committing murder (most severe); robbery and rape (intermediate severity); and assault, child molestation, and manslaughter (least severe) revealed a significant monotonic increase in dangerousness scores as increasingly severe crimes were considered. Several recommendations for the measurement of criminal dangerousness were offered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Differentiation of death-row murderers and life-sentence murderers by antisociality and intelligence measures.

Prior studies of dangerousness have confirmed that the combination of high antisociality and low IQ is associated with male criminal violence and that the same combination can discriminate within a group of violent male criminals by level of severity. My study continued the validation of this two-component measure by showing that men convicted of murder and given the death sentence for their more heinous crimes were more dangerous than murderers who received life sentences. Men who had been extended the death penalty, who selected female victims, and whose murders were judged to have been especially cruel received extraordinarily high dangerousness scores relative to all other murderers. The assumption that high antisociality and low IQ would lead to serious violence because of the criminal's inability to deal with complications that arise in confronting the victim received some support. The murders of more dangerous men followed stronger victim resistance than the murders committed by less dangerous men.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Driving offenders and the defensive driving course--an archival study.

Two hundred and seventy-five drivers who had been required by court order to attend a Defensive Driving Course (DDC) were compared on six posttreatment driving measures obtained from archival data with 275 drivers who also had had a court appearance and standard treatment. The DDC group showed greater reductions in serious and accident-promoting convictions but no greater reduction in accidents when compared with the standard treatment comparison group.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Responsibility attributions for men and women giving sane versus crazy explanations for good and bad deeds.

We conducted two studies in which participants evaluated men and women who committed good or bad deeds and afterward gave crazy or sane explanations for their actions. In line with arguments of Thomas Szasz, people were evaluated as more mentally ill, having less intent, and taking little responsibility when they committed deeds that were bad rather than good; those giving crazy explanations for their actions were similarly judged. However, recommended prison sentences did not differ for people who gave crazy or sane explanations for their crimes. Data were integrated into a growing body of research investigating evaluations of criminal responsibility for people with psychological disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Birth order, self-concept, and participation in dangerous sports.

We examined the effect of birth order on participation in dangerous sports, using data from a mail survey of 841 members of the United States Parachute Association drawn from the membership list of over 18,000; 52% (N = 436) responded. The questionnaires included detailed information on participation in leisure activities, background characteristics, reasons for parachuting, and self-concept; answers were obtained from an overwhelmingly middle-class, White, male, young, and college educated sample. The findings (based on descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analysis) did not support our expectations regarding birth order and participation in dangerous sports. Several were even in opposite direction to our expectations. We did find some support for our expectation that self-efficacy would be positively related to participation in dangerous sports, but not for our expectation that self-efficacy would be related to birth order. We concluded that birth order continues to be a frustrating variable in studies of socialization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Organizational and client influences on psychiatric admissions.

This paper analyzes the decisions which take place at the entrance gate of the mental hospital-the organizational and client factors which influence the decision to admit. More specifically, it explores variations in the determinants between first admissions and readmissions. In the process, a theoretical model will be developed, based on a study of admissions to state hospitals, which may help explain several of the underlying and continuing obstacles confronting efforts to reduce readmissions.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Difficult patients in extended psychiatric hospitalization: a research perspective on the patient, staff and team.

A series of publications has emerged from a comprehensive research project on difficulties in extended psychiatric hospital treatment, each of which describes factors that may influence difficulty: staff perceptions, difficult patient profiles, countertransference, intrapsychic features, organic brain impairment, problematic areas of treatment. This paper is intended to provide an overview and clinical integration of those diverse findings and an application of the findings to clinical conceptualization. The research supplements existing knowledge about treatment difficulty and countertransference in dyads by providing information about how such phenomena are influenced by clinical teams, by professional roles or disciplines, and by the treatment delivery system. Finally, I will describe future issues, questions and research efforts that are generated by these findings.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Special observation in the care of psychiatric inpatients: a literature review.

This paper summarizes the results of a search of electronic databases for papers on special observation (SO). Published studies to date about SO are entirely descriptive. No evaluative research appears to have taken place, leaving the procedure based on clinical pragmatism and tradition. Something between 3%-20% of admissions receive some form of SO during their stay and the rate of usage varies widely between wards. SO is used as a method of controlling and containing the most disturbed patients who are considered to be imminently at risk of harming themselves or others. Such patients tend to be younger and suffering from acute psychosis or depression. Which professional staff have the authority to initiate and terminate SO varies from place to place, as does its duration. The financial costs have been crudely assessed and are reported to be very high, perhaps up to 20% of the nursing budget for a hospital. Further variation exists on who is allowed to carry out SO. Nurses frequently make unofficial modifications to the procedure based upon their own individual judgments and assessments, and policies vary widely among hospitals. There is little agreement between authorities on what nurses should do during SO, although there is some evidence that it can, under certain circumstances, be therapeutic. However there is also evidence that nurses find SO stressful and patients dislike it.

Dangerous Behavior↗
PubMed2004

The mentally ill and social exclusion: a critical examination of the use of seclusion from the patient's perspective.

Nurses in psychiatric settings have an important role to play in the application of seclusion, a measure that continues to be a frequently used intervention for the management of disturbing patient behaviours. Albeit a controversial measure, isolating patients remains a common institutional practice that has received widespread attention from a political, ethical, legal, and clinical standpoint. Although there is an abundance of scientific work on the subject, few studies have examined the experience of patients being confined. In order to improve the quality of nursing care surrounding this measure it appeared essential to obtain data on patients' perspectives, information deemed valuable in orienting nursing interventions. This qualitative study, guided by a phenomenological research design, aimed at describing and gaining a better understanding of patients with a severe and persistent psychiatric disorder who were placed in a seclusion room while hospitalized on a closed psychiatric unit. Using a semi-structured, non-directive interview format, a total of six patients participated in this study. Content analysis of participants' narratives yielded three main themes that appeared to be central to their experience of seclusion: their experience of seclusion on an emotional level, their perception of this intervention, and how they coped during their stay in the seclusion room. Major findings emerging from this nursing study centred on the following dimensions: patients' perceptions of seclusion as a punitive measure and a modality for social control and, the experience of seclusion serving as an intensification of already existing feelings of exclusion, rejection, abandonment, and isolation. In addition the findings also suggest that it is not seclusion per se that impacts on their negative perception and negative emotional experience but rather the lack of nurse-patient contact during the seclusion experience. Furthermore, whether patients coped by regressing, acting out, or taking on a more compliant stance, they appeared to be motivated by a need to connect with staff. This points to the importance of the relational aspects of nursing care when applying this restrictive measure. A need for modifying the institutional culture surrounding seclusion and transforming nursing practices are discussed as are future research endeavours.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Self-defense and martial arts evaluation for college women: preliminary validation of perceptions of dangerous situations scale.

Martial arts and self-defense programs train fearful people, especially women, to be more competent and confident to defend themselves in dangerous situations. However, there are no validated instruments to evaluate the effectiveness of programs purporting to teach self-protection. The Perceptions of Dangerous Situations Scale (PDSS), composed of fear, likelihood and confidence subscales, was developed and validated for university women. Participants were 368 university women, ages 17 to 45 years (M age = 20.7 years). Content validity of the PDSS was established through an expert panel, and construct validity was established through principal components analysis and determination of instructional sensitivity. Reliability was established through alpha coefficients. The PDSS, when used with university women, offers promising measurement opportunities in self-defense and martial arts settings.

Adolescent↗