Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cytogenetics”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A study of early amniocentesis for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis.

A prospective pilot study for early amniocentesis was conducted over 4 years including 279 early amniocenteses (EAs at 10-14 weeks' gestation) and 181 mid-trimester amniocenteses (MAs at 15 weeks upwards). The study was performed with EA and MA utilizing the same proceduralists, techniques, and cytogenetics laboratory. Patients were offered either procedure and the cytogenetics laboratory was not prospectively informed of the gestational age of each sampled pregnancy. In the early amniocenteses, less fluid was sampled and there were trends for (i) less cells and clones being available for analysis, less successful cultures, and a slightly longer reporting time; (ii) more multiple insertions (12.9 per cent of specimens vs. 9.9 per cent) and more bloody fluids (5.4 per cent specimens vs. 4.4 per cent); and (iii) a higher rate of pregnancy loss (2.2 per cent of EA vs. 0.6 per cent of MA). The multiple insertion rates for both EA and MA were comparatively high and were related to an increased frequency of blood-stained fluids. For EA specimens, the rates of amniotic fluid leakage, preterm delivery, and pregnancy loss were moderate and not significantly increased over the MA group. This study adds more weight to the view that EA is a reasonably safe procedure and a reliable alternative to chorionic villus biopsy to provide early prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comprehensive and definitive molecular cytogenetic characterization of HeLa cells by spectral karyotyping.

We revisited the cytogenetic alterations of the cervical adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa through the use of spectral karyotyping (SKY), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SKY analysis unequivocally characterized all abnormal chromosomes. Chromosomal breakpoints were primarily assigned by simultaneous assessment of SKY painted chromosomes and inverted 4,6-diamidino2-phenylindole banding from the same cell. Twenty clonally abnormal chromosomes were found. Comparison with previously reported HeLa G-banding karyotypes revealed a remarkably stable cytogenetic constitution because 18 of 20 markers that were found were present before. The classification of 12 markers was refined in this study. Our assignment of the remaining six markers was consistent with those described in the literature. The CGH map of chromosomal copy number gains and losses strikingly matched the SKY results and was, in a few instances, decisive for assigning breakpoints. The combined use of molecular cytogenetic methods SKY, CGH, and FISH with site-specific probes, in addition to inverted 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or conventional G-banding analysis, provides the means to fully assess the genomic abnormalities in cancer cells. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently integrated into the cellular DNA in cervical cancers. We mapped by FISH five HPV18 integration sites: three on normal chromosomes 8 at 8q24 and two on derivative chromosomes, der(5)t(5;22;8)(qll;q11q13;q24) and der(22)t(8; 22)(q24;q13), which have chromosome 8q24 material. An 8q24 copy number increase was detected by CGH. Dual-color FISH with a c-MYC probe mapping to 8q24 revealed colocalization with HPV18 at all integration sites, indicating that dispersion and amplification of the c-MYC gene sequences occurred after and was most likely triggered by the viral insertion at a single integration site. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations identified by SKY, genomic imbalances detected by CGH, as well as FISH localization of HPV18 integration at the c-MYC locus in HeLa cells are common and representative for advanced stage cervical cell carcinomas. The HeLa genome has been remarkably stable after years of continuous cultivation; therefore, the genetic alterations detected may have been present in the primary tumor and reflect events that are relevant to the development of cervical cancer.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1999

[Contribution of molecular cytogenetics to the diagnosis of chromosome anomalies].

UNLABELLED: MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS: New fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques have been developed using fluorescent non-radioactive DNA probes. FISH: Based on the complementary of nucleotides FISH enables visualization and localization of a DNA fragment on chromosomes by hybridizing the complementary DNA sequence, the probe. Many types of tissues can be analyzed, for example hematopoietic cells in blood or bone marrow, amniotic cells, trophoblasts, fibroblasts, gamete or tumoral cells. APPLICATIONS: Molecular cytogenetics can be used to characterize chromosome anomalies in many fields of cytogenetics (constitutional studies, prenatal diagnosis, hematology, oncology).

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2005

Down syndrome: clinical and cytogenetic analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features and cytogenetic analysis of patients with Down syndrome (DS). DESIGN: An observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Departments of Paediatrics and Internal Medicine of Military Hospital, Rawalpindi (MH, RWP) from January 1998 to December 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-five children <18 years of age clinically diagnosed as DS were included. The clinical presentation features, associated anomalies and maternal characteristics were noted. RESULTS: Out of 295, 170 boys and 125 girls had chromosomal findings consistent with the diagnosis of DS. The mean presentation age was 16.2 months while 49 (16.6%) children presented in the neonatal period and 124 (42%) in infancy. Mongoloid slant, epicanthal folds, hypertelorism, simian crease, flat nasal bridge, and microcephaly were observed in >60% of cases. Congenital heart disease was documented in 103 (34.9%) cases and ventricular septal defect was the commonest cardiac anomaly. The cytogenetic analysis revealed that 282 (95.6%) had trisomy 21, 11(3.7%) had translocation, and only 2(0.7%) were mosaic. The mean maternal age was 29.8 years. One hundred and sixty (56.7%) cases with trisomy 21 had maternal age> 35 years, whereas 9/11(81.8%) cases of translocation had maternal age < 35 years. CONCLUSION: The cytogenetic pattern of DS was similar to previously described series. Inadequate antenatal screening and scarce neonatal examination results in late presentation of DS. Majority of cases can be diagnosed on the clinical features of DS.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 in a patient with chronic neutrophilic leukemia: cytogenetic findings in chronic neutrophilic leukemia.

We encountered a 67-year-old female with chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). Cytogenetic study showed she had a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 20. This finding indicates that CNL, in this case, is a clonal disorder. Most CNL patients have normal karyotypes, and only four patients with cytogenetic abnormalities, including two cases who received chemotherapy before the cytogenetic abnormality was detected, have been reported. Four of those cases, including our case, had abnormalities in the long arm of chromosome 20. This locus may be associated with the development of CNL. To our knowledge, this is the first case with CNL who showed deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 before treatment was started.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Cytogenetic evidence for a less malignant leukemic cell population in the central nervous system in a critical case of acute myeloblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: With the exception of a single study the cytogenetic aspects of leukemic cells in the central nervous system (CNS) have not been investigated. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: During the course of a work-in-progress on the chromosomal constitution both of the spinal fluid and of bone marrow (BM) in children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), we have observed a unique case of AML and CNS leukemia (CNSL) at diagnosis. The patient showed the simultaneous presence at diagnosis of a 46 cytogenetic line in the spinal fluid and a 47 (+8) cell line in the BM, present in the great majority of the metaphases examined. DISCUSSION: This observation allows hypotheses on the relationship between BM and CNS disease in AML. Regardless of the pathogenetic mechanism, the cytogenetic findings of the present case clearly suggest that the leukemic population in the CNS compartment represents a less malignant cell process compared to the BM leukemic population. This easily fits in with the usually less malignant course of CNSL in AML. CONCLUSION: The foregoing findings may have critical pathogenetic and therapeutic implications.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1999

Molecular cytogenetic studies of a serially transplanted primary prostatic carcinoma xenograft (CWR22) and four relapsed tumors.

BACKGROUND: Established cell lines or xenografts from prostatic carcinoma have been infrequently studied cytogenetically. CWR22 and CWR22-R are xenografts that are unique in offering one strongly androgen-dependent and several relapsed strains of a human prostate cancer that can be investigated in the laboratory. We report on the cytogenetic characterization of the hormone-dependent CWR22, and the relapsed CWR22-R serially transplanted xenografts, in our laboratory. METHODS: We utilized a suspension harvest of the xenograft tissue to optimize our yield for metaphase chromosome studies and analyzed the hormone-dependent CWR22 and four relapsed CWR22-R xenografts. These studies were accomplished using standard G-banded analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A variety of DNA probes including alpha-satellite DNA probes, and chromosomal libraries, were utilized for the FISH analysis. RESULTS: Utilizing both standard cytogenetic analysis and FISH studies we have more precisely defined the CWR22 xenograft: 49,XY,+i(1)(q10),-2, der(4)t(2;4)(p21;q33), +7,+8,+12[7]/50,XY,idem, +der(2)t(2;4)(p21;q33)del(2)(q13q33)[13]. Four relapsed xenografts, CWR22R-2152, CWR22R-2524, CWR22R-2274, and CWR22R-2272 were also studied. Each of these lines demonstrated a different karyotype. CONCLUSIONS: The CWR22 karyotype offers the simplest reported karyotype for a prostate cancer tissue culture cell line or xenograft; this makes CWR22 an attractive candidate for studies of genetic changes associated with the relapse of prostate cancer treated with androgen withdrawal. Four separate, serially transplanted, relapsed CWR22-R xenografts were detected, each with a separate karyotype.

Androgens↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between telomere length and therapy-associated cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disease with specific cytogenetic changes involving the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation. The authors examined the relationship between telomere length (terminal restriction fragment [TRF]) and therapy-associated cytogenetic responses in CML patients. METHODS: The authors examined the telomere length and telomerase activity in 44 patients with Ph-positive CML in the chronic phase. TRF was determined by Southern blot analysis using the (TTAGGG)4 probe and telomerase activity was assessed by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol and fluorescent-labeled primers. RESULTS: At the time of CML diagnosis, 19 patients had TRFs within the age-matched normal range (mean +/- 2 x standard deviation [SD]) and the remaining 25 patients had TRFs shorter than the age-matched normal range (< mean +/- 2 x SD). Hematologic findings, including leukocyte count, hemoglobin level, platelet count, and percentage of bone marrow blasts at the time of diagnosis did not significantly differ between patients with normal and shortened TRFs; however, those with shortened TRFs had high levels of telomerase activity (P = 0.045). In a group of patients treated with alpha-interferon (n = 32), those with normal TRFs had a significantly lower frequency of blast crises (P = 0.0328), a significantly higher incidence of cytogenetic responses (P = 0.0185), and a favorable prognosis (P < 0.01) compared with those with shortened TRFs. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that normal TRFs in a small number of CML patients at the time of diagnosis may have a significant amount of normal stem cells remaining. The authors suggest that normal TRFs at the time of diagnosis indicate a subset of CML patients who may respond favorably to alpha-interferon therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9: cytogenetic, fish, and DNA studies.

A cytogenetic survey and follow-up studies were performed in eight cases of full, mosaic, and pseudomosaic trisomy 9 prenatally diagnosed among 36,213 prenatal samples in our department between August 1970 and July 1996. Besides conventional chromosome analysis, interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed. FISH turned out to be a rapid and accurate method for verification of trisomy cell lines and could provide additional information to the prenatal cytogenetic results. FISH also enables the study of uncultured specimens of amniotic fluid, not accessible for traditional cytogenetic analysis. In three cases, retrospective DNA analysis showed the supernumerary chromosome 9 to be of maternal origin. The disomic cell lines in both mosaic trisomy 9 cases showed maternal uniparental disomy.

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Modified interphase cytogenetics technique as an adjunct in the analysis of atypical cells in body fluids.

Our objective was to determine the value of a modified interphase cytogenetics technique (MICT) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the study of atypical cells in body fluids in previously stained slides, allowing a direct morphologic-cytogenetic correlation. Thirty-five cases (29 bladder washes, four pleural fluids, two ascitic fluids) initially diagnosed as "atypical" with subsequent histologic confirmation were included. Histologically, there were 25 malignant four dysplastic, and six benign lesions. Previously Papanicolaou or Diff-Quick-stained slides were marked to determine the location of the cells of interest prior to FISH analysis. A pretreatment modification using pepsin digestion was utilized. Chromosome-specific probe 8 (Vysis) was used to detect numerical chromosomal abnormalities (NCA) involving chromosome 8. Various NCA (aneuploid) were detected in the atypical cells of histologically proven malignant cases but not in the benign cases. Using histology as a "gold standard," FISH has a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 100%. In conclusion this study shows that a MICT by FISH on previously stained slides can serve as an adjunct in the study of atypical cells in body fluids. This technique allows a direct morphologic-cytogenetic correlation which in the future may aid in the better understanding of carcinogenesis.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1998

Cytogenetic analysis of pancreatic carcinomas: intratumor heterogeneity and nonrandom pattern of chromosome aberrations.

Twenty-nine nonendocrine pancreatic carcinomas (20 primary tumors and nine metastases) were studied by chromosome banding after short-term culture. Acquired clonal aberrations were found in 25 tumors and a detailed analysis of these revealed extensive cytogenetic intratumor heterogeneity. Apart from six carcinomas with one clone only, 19 tumors displayed from two to 58 clones, bringing the total number of clones to 230. Karyotypically related clones, signifying evolutionary variation, were found in 16 tumors, whereas unrelated clones were present in nine, the latter finding probably reflecting a distinct pathogenetic mechanism. The cytogenetic profile of pancreatic carcinoma was characterized by multiple numerical and structural changes. In total, more than 500 abnormal chromosomes, including rings, markers, homogeneously stained regions, and double minutes, altogether displaying 608 breakpoints, were detected. This complexity and heterogeneity notwithstanding, a nonrandom karyotypic pattern can be discerned in pancreatic cancer. Chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17, and 19 and bands 1q12, 1q21, 3q11, 6p21, 6q21, 7q11, 7q22, 7q32, 11q13, 13cen, 14cen, 17q11, 17q21, and 19q13 were most frequently involved in structural rearrangements. A total of 19 recurrent unbalanced structural changes were identified, 11 of which were not reported previously: del(1)(q11), del(3)(p11), i(3)(q10), del(4)(q25), del(11)(p13), dup(11)(q13q23), i(12)(p10), der(13;15)(q10;q10), del(18)(q12), del(18)(q21), and i(19)(q10). The main karyotypic imbalances were entire-copy losses of chromosomes 18, Y, and 21, gains of chromosomes 7, 2, and 20, partial or whole-arm losses of 1p, 3p, 6q, 8p, 9p, 15q, 17p, 18q, 19p, and 20p, and partial or whole-arm gains of 1q, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 8q, 11q, 12p, 17q, 19q, and 20q. In general, the karyotypic pattern of pancreatic carcinoma fits the multistep carcinogenesis concept. The observed cytogenetic heterogeneity appears to reflect a multitude of interchangeable but oncogenetically equivalent events, and the nonrandomness of the chromosomal alterations underscores the preferential pathways involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Cytogenetically unrelated clones in therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia: experience from the Copenhagen series updated to 180 consecutive cases.

During the period from 1995 to 1997, we studied 19 new cases of therapy-related myelodysplasia (t-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML), extending our series to 180 consecutive cases: 123 patients with t-MDS and 57 patients with t-AML. Cytogenetically unrelated clones were observed in 13 patients: 11 patients with two unrelated clones, one patient with three unrelated clones, and one patient with four unrelated clones. Twelve cases of unrelated clones presented as t-MDS, whereas only one case presented as overt t-AML. Partial or complete deletions of the long arms or monosomy for chromosome 5 or chromosome 7, which are characteristic of t-MDS and t-AML, were observed in both unrelated clones in four patients and in one unrelated clone only in six patients, whereas three patients showed aberrations in both clones that were uncharacteristic of t-MDS or t-AML. Three different interpretations of the origin and significance of cytogenetically unrelated clones in t-MDS and t-AML are presented, although the disease is still considered to be monoclonal. First, patients with different defects of the long arm of chromosome 5 or chromosome 7 in two unrelated clones often seem to have acquired these aberrations as independent events. For this reason, it is possible that they may play an important role in leukemic transformation, for instance, by activating or potentiating the effect of a genetic change that is present in all cells but not disclosed as a visible chromosome abnormality. In cases with involvement of other chromosomes, unrelated clones sometimes develop by cytogenetic change in only a subclone of cells, indicating that they play a role only in tumor progression. Finally, unrelated clones in t-MDS and t-AML may represent two different monoclonal diseases: the primary tumor and t-MDS. This view is supported by the significant excess of unrelated clones observed in t-MDS following multiple myeloma (4 in 13 cases) compared with other diseases (9 in 167 cases; P = 0.02), and by results from a case with a balanced translocation that is highly characteristic of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in one clone and a t-MDS-associated deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 in another.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Clonal culture and cytogenetics. Indicators of a variant of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The clonal growth pattern of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells from 16 patients with clinically suspected chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was evaluated in the double-layer agar system. Cytogenetic studies were performed on parallel marrow and peripheral blood samples. In four cases a unique growth pattern emerged, characterized by normal or increased colony-forming units (CFUc), and markedly elevated cluster-forming units (CIFUc). Three of these were Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-negative (atypical CML) and the fourth showed a mixture of Ph1-positive and chromosomally normal cells (Ph1-negative). Of the remaining cases, five proved to be CML Ph1-positive with progression to blast crisis on the basis of clinical data, clonal culture, and cytogenetics, and seven proved to be disorders other than myeloid leukemia. The combined results from clonal growth and cytogenetics have added a new parameter in the diagnosis of atypical CML and may aid in the earlier diagnosis and treatment of patients with this CML variant.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1986

Flow cytometric analysis of deparaffinized nuclei in urinary bladder carcinoma. Comparison with cytogenetic analysis.

Both cytogenetic analysis and flow cytometry (FCM) have prognostic efficacy in the analysis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of urinary bladder. To correlate results of the two methods, we studied a unique group of patients whose tumors had undergone prospective conventional cytogenetic analysis. Paraffin blocks of these tumors were processed for FMC, then analyzed for nuclear DNA content. Of the 34 tumors processed, 30 (88%) yielded interpretable DNA histograms. In 26 (87%) of these, there was good correlation between the two methods with respect to the presence or absence of a hyperdiploid cell line. Discrepancies may have resulted from sampling error or from interpretation of a tetraploid peak as a prominent G2M region. Retrospective FCM analysis of paraffinized TCC tissue correlates well with conventional, prospective cytogenetic analysis and is applicable to the majority of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Infants with Down's syndrome. Use of cytogenetic studies and in vitro colony assay for granulocyte progenitor to distinguish acute nonlymphocytic leukemia from a transient myeloproliferative disorder.

Infants with Down's syndrome have an increased incidence of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). They are also at risk of developing a transient myeloproliferative syndrome indistinguishable from ANLL except by its eventual clinical recovery. The authors studied five infants with Down's syndrome and leukocytosis with circulating blast forms in their peripheral blood with in vitro cultures of bone marrow colony forming units-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM), cytogenetics and peripheral blood neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score. Three children developed ANLL, the other two had a transient myeloproliferative syndrome. The in vitro assay for CFU-GM showed abnormal results consistent with ANLL in the children who develop this disorder. Serial cytogenetic studies disclosed the appearance of an abnormal clone in one patient. A combination of clinical parameter in vitro colony studies and cytogenetic studies in these children was helpful in distinguishing ANLL from a myeloproliferative disorder. The NAP scores were not helpful.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Relationship of cytogenetic subtypes of salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas with patient age and histologic type.

Sixty-nine salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas were fully karyotyped by G-banding including 40 tumors previously reported. The cytogenetic results allowed to distinguish between three major chromosomal subgroups characterized by either an apparently normal karyotype or by rearrangements of chromosome 8q12 or by rearrangements of chromosome 12q14-15. Significant correlations of these karyotypic groups with the age of the patients and histologic subgroups of the pleomorphic adenomas were found. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that the three main cytogenetic subgroups showed an uneven geographical distribution. Based on these results we have concluded that the cytogenetic groups represent different etiologic entities.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

Frequent occurrence of cytogenetic abnormalities in sporadic nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma.

Cytogenetic studies may provide important clues to the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid neoplasia. Thus, the authors attempted cytogenetic studies on 12 thyroid carcinomas: seven papillary, three follicular, and two anaplastic. Successful cytogenetic results were obtained on all 12 tumors; nine (75%) had one or more chromosomally abnormal clones. Four of the papillary carcinomas had a simple clonal karyotype, and three had no apparent chromosome abnormality. All four abnormal papillary tumors contained an anomaly of a chromosome 10q arm. In one instance, an inv(10)(q11.2q21.2) was observed in a Grade 2 papillary carcinoma as the sole acquired abnormality. In another case, an inversion or insertion involving 10q21.2 was found in a Grade 1 papillary tumor. The karyotype of a third tumor, a Grade 1 papillary carcinoma, was 46,XX,der(5)t(5;10)(p15.3;q11),der(9)t(9;?)(q11;?). A fourth abnormal papillary carcinoma, a Grade 1 tumor, had a t(6;10)(q21;q26.1) as the sole abnormality. Each of the five follicular or anaplastic carcinomas had a complex clonal karyotype. The three follicular carcinomas contained an abnormality of 3p25-p21, along with several other chromosome abnormalities.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

Clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of myelodysplastic syndromes developing myelofibrosis.

Myelofibrosis occurs in various hematologic neoplasias, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), with a relatively low incidence. To gain insight into the clinical and cytogenetic implications of MDS patients in whom myelofibrosis develops, statistical analysis was done on 82 primary MDS patients with successful cytogenetic results. Seven patients had myelofibrosis during the course of the disease (8.5%, Group I), 34 had abnormal karyotypes without myelofibrosis (41.5%, Group II), and the other 41 had abnormal karyotypes without myelofibrosis (50%, Group III). All of the MDS patients except one with myelofibrosis had cytogenetic abnormalities, and four of them had multiple chromosome abnormalities. In univariant analysis, MDS patients with myelofibrosis showed no significant differences in age, sex, or peripheral blood data. In contrast, patients with chromosome abnormalities evolved into myelofibrosis with a high incidence compared with those with normal karyotypes (14.6% versus 2.4%, P = 0.054). The occurrence of myelofibrosis was higher during the first 6 months after the diagnosis of MDS than in the next 6 months (6.1% versus 0%, P = 0.045). Most of the MDS patients survived for less than 10 months after myelofibrosis was evident. Furthermore, survival was significantly shorter in Group I compared with Groups II (P less than 0.05) and III (P less than 0.01). Among the MDS patients in whom myelofibrosis developed, some were associated with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, indicating a heterogeneity of clinical features in MDS with myelofibrosis.

Adult↗