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PubMed2000

Effectiveness of an intervention promoting the female condom to patients at sexually transmitted disease clinics.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated a behavioral intervention designed to promote female condoms and reduce unprotected sex among women at high risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). METHODS: The effect of the intervention on barrier use was evaluated with a pretest-posttest design with 1159 female STD clinic patients. RESULTS: Among participants with follow-up data, 79% used the female condom at least once and often multiple times. More than one third of those who completed the study used female condoms throughout follow-up. Use of barrier protection increased significantly after the intervention, and high use was maintained during a 6-month follow-up. To account for attrition, the use of protection by all subjects was projected under 3 conservative assumptions. The initial visit and termination visit projections suggest that use increased sharply after the intervention and declined during follow-up but remained elevated compared with the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Many clients of public STD clinics will try, and some will continue, to use female condoms when they are promoted positively and when women are trained to use them correctly and to promote them to their partners. A behavioral intervention that promotes both female and male condoms can increase barrier use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Development of college students' condom attitude scale].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to design and evaluate a scale for measuring the attitudes toward condom use in sexual relationships. METHOD: A questionnaire was administered to 631 college students using a convenience sampling method. The psychometric properties (reliability and validity) were evaluated. RESULT: As a result of the item analysis, 16 items were selected and the internal consistency alpha coefficient was .88. Results indicated that the condom attitude scale is composed of three factors: Interruption of sexual pleasure; Protection; and Image. The three factors accounted for 59.54% of the variance in the total scale. Also, condom attitude was statistically significant (t=7.389, p=.000) between consistent condom users and inconsistent users. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that condom attitudes are multidimensional, and the reliability and validity of the scale was supported.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sexual activity and condom use in high school students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of sexual experience and condom use among Year 9 high school students. DESIGN: Self-administered questionnaire to all Year 9 students attending a personal development workshop. SETTING: The study was carried out in two regional high schools in New South Wales, one in an urban area and the other in a rural area. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 253 students in Year 9 at the two high schools; only two students declined to participate. RESULTS: Seventy-one students (28.1%) had had intercourse at least once. There was no statistically significant difference between the percentage of male and female students or rural and urban students who had had intercourse. Thirty students (42.3%) always used condoms, 35.2% used them sometimes and the other sexually active students had never used them. The commonest reasons for non-use were unplanned sex, unavailability or no time. CONCLUSIONS: The unpredictability of teenage sexual activity may mean that condoms are not available at the crucial time. Girls appear to have more difficulty in asking for condoms to be used, but the numbers are two small in this survey to draw definite conclusions. If both pregnancy and sexually transmissible diseases are to be prevented among adolescents, sex education must encourage condom use as the first method of contraception for this group and emphasise the need for consistent availability and use.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does efficacy mediate stage of change and condom use in injected-drug users?

OBJECTIVE: To examine condom efficacy and the stages of change in explaining condom usage among a sample of 278 injected-drug users (IDUs). METHODS: Data were collected as part of a statewide behavioral surveillance study. RESULTS: Participants reported multiple risk behaviors, including having unprotected sex with multiple partners and exchanging sex. Approximately half the sample was in the precontemplation or contemplation stage for condom use, whereas 21% were in maintenance. Mediational analyses indicated that condom efficacy partially mediated the association between stage of change and self-reported condom use. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are discussed within the context of targeting HIV prevention interventions.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of condom use errors among STD clinic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential associations among condom errors and gonorrhea and chlamydial infection among a population of sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. METHODS: Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey with 1124 participants. Biological specimens were collected during the evaluation visit. RESULTS: A substantial proportion of participants reported condom-use errors with condom breakage statistically associated with gonorrhea infection among males at enrollment (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 123-2.96; P = .004). CONCLUSION: Behavioral interventions that promote consistent condom use must provide the necessary skills associated with proper condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Predictors of women's decision to ask new partners to use condoms to avoid HIV/AIDS in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: (i) to identify the key determinants of women's decision to ask a new partner to use condoms during sexual intercourse in order to reduce the probability of HIV infection. (ii) to estimate the impact of social, economic and educational factors identified above on the likelihood of a positive decision and; (iii) to explore the policy implications of the analysis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national household sample survey. SETTING: South African Health Inequalities Survey, 1994. SUBJECTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand three hundred and thirty three South African women aged between 16 and 64 years. INTERVENTIONS: Descriptive/inferential non-intervention study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondent's decision to ask one's new partner to use a condom during sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The study revealed that condoms have a contraceptive benefit; AIDS epidemic is spreading rapidly across South Africa; people in ones own community are using condoms to avoid getting AIDS; and AIDS can be transmitted by having sexual intercourse with someone without using a condom were positive and statistically significant at p < or = 0.05. CONCLUSION: Equipping women with above mentioned forms of knowledge would go a long way in empowering them to exercise their rights to uncoerced choice to have safe sexual relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Examining communication and assertiveness as predictors of condom use: implications for HIV prevention.

The current study explored the relationship between communication and assertiveness in general and sexual contexts and examined each construct's differential ability to predict reported condom use among college students. The results suggest that the constructs are positively related to each other, but general communication does not predict sexual assertiveness. Although sexual assertiveness is a better predictor of condom use than general assertiveness, general communication, and sexual communication, it needs to be considered within the context of other variables (e.g., normative beliefs regarding condom use). HIV prevention programs and models of health behavior should incorporate individual characteristics such as sexual assertiveness. The results of this study suggest that sexual assertiveness, social norm perceptions of condom use, self-efficacy for HIV prevention, and condom attitudes are among the critical variables that should be examined in an integrated model of sexual health behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Focusing strategies of condom use against HIV in different behavioural settings: an evaluation based on a simulation model.

Using a sexually transmitted diseases simulation model (STDSIM), we made projections of HIV spread for four profiles of sexual behaviour reflecting patterns encountered across the developing world: 1) much commercial sex, no short relationships; 2) commercial sex, concurrent short relationships; 3) concurrent relationships, no commercial sex; 4) serial short relationships, some commercial sex. We studied the effects of increasing condom use in three target groups: commercial sex workers (CSWs); men engaging in commercial contacts and short relationships; and females in steady relationships. The projections indicated that the CSW and male strategies were more effective in reducing HIV incidence than the strategy focusing on females in steady relationships. In the long run, even the group of men and women with one recent partner were better protected against HIV infection by condom use in high-risk contacts than by condom use in steady relationships. Furthermore, the numbers of HIV cases prevented per condom used were 7 to 500 times higher for condoms used by CSWs or men engaging in short relationships and commercial sex than for ones used by females in steady relationships. The results indicated the merit of focusing on high-risk groups irrespective of the pattern of sexual behaviour, even in epidemics that had already spread throughout populations.

Condoms↗
PubMed2001

A methodology based on NMR spectroscopy for the forensic analysis of condoms.

Both solution and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques have been used to determine differences in commercially available condoms. Whilst solid state NMR is useful for determining the polymer backbone, it is not useful for forensic analysis due to the commonality of the latex condom. However solution NMR spectra obtained following a simple extraction procedure using hexane, provides a fingerprint of the additives in the lubricants. Following the development of a flow chart, basing decisions on the presence of particular peaks present in the solution spectra, 33 of 38 condoms could be individualized. Samples were also analyzed after having the lubricant manually removed and soaking the condom in water for 3 to 24 h. These experiments were performed to simulate a case of the sample having been used and disposed of by flushing down the toilet, as may be experienced in a case of a sexual assault. The results indicated that the only significant water soluble component was polyethylene glycol. The overall results suggest that the method developed may be a quick and useful technique in characterizing condoms. The information obtained can be used to provide associative evidence between suspect and crime, and so be useful in sexual assault cases.

Condoms↗
PubMed2001

[Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the use of the condom among sex workers].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and the use of condoms by sex workers, assisted in a health module. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross sectional study, was performed with prostitutes in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz through a self-administered questionnaire in a period from January 3 to February 9, 2001. The questionnaire evaluated gynecology-obstetric background, STD and the use of condoms. Clinical records and laboratory tests were evaluated for STD screening. RESULTS: A total number of 196 sex workers from 71 work places were evaluated. The average age was 29.5 +/- 3.3 years. One hundred and eleven (57%) reported being single. 189 (96.4%) presented at least a case of vaginosis during the year 2000 and 148 (75.5%) were diagnosed having vulvovaginitis due to fungus. Syphilis was identified in 4 (2%) cases and (0.5%) acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 45 (23%) reported they always use a condom and 113 (58%) use condoms very often. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of vulva and vagina disorders, as well as syphilis. High rates of sex workers use condoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Objective and subjective knowledge of HIV/AIDS as predictor of condom use in adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between objective and subjective knowledge on HIV/AIDS and condom use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of a database from an anonymous, self-applied, randomized survey conducted between 1995 and 1996. Study subjects were 1,410 adolescents of four socioeconomic strata from Guadalajara, Mexico. Objective knowledge was assessed with 24 questions regarding HIV/AIDS, and subjective knowledge with the question "how much do you think you know about HIV/AIDS?" The variables associated with condom use were identified using logistic regression analysis and by calculating odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The degree of objective knowledge was "average", differentiated by socioeconomic strata (p < 0.001), and was higher in adolescents from medium and high socioeconomic strata (p < 0.008). Regarding subjective knowledge, adolescents from the low, medium, and high socioeconomic strata claimed to know "a little", and the ones from the lowest stratum claimed to know "very little". Condom use was higher in males (35.4%), and in adolescents from high socioeconomic strata (p < 0.005), than in females (15.3%) (p < 0.001). Although there was a correlation between objective and subjective knowledge (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), a higher degree of subjective knowledge was associated with condom use (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Subjective knowledge, belonging to medium and high socioeconomic strata and being male, were predictors of condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in cues that affect condom use among adolescents in Lomé, Togo.

A population-based sample study of adolescent women and men from Lomé, Togo, was conducted to examine their responses to personal experiences with AIDS. Information was obtained on youth reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices, including attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and personal experience with AIDS. Multivariate results demonstrate that an important factor that distinguishes adolescent male condom users from non-users of condoms is the knowledge of someone who died of AIDS. Conversely, personal experience with AIDS was unrelated to reported condom use among adolescent women. The results illustrate that reproductive health programmes directed towards adolescents need to target men with messages different from women. Sexually active men respond to personal experience with AIDS by adopting condoms whereas women may have less control over condom use and have other strategies such as abstinence and fidelity to protect themselves from AIDS and unintended pregnancies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Reproducibility and validity of self-reported condom use in Jakarta.

Condom use has been a major focus in STI/AIDS-related behavioral studies. However, since researchers rely mainly on self-reports obtained by self- or interviewer-administered questionnaires, validation studies are necessary to evaluate the quality of the information. A behavioral survey was conducted among female sex workers (FSWs) in an official brothel complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. At baseline, an interviewer-administered questionnaire was completed to identify the personal, professional, and contextual determinants of the women's STI/AIDS-related behaviors, including their condom use, was assessed via interviews two weeks apart among a subset of the samples. Relative validity was estimated by comparing condom use at baseline with a 2-week diary filled out by another subset of the samples. Overall, the FSW's self-reported condom use showed moderate reproducibility and relative validity. The brevity of the recall period, the highly inconsistent condom use practices of the sexworkers, and self-representation bias were among factors that might have attenuated estimated coefficients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Use of condoms among Mexican adolescents for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current sexual behavior and condom use during the first sexual intercourse among adolescents, as well as variations and factors influencing condom use at first sexual intercourse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data source for this study was Mexico's National Health Survey 2000. Study subjects were male and female adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n = 16,258). Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression, to assess the association of four types of factors (demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, and cognitive) with condom use during the first sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Males and residents of urban areas reported greater sexual activity and condom use. Typically, adolescents who used condoms during the first sexual intercourse were male, older, resided in urban areas, non-speakers of an indigenous language, and with higher schooling. CONCLUSIONS: New policies should be framed to prevent sexually transmitted infections to span the gap between knowledge and practice, targeting adolescents starting sexual activity earlier, those who speak an indigenous language, living in rural areas, with less schooling, and females. The English version of this paper is available too at:http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Condom use in anal intercourse amongst people who identify as homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual.

AIMS: to study condom use amongst those who practice anal intercourse. METHODS: a sample of 814 clients attending anonymously for pretest counselling for HIV infection at the Burnett Clinic, Auckland, gave detailed information about their sexual behaviour. RESULTS: insertive or receptive anal intercourse was reported in 39% of clients. This included 89% among homosexual men, 78% among bisexual men, 17% among heterosexual men and 21% among heterosexual women. In those practising anal intercourse concomitant condom use was reported by 71% of homosexual men, 53% of bisexual men, 16% of heterosexual men and 7% of heterosexual women. Those most likely to use condoms were homosexual men, prostitutes, those with multiple partners and those with an HIV infected partner. Those least likely to use condoms were heterosexual men or women. CONCLUSIONS: whilst substantial changes in sexual practices appear to have been made in the homosexual community, heterosexuals practising anal intercourse have made few such changes. More explicit AIDS education may be necessary which acknowledges that anal intercourse is practised by heterosexuals and advises condom use accordingly.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2006

Predictors of condom use among a sample of male inmates: a social cognitive perspective.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine factors that predict condom self-efficacy among a sample of soon-to-be-released adult male inmates with respect to self-reported HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. Approximately 230 inmates had agreed to enroll in the study. This analysis is based on completed baseline surveys from 187 inmates. Data were collected at baseline (prior to implementing the intervention) on self-reported condom self-efficacy HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. Findings support that, requesting that your partner uses condoms every time they had sex was the strongest indicator of self-reported condom self-efficacy by inmates in the sample (p<0.01). Findings also suggest that engaging in sexual activity after smoking marijuana, limiting the number of sex partners and asking partners' HIV status were significant predictors for the dependent variable of condom self-efficacy (p<.05); engaging in sexual activity after drinking was not (p<0.11). Findings suggest that it may be wise to take a best-practice approach using former inmates as peer educators if health-based interventions are to be delivered to soon-to-be-released adult male inmates.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Socioeconomic and reproductive factors associated with condom use within and outside of marriage among urban pregnant women in Zambia.

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 470 pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia. Multivariate analysis revealed school attendance and child deaths as independently significant variables positively associated with HIV seropositivity. Among women with fidelity, HIV prevalence was not significantly lower, and condom use was much lower than among women who were having extramarital affairs. Factors significantly associated with condom use within and outside of marriage differed-age and number of live births within, and sexual transmission knowledge outside of marriage. School attendance was not effective for gaining knowledge on sexual transmission or condom use. Regular own earning was significantly effective for condom use in both groups, irrespective of school attendance. The following should be implemented intensively: effective education on HIV and sex in and out of school before early sexual debut, further implementation of family planning with emphasis on condom use, and empowering women by assisting with their economic independence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Perception on AIDS infection risk and condom use among 2785 college students having had sexual experience in Zhejiang province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the HIV infection risk perception, sexual behavior and condom use among college students who had sexual experiences. METHODS: Using data generated from a survey on AIDS related knowledge and risk perception and sexual behavior (conducted in a coast city of Zhejiang province in 2003), with a questionnaire involving self-reporting history of sexual experience. Software SPSS 12.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 47.0 percent of the 2785 students having had sexual experience did not feel that sexual experience was related to HIV risk while 51.3 percent them considered their sexual behavior was at much low risk. 80.5 percent of the students with sexual experience had ever used condoms, but only 16.0 percent used it consistently. There was no association between risk perception and condom use, but there was association between risk perception and intention for condom use. CONCLUSION: The college students having had sexual experience had low level of risk perception on HIV infection and had a high rate of ever condom use but low in consistent use. Extensive and detailed prevention intervention was needed to improve the safe sexual behaviors.

Attitude to Health↗