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PubMed2006

Obsessive-compulsive disorder across developmental trajectory: cognitive processing of threat in children, adolescents and adults.

BACKGROUND: While the cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most widely accepted accounts of the maintenance of the disorder in adults, no study to date has systematically evaluated the theory across children, adolescence and adults with OCD. METHOD: This paper investigated developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat in a sample of children, adolescents and adults with OCD. Using an idiographic assessment approach, as well as self-report questionnaires, this study evaluated cognitive appraisals of responsibility, probability, severity, thought-action fusion (TAF), thought-suppression, self-doubt and cognitive control. It was hypothesised that there would be age related differences in reported responsibility for harm, probability of harm, severity of harm, thought suppression, TAF, self-doubt and cognitive control. RESULTS: Results of this study demonstrated that children with OCD reported experiencing fewer intrusive thoughts, which were less distressing and less uncontrollable than those experienced by adolescents and adults with OCD. Furthermore, responsibility attitudes, probability biases and thought suppression strategies were higher in adolescents and adults with OCD. Cognitive processes of TAF, perceived severity of harm, self-doubt and cognitive control were found to be comparable across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the current cognitive theory of OCD needs to address developmental differences in the cognitive processing of threat. Furthermore, for a developmentally sensitive theory of OCD, further investigation is warranted into other possible age related maintenance factors. Implications of this investigation and directions for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Obsessive-compulsive beliefs and magical ideation in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: Similarities in patterns of cognition and behaviour between patients with eating disorders and those with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have long been recognized, and comorbidity between these disorders has been shown to be high. However, there has been little investigation of the cognitive content shared between eating disorders and OCD. It has been suggested that a cognitive analysis of the overlap between the disorders may help to increase understanding of each, and have potentially useful clinical implications. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of obsessive-compulsive beliefs and magical ideation (MI) in a group of eating-disordered participants. METHOD: One hundred seventy-seven volunteers with a history of or current eating disorder completed the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory (IlI) and the Magical ideation scale (MIS). RESULTS: Eating-disordered participants demonstrated levels of the beliefs measured comparable to or higher than those with OCD. CONCLUSIONS: The results supported the hypothesis that the belief domains investigated are relevant to eating-disordered individuals. This has interesting theoretical and clinical implications. Further research will be required to elucidate the role of these types of cognitions in the relationship between eating disorders and OCD, and to clarify their role in the psychopathology of eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Self-reported body-rocking and other habits in college students.

A brief survey of eight motor habits, including body-rocking, was administered to two large samples of college undergraduates. A subsample was retested to establish survey reliability and validity. Those indicating engagement in body-rocking were interviewed about their body-rocking. Two psychopathology instruments were administered. The general prevalence of self-described body-rocking was higher than expected, and there were positive correlations among the eight habits. Body-rocking was usually related to negative affect and usually reported to begin during the school years and later. Many individuals said other family members engaged in body-rocking. Psychopathology assessments indicated higher levels of general distress and higher prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in this subsample compared with a group not reporting body-rocking.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1986

The MacAndrew Scale: clinical application and theoretical issues.

The research literature on the MacAndrew (MAC) Scale was surveyed to identify factors that influence the scale's usefulness as a screening device for alcohol misuse, and to explore the meaning of MAC Scale scores. Although the MAC Scale's ability to discriminate alcoholic and substance misuse groups from nonalcoholic psychiatric groups is well documented, the scale may not discriminate between alcoholics and antisocial individuals, or between patients with combined alcoholic psychiatric diagnoses and nonalcoholic psychiatric patients. Recommendations for future research and for the clinical application of the MAC Scale are provided.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adult male daydreaming across the life span: a replication, further analyses, and tentative norms based upon retrospective reports.

Using the Imaginal Processes Inventory, aspects of daydreaming and related mental activity were examined in a replication sample of males aged seventeen to ninety-one years. The characteristics of daydreaming obtained in an original sample were obtained in the replication sample thus supporting the outcomes reported earlier. Combining the original and replication sample allowed for some finer grained analyses and provided some tentative norms for the populations sampled. Some of the more salient outcomes were that with old age daydreaming does not increase or primarily focus on the past. Furthermore, at any age daydreaming does not concentrate on the weird, outlandish, and improbable. Factor analysis revealed a "Neurotic-Anxious Absorption in Daydreaming" factor inversely related to age. "Obsessional-Emotional Daydreaming," "Personal Acceptance-Utilization of Daydreaming," and "Imaginal-Emotional Intensity of Daydreaming" factors were also obtained and were unrelated to age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Bodily communication and psychotherapy: a psychosomatic approach.

In the management of patients it is often important to combine physical and psychotherapeutic treatment methods according to the individual patient's needs. In analytically oriented psychotherapy more attention can usefully be paid to the patient's bodily attitudes and behavior than has been customary. A psychosomatic approach which can be applied to the psychotherapeutic process is described, and theoretical considerations are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors affecting anxiety and depression in psychiatric consultation patients.

Factors that contribute to dysphoric affects in patients seen on a consultation-liaison service were investigated. Eighty-five subjects were studied to assess the role of character style, locus of control and seriousness of medical illness upon the magnitude of depression and anxiety each patient experienced. Results indicated that the obsessoid individual as well as individuals in pain reported significantly more depression and anxiety than their hysteroid counterparts. The severity of illness did not correlate with greater dysphoria. Those individuals who were more externally located were found to be in greater subjective pain. Furthermore, psychiatric consultants significantly tended to ignore the issue of the pain more often than anxiety and depression. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to a patient's personality style and the experience of illness and hospitalization.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Field independence, lateralization and defensive style.

This study investigated the relationship between field independence and defense clustering as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and lateral eye movements. Subjects had previously been classified either as hysterical or obsessive style by the Rorschach and WAIS Comprehension subtest. Previous findings indicate that these subjects have a preferred direction of lateral eye movement in a questioning format (hysterical style = left; obsessive style = right). This study found no relationship between field independence and defense clustering and lateral eye movements. To the extent that eye gaze indexes hemispheric activation, we conclude that neither field independence nor defense clustering was related to hemispheric lateralization.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Test-retest reliability of the survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version.

The test-retest reliability of the survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version was examined over a 2-wk. interval. Three age groups of children participated in the study, 8- to 10-year-olds, 11- to 13-year-olds, and 14-to 16-year-olds (N = 106). For the total Obsessive scores, the test-retest Pearson correlation coefficients for the three age groups were .51, .75, and .83, respectively, which suggest that the temporal stability of the instrument is a function of age.

Adolescent↗