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PubMed1991

[Mental disorders in children with congenital meningomyelocele].

The paper is concerned with mental disorders in 82 patients aged 3 to 14 years with a cerebrospinal hernia located primarily in the lumbosacral part of the spine. The majority of children and adolescents with relatively preserved mental development (trained in accordance with the routine school program) manifested borderline disorders that correlated in 90% of cases with the symptoms of compensated hydrocephalus and psychogenic (reactive) formations-- astheno-depressive conditions, reactions and others due to the feeling of physical deficiency (motor insufficiency and disorders of pelvic functions).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The state of humoral immunity to enterobacterial antigens in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis in children].

Investigation findings are generalized based on quantitation of antibodies against the antigens of intestinal microorganisms of Enterobacteriaceae family conducted in 66 children with various joint disease using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methodology. High antibody titres were revealed in 77.1% juvenile rheumatoid arthritis cases and in 80% cases with chronic juvenile arthritis which was not defined nosologically. All the patients with reactive arthritis associated with intestinal infection showed high tension of immunity to all tested enterobacteriaceae antigens with cross reactions to them. Patients with reactive arthritis associated with oral infection, with Reiter's disease and other disorders exhibited high antibody titres at the same rate as in the control.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1977

Annular erythemas in infants associated with autoimmune disorders in their mothers. Report on three cases.

Three infant boys with a centrifugal annular erythema mainly consistent with erythema annulare centrifugum, developing a few weeks after birth, are described. The lesions disappeared before the age of 6 months, without atrophy, and during this period the infants were otherwise healthy. This group is considered to belong to one of three types of reactivity in infants associated with or expressed as a connective tissue disease, especially lupus erythematosus, in the mother and child or in either. In type 1, signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus are or will be present in the mother and the child displays discoid lupus erythematosus lesions at birth or soon after. In type 2, the mother has the same signs and symptoms as in type 1 but the child develops a centrifugal annular erythema 3-6 weeks after birth. In type 3, discoid lupus erythematosus is present at an early stage in the infant, while the mother is healthy. This type may represent an early onset of lupus erythematosus in the infants.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Temperamental contributions to social behavior: the moderating roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender.

OBJECTIVES: Infant temperament is thought to provide one of the fundamental bases for social and emotional development. Few studies have examined the direct and indirect influences of early temperament and physiological disposition on later development. METHOD: This article presents results of a longitudinal study that took place between the years 1989 and 1996 in which the relations between maternal reports of negative reactivity at 9 months of age and maternal ratings and laboratory observations of social wariness and sociability at 4 years of age (n = 97) were examined. Also examined were the moderating roles of (1) frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry as assessed at 9 months of age and (2) the child's gender. RESULTS: Negative reactivity predicted social wariness for infants with right frontal EEG asymmetry, but not for those with left frontal EEG asymmetry and for boys but not girls. The only significant predictor of sociability was gender. Specifically, at 4 years of age girls were rated higher on the measure of sociability than were boys. CONCLUSION: The findings are discussed in terms of the roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender in moderating the impact of temperamental negative reactivity on later social behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of alcohol on baseline startle and prepulse inhibition in young men at risk for alcoholism and/or anxiety disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the hypothesis that a decreased reaction to alcohol and a deficit in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex are characteristics of male offspring of alcoholics without comorbid anxiety disorder. METHOD: Male offspring (N = 51) with a parental history of (1) alcoholism only, (2) anxiety disorder only, (3) alcoholism and anxiety disorder, and (4) no psychiatric disorder participated in an experiment examining the effects of alcohol on the acoustic startle reflex and on PPI. The experiment was carried out in two sessions in which subjects received an alcoholic beverage and placebo beverage on alternate days. RESULTS: The magnitude of startle was reduced by alcohol in each group. However, the degree of reduction was less in the offspring of alcoholics only compared to the other groups. In addition, PPI was reduced in the offspring of alcoholics only compared to the offspring of parents with no psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS: A reduced reactivity to the effect of alcohol and a deficit in PPI might constitute vulnerability markers for alcoholism, but only in offspring of alcoholics without comorbid anxiety disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Experimental treatment of cysticercosis with metrifonate.

Thirty cysticercous patients were treated with metrifonate in doses of 7.5 mg/kg given for five consecutive days, with intervals of two weeks until completion of six series. The symptoms originated by drug reaction were mild and transitory. The results obtained after treatment demonstrated the effectivity in cerebral ocular and musculocutaneous cysticercosis, corroborated by clinical evaluations like: neurological, ophtalmological and psychiatric examinations; routine laboratory tests; special examinations like indirect immunofluorescence and hemagglutination, immunoglobulin quantitation and cholinesterase activity and by special cabinet studies like electroencephalogram, retinal fluorangiography, axial computerized tomography. The postreatment observation time varied from six months to nine years; in no case reactivation was observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Large B-cell lymphomas with a high content of reactive T cells.

Twenty-one cases of large, B-cell lymphoma with an unusually high content of reactive T lymphocytes are described in this report. Fifteen patients presented with lymphoma in nodal sites and six patients presented with lymphoma in extranodal sites. With two exceptions, all patients were more than 50 years of age. The male to female ratio was 1:2. Histologically, isolated to small groups of large lymphoid cells were intermingled with many small lymphocytes. The large cells were neoplastic and exhibited B-lineage markers; immunoglobulin light chain restriction could be demonstrated in two thirds of the cases. There was a rich infiltrate of immunophenotypically mature T lymphocytes that comprised more than 50% of the cellular population. The T lymphocytes ranged from small cells with dark, round nuclei to slightly larger cells with elongated, irregular nuclei. There were occasional medium-sized blastic cells. There was also a variable infiltrate of histiocytes with or without epithelioid features, eosinophils and plasma cells, and increased vascularity. The peculiar morphologic features were also reproduced in other sites in the four patients for whom additional histologic materials were available for examination. We postulate that the abundance of T cells results either from a florid host reaction or from cytokine secretion by the neoplastic B cells, attracting T cells to the vicinity. The morphologic and immunologic features mimic those of a variety of benign lymphoproliferative diseases, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and lymphomas arising in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, secondary B-immunoblastic lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Careful morphologic evaluation and immunophenotypic studies using leukocyte antibodies reactive in paraffin-embedded sections are of great assistance in determining a diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Clarifying core characteristics of attachment disorders: a review of current research and theory.

Reactive attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosis that is not well studied. Conflicting ideas about its etiology and presentation pervade the theoretical, research, clinical, and popular literature. Clarifying core characteristics of this disorder and distinguishing them from comorbid conditions are critical for improved diagnosis and treatment of children with attachment problems.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Temperament and stress resilience in school-age children: a within-families study.

OBJECTIVE: Stress resilience was assessed in 81 school-age children, from within 32 families acknowledging severe psychosocial stress. Resilient and nonresilient children, identified via competence and behavior disorder measures from school and home, were compared. METHOD: Parents and teachers completed questionnaires and rating scales, and children were observed and assessed at home on attributes of temperament, self-esteem, ability, gender, and mother-child warmth. RESULTS: Individual differences in child and family attributes that were predictive of competent child functioning varied according to the outcome measure used. Teachers' ratings of positive temperament (low emotional reactivity, high social engagement) best discriminated children showing resilience on all indicators, i.e., behavioral and social competence both at home and at school, with maternal warmth and the number of adverse life events the child had recently experienced also contributing. Level of maternal stress and individual differences in child intelligence were related to academic adjustment, but the child's age, sex, ability, and self-concept were not significant discriminators of behavioral adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings emphasize the salience of a positive temperament as a resilience factor as well as the need to consider different estimates and contexts in assessing resilience for children growing up in stressful situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

HLA-DR antigens on retinal pigment epithelial cells from patients with uveitis.

The pathogenic mechanisms involved in immunologically associated ocular diseases are not clearly understood. To further evaluate these types of disorders, we examined the expression of HLA-DR antigen on eye sections from normal individuals and five patients (six eyes) with ocular inflammation (sympathetic ophthalmia and chronic uveitis). Using immunoperoxidase staining technique and the complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay, we detected the presence of HLA-DR antigens on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from uveitic eyes. In contrast, HLA-DR antigen was not detected on RPE cells from normal ocular tissue. Our study shows that during the course of human ocular inflammatory disorders, the RPE cell is activated to express HLA-DR antigens. This antigen expression may be important in the initiation and/or perpetuation of immune reactivity in the eye.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Ultrastructural aspects of connective tissue in hereditary gingival fibromatosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the ultrastructure of gingival connective tissue from patients in one family affected by hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). STUDY DESIGN: Electron microscopic examination was performed with gingival tissue from 10 patients from a Brazilian family with 132 members. Fifty of 96 persons at risk for this disorder were affected, which is consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. RESULTS: The extracellular matrix showed flocculent material and collagen fibrils with structural abnormalities and variation in diameter. Increased numbers of oxytalan fibers were identified; however, elastic fibers were rare in the analyzed areas. CONCLUSIONS: The structural alterations found in HGF appear similar to those described in certain other heritable collagen disorders, suggesting that HGF should be included in the group of hereditary diseases in which connective tissue alterations have a distinct pattern, in contrast to reactive fibrotic gingival enlargements with no genetic component.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Macrophage activation syndrome.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a serious complication of childhood systemic inflammatory disorders that is thought to be caused by excessive activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Recent findings in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a disease that is clinically similar to MAS, highlight the possible pathogenetic role of a defective function of perforin, a protein involved in the cytolytic processes and control of lymphocyte proliferation. Although the clinical features of MAS have been well documented, early diagnosis can be difficult. Measurement of the serum ferritin level may assist in the diagnosis and may be a useful indicator of disease activity, therapy response, and prognosis. The recognition that MAS belongs to the secondary or reactive hemophagocytic syndromes has led to the proposal to rename it according to the contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. Cyclosporin A has been found effective in patients with corticosteroid-resistant MAS. A recent report has suggested that etanercept may be a useful adjunctive therapeutic agent.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1991

[Drug-induced hematologic disorders in Shikoku district].

The case survey of drug-induced hematologic disorders in Shikoku District (Ehime Prefecture) disclosed 21 patients. Cases were 12 rheumatoid arthritis patients, 2 brain tumor, one epilepsy, 2 liver cirrhosis, one neuralgia, one arthralgia, one hyperthyroidism, and one IBL-like T-lymphoma. Causative drugs for aplastic anemia were Metalcaptase, Shiosol, Voltaren and Emeside. Drug-induced aplastic anemia was so severe that 4 out of 5 patients had died of bone marrow dysfunction. Neutropenia was caused by drugs as Rimatil, Cefobit, Sepatren, Mercazole, Sulpyrin, Aleviatin, Cefamedin and Metalcaptase. The real causes of these drug-induced hematologic disorders have not been clear. Remarkably high incidence among rheumatoid arthritis patients is suggestive several reasons as unique reactivity associated with HLA, suppression on hematologic stem cells by abnormal metabolites, and immunologic dysfunction commonly seen in collagen diseases. Further studies of more accurate incidence of drug-induced hematologic disorders are needed in investigating real causes of unhappy side-effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Nosography in child psychiatry].

There is an important jeopardizing factor for all nosological classificatory systems, in general Psychiatry as well as in child Psychiatry: the lack of a universally valid basis for defining concepts of "normal" and "pathological". Both stem from social patterns, values, culture and organization. Thus, they vary widely in different countries and communities. In order to attain the much needed general nosological criteria, the starting point is to our mind, a scientific comprehensive conception of man in the midst of a social environment. Pathological phenomena are usually located either in biological, psychological or sociological domains, but they are all-pervading and affect man in the whole. Taking into account that the same can be said about children, we discuss in this paper one classificatory system proposed by Telma Reca M. D. and modified by the author. Following the gravitation of the main aethiological factors, four categories are proposed: a. Psychogenetical diseases: regular or reactive developmental disturbances; acute anxiety; neurotic traits; fully developed neurosis, and psychosomatic disturbances of neurotic origin; speech disturbances of a pure psychological nature, etc. b. Psychical disorders derived from physical diseases: acute confusional or delusional states; mental retardation; epilepsy; minimal cerebral disfunction; learning difficulties derived from injuries or/and genetic deficiencies, etc. c. Psychical disorders derived from social problems: bad nourishment, disturbed sleep, faulty or disorderly sexual behaviour; poor or disturbed performance at school or in social groups, etc. d. Disorders caused by several factors: psychotic traits; psychosis; psychopathic behaviour; lack of maturity according to chronological age; congenital personality disorders, etc.

Child Psychiatry↗
PubMed1992

Antigenic relationships among human herpesvirus-6 isolates.

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) prototype isolate GS is a newly identified lymphotropic herpesvirus and several subsequent herpes isolates were recognized as HHV-6 by their hybridization to a HHV-6(GS) DNA probe pZVH14. DNA restriction analysis and in vitro tropism studies show that HHV-6 isolates can be divided into two groups, designated group A and group B. Antigenic relationships among 15 HHV-6 isolates belonging to these two groups were examined using rabbit antibodies against HHV-6(GS) infected cells, 11 monoclonal antibodies against three glycoproteins and four non-glycoproteins of HHV-6(GS), and sera from 136 healthy adults. More than 20 polypeptides from all these isolates were immunoprecipitated by rabbit polyclonal antibodies against HHV-6(GS) infected cells. Reactivities of monoclonal antibodies segregated these isolates into the same two groups. Group A contains HHV-6(GS), HHV-6(U1102) from a Ugandan acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient, and nine other HHV-6 isolates from various disorders. HHV-6(Z-29) from a Zairian AIDS patient, HHV-6(SF) isolated from the saliva of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individual, HHV-6(OK) from a child with exanthem subitum, and HHV-6(DC) from a leukopenia patient are in group B. Eighty-one percent of the sera showed similar antibody titer in immunofluorescence assay with group A HHV-6(GS) and group B HHV-6(Z-29) infected cells and 19% of the sera showed two- to four-fold antibody titer differences. The mobilities of many of the polypeptides immunoprecipitated from group A HHV-6(GS) and group B HHV-6(Z-29) infected cells were different and sera showed differences in the quantities and nature of polypeptides immunoprecipitated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Increased GFAp levels in CSF as a marker of organicity in patients with Alzheimer's disease and other types of irreversible chronic organic brain syndrome.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), an astrocyte-specific protein, was determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adults and children with global cognitive dysfunction. In children CSF-GFAp values were not closely associated with organic brain disease. However, GFAp values in CSF were increased in 65 of 121 samples of adults with dementia, independent of its cause. GFAp values were not correlated with the severity of the dementia. Increased levels in the CSF are believed to indicate reactive gliosis in most patients with dementia, whereas GFAp levels in encephalitic patients normalize after clinical recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Is there a correlation between raised erythropoietin and thrombotic events in sickle-cell anaemia?

Children with sickle-cell anaemia are predisposed to thrombotic strokes, the aetiology of which is unclear. We propose that erythropoietin, produced in response to chronic anaemia, is responsible for changes in platelet reactivity with a resulting increase in thromboses. This hypothesis is based on reports of enhanced aggregability of erythropoietin-driven platelets and an increased rate of thrombosis in patients receiving large doses of recombinant erythropoietin. Experiments in animals have shown that erythropoietin stimulates synthesis of platelets, that erythropoietin-driven platelets are hyper-reactive compared with age-matched control platelets, and that erythropoietin is pro-thrombotic. These data suggest that erythropoietin-dependent changes in platelet reactivity may potentiate thrombosis in sickle-cell anaemia, particularly in children who, compared with adults, have markedly higher erythropoietin concentrations and incidence of strokes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Health-related and pathogenetic aspects of vascular diseases of the nervous system].

A concept of the dynamic patho- and sanogenesis of vascular diseases of the nervous system was developed on the basis of clinico-physiological studies. The concept is based on the data on the philo- and ontogenesis, reactivity and adaptability+, complexity and dynamism, stages and phases of the process. The concept suggested may serve the basis for elaborating the program of preventing cerebrovascular diseases.

Adaptation, Physiological↗