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PubMed2004

Adopted girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty: observations about character.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological traits of adopted girls affected by idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). Twelve adopted girls were evaluated before, during GnRH agonist (GnRHa) treatment, and after the treatment was stopped. Before, during and after treatment, adopted girls with ICPP showed a normal degree of anxiety, an adequate level of maturity, and a correct sexual identification. None of them had symbiotic character traits as previously reported in non-adopted girls with ICPP. The perception of their body was poor before treatment, but improved during GnRHa treatment and psychological support. The changes in the life of adopted girls are so numerous that precocious puberty may represent an additional risk for psychological discomfort. Therefore to treat precocious puberty it may not only be necessary to prevent premature changes in their body but also to give them enough time to face up to their emotional and psychological problems and to become competent adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A psychoanalytic study of integrity and "good character".

When we assess a patient for analysis or reflect on our ongoing work as analysts or teachers of analysis, it seems helpful to consider the complex issues of truthfulness and courage within the self (i.e., integrity) and what it means to have "good character."

Character↗
PubMed1999

Environmental and possible genetic contributions to character dimensions of personality.

The relationship between dimensions of personality characteristics and the perceived rearing attitude of parents in the Japanese population were investigated. The scores on a measure of perceived parental attitude of 153 normal female students, measured on the Parker Parental Bonding Instrument, were correlated with personality features from the Japanese version of the Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory. Self-directedness, especially the subclasses of Responsibility vs Blaming and Congruent Second Nature vs Incongruent Habits, was significantly related to high scores on Maternal Care and low scores on Maternal Overprotection. The subscale of Self-acceptance vs Self-striving correlated only with low scores on Maternal Overprotection. Paternal Care was only related to the total scale scores on Self-directedness. Results suggest that some personality traits may be related to the perceived attitudes of parents, especially of the mother, during childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory.

The Temperament and Character Inventory was translated into Japanese, and, to confirm the psychometric properties of the inventory, three samples were recruited from a nonpatient population. In nonpatient population A (N = 555), the full version (240 items) of the inventory with dichotomous measuring, along with the General Health Questionnaire and the Social Desirability Scale, were distributed to the subjects. Factor analyses of the subscales showed that the factor structure of the inventory was consistent with Cloninger's theory. Correlations of the scale scores with the General Health Questionnaire and the Social Desirability Scale scores were almost negligible, indicating that the scale is resistant to the current psychopathology and response bias. In this and the other two university student samples (ns = 395 and 377), Cronbach coefficients alpha of the scale scores were substantially high except for the short version (125 items) of the inventory with dichotomous measures. The Japanese version of the inventory appears to have internal reliability and content and construct validity in a Japanese population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cloninger's temperament and character inventory and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory.

A principal axis factor analysis was performed jointly for the seven Temperament and Character Inventory scales and the five NEO Five-Factor Inventory scales, using 95 male and 109 female introductory psychology students. The five factors obtained were similar to the five major personality factors of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and supported the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model of personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Temperament and character inventory in homicidal, nonaddicted paranoid schizophrenic patients: a preliminary study.

This study assessed the personalities of 13 murderer schizophrenics using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory, controlling different factors such as institution, treatment, detention or loss of liberty, and can discriminate between schizophrenic patients involved in homicide, schizophrenics with no past violent behavior, paranoiac murderers, and imprisoned murderers with no psychiatric history. Results show significantly that murderer schizophrenics had significantly higher scores on the subscale, Self-transcendence, than other groups, which suggests that Self-transcendence as measured may be an aggravating factor for schizophrenia and may be found in the personality of schizophrenic subjects who performed homicidal acts. This dimension constitutes a way and an additional element for diagnosis not available with the DSM-IV criteria. It may help understanding and predicting violent behavior among schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

PTSD and coping resources among survivors of a kamikaze attack: the role of character strength.

33 survivors of the U.S.S. Emmons (M age=79.7 yr., SD=2.3), which was sunk by kamikaze attacks during World War II, were given an adapted form of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian and a set of questions regarding 8 coping resources they may have used during the war. Participants were categorized into three groups: those who served on the Emmons at any given time during World War II (Any Service), those who experienced combat while aboard the Emmons or another ship during World War II (Any Combat), and those who were serving on board the Emmons when it was sunk during the battle for Okinawa island (Okinawa). Analyses using a one-tailed Spearman rank-order correlation indicated that scores on only one coping resource, Character Strength, were significantly correlated with lower symptoms of PTSD for all three groups (Any Service: r(s) = -.46, p<.01; Any Combat: r(s)= -.47, p<.01; Okinawa: r(s)=-.45, p<.05). The findings suggest that, for the survivors of the Emmons, psychological qualities, not social influences, were associated with a lower risk for developing PTSD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The relationship of character structure to persuasive communication in advertising.

The persuasive effect of character structure--defined as a person's organized set of drives, dispositions, and satisfactions with which they approach the world--was assessed in the context of printed advertising. Subjects were exposed to one of two levels of argument strength (strong versus weak) and one of two levels of message spokesperson (celebrity versus noncelebrity) in a printed-advertising task. Subjects classified as Other-directed, individuals who possess a strong need to get along with others, exhibited greater attitudinal responsiveness to the test advertisement as measured on a composite attitude scale than did those classified as Inner-directed, needing to get ahead, or succeed. Other-directed subjects' attitude scores were more responsive to the message source than were the comparable scores of Inner-directed subjects. Results regarding argument strength were not significant but suggest that Other-directed attitudes are influenced by a combination of textual arguments and social cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Digital access and national character.

A digital access index was associated with measures of national character (such as extraversion and individualism) for 18 industrialized nations, but statistical controls for gross domestic product per capita eliminated these associations.

Character↗
PubMed1987

Differences in character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes.

The present study was an initial investigation to determine whether differences existed in role-prescribed behaviors between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes. Specifically, the study investigated Black's contention that children of alcoholics adopt one or more of the roles of responsible child, placater, adjuster, and acting-out child. The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify responses to parental drinking behavior and the Children of Alcoholics Family Role Instrument (CAFRI) was developed to obtain a measure of subjects' perceptions of role behavior. The independent variable was group membership in either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic family and the dependent variables were the role scores on the CAFRI. Statistical comparisons of differences in individual roles between groups indicated that adolescents from alcoholic families rated themselves higher on the acting-out role with a prominent although nonsignificant tendency to exhibit behaviors characteristic of the placater and adjuster. A post-hoc analysis demonstrated no significant differences between roles on birth order or age. A significant effect for gender was evidenced on the placater role only, with females rating higher than males. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of a differential self-reported enactment of specific character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic families.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2004

Character profiles and the activation of predictive inferences.

Most evidence indicates that with supportive context, predictive inferences do become activated. The present experiments were designed to investigate whether the characteristics of the protagonist can mitigate against activation of a predictive inference, even when the immediately preceding context supports it. Participants read passages containing a detailed description of characteristics of the protagonist. The characteristics were either consistent, inconsistent, or neutral with respect to a subsequent predictive inference. This character information was followed by a context that supported the predictive inference. Experiment 1 demonstrated that predictive inferences were activated, except when they conflicted with the characteristics of the protagonist. Experiment 2 demonstrated that when an inference was activated, it was also instantiated into the representation of the text. These results are discussed in terms of the memory-based view of text processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Character formation and interactions].

This paper details the impact of constitution endowment, e.g. temperament and interaction with the parents, e.g. transaction on character development. Adult and child analytic material are used to illustrate this process.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R). Standardization and normative data in a general population sample].

INTRODUCTION: The revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R), a tool designed by C. R. Cloninger for the evaluation of the seven dimensions defined in his psychobiological model of personality, was translated and adapted to Spanish. The aim of the study was to obtain normative data and scales with T-scores in a incidental sample of the general Spanish population. METHODS: After adaptation to Spanish, the tool was administered to 400 subjects from several areas of Spain. The sample is stratified according to age and gender according to the year 2001 Spanish population census. We have studied the differences between men and women and the association between age and dimensions. We have checked the normal distribution of the traits, and proceeded with the standardization and normalization of the scores. RESULTS: We present the mean and standard deviation according to sex for each of the main dimensions and subscales. The scores of the main dimensions obtained for general population according to gender show a normal distribution that has allowed us to standardize them into T-scores. The reliability of the dimensions is high. There are differences in the means depending on gender: women scored higher in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness. Men scored higher in Persistence. There were no high correlations between age and the dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the new TCI-R is an adequate tool for the study of personality dimensions of normal population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Gene frequency of 5 genetic characters in 6 nationalities in southern Guizhou].

The gene frequency of 5 characters was reported in Buyi, Miao, Shui, Maonan, Dong, and Han nationalities in southern Guizhou, and analyzed for statistical significance among these nationalities. The results showed that: (1) For Hair forms and Nasal profile, the frequency of the dominant gene was lower than that of theirs recessive gene, but the opposite was true for Nostril forms. (2) Among different nationalities, the difference of gene frequency of Mongoloid fold, Nasal profile, Hair forms and Eye fold of the upper eyelid was quite significant, which was followed by that of Nostril forms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Classical psychoanalysis and object relations theory in the analysis of character.

The analysis of character begins with repeated interpretation of its defensive structure and later moves into the analysis of object relations. What appears at first to be a patient's defenses against instinctual impulses may subsequently be recognized as defenses against emotional reactions to early objects. Nevertheless, at the beginning, interpretations should be directed toward the clinical material already available, and not at what may eventually emerge according to the analyst's theory. The author presents a case report to illustrate this viewpoint.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Psychotic character versus borderline.

The clinical syndrome designated by the diagnostic term borderline, exists. However, the diagnosis borderline as such gives no clue about the clinical or psychodynamic feature in this syndrome. Furthermore, the use of the concept borderline by its very vagueness and diffuseness deprives us of a means of understanding these conditions clinically and dynamically. It thereby makes it more difficult to treat these patients with appropriate understanding. I therefore believe it should be abandoned. The diagnosis psychotic character has previously been proposed by the author for this syndrome. It relates more appropriately to the clinical and psychodynamic features and is more consonant with an understanding of the syndrome. The diagnosis suggests, among other frames of reference, the underlying psychotic process which typifies these patients. It provides frames of reference which facilitate understanding these conditions psychodynamically and genetically. Out of this understanding a more meaningful therapeutic approach may evolve. We therefore feel that the term and concept borderline should be abandoned.

Adult↗