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PubMed1991

Individual variability in the perception of cues to place contrasts in initial stops.

Synthetic continua of two minimal pairs, BAIT-DATE and DATE-GATE, closely modeled on natural utterances by a female speaker, were presented to a group of 16 listeners for identification in full-cue and reduced-cue conditions. Grouped results showed that categorization curves for full- and reduced-cue conditions differed significantly in both contrasts. However, an averaging of results obscures marked variability in labeling behavior. Some listeners showed large changes in categorization between the full- and reduced-cue conditions, whereas others showed relatively small or no changes. In a follow-up study, perception of the BAIT-DATE contrast was compared with the perception of a highly stylized BA-DA continuum. A smaller degree of intersubject and between-condition variability was found for these less complex synthetic stimuli. The amount of variability found in the labeling of speech contrasts may be dependent on cue salience, which will be determined by the speech pattern complexity of the stimuli and by the vowel environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Spatial orienting of tactile attention induced by social cues.

Several studies have established that humans orient their visual attention reflexively in response to social cues such as the direction of someone else's gaze. However, the consequences of this kind of orienting have been addressed only for the visual system. We investigated whether visual social attention cues can induce shifts in tactile attention by combining a central noninformative eye-gaze cue with tactile targets presented to participants' fingertips. Data from speeded detection, speeded discrimination, and signal detection tasks converged on the same conclusion: Eye-gaze-based orienting facilitates the processing of tactile targets at the location of the gazed-at body location. In addition, we examined the effects of other directional cues, such as conventional arrows, and found that they can be equally effective. This is the first demonstration that social attention cues have consequences that reach beyond their own sensory modality.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

The self-choice effect from a multiple-cue perspective.

The self-choice effect refers to the fact that self-chosen items are remembered better than experimenter-assigned items (Takahashi, 1991). The present study investigated the hypothesis that (a) response choice involves relational processing as activation of both target and context items, and (b) such activated context items are effective as potential retrieval cues for recall of target items. In the experiment, participants chose (choice condition) or were assigned (force condition) a target to remember for each trial. Prior to free recall of the target items, context words, related new words, or unrelated words were presented in a recognition task as potential retrieval cues. The results of a subsequent free recall test indicated that the incidental cues were more effective in the choice condition than in the force condition. Also, recognition resulted in a greater rate of successfully recognized context words at the cost of increasing falsely recognized related new words in the choice condition in comparison with the force condition. These results indicated that response choice activates context items at encoding, which operate as potential retrieval cues for recall of target items. Such cuing mechanisms operative in the self-choice effect are consistent with the multiple-cue theory proposed by Soraci et al. (1994; see also Soraci et al., 1999) for generative processing.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Role of gravitational cues in the haptic perception of orientation.

The haptic perception of vertical, horizontal, +45 degrees-oblique, and +135 degrees-oblique orientations was studied in adults. The purpose was to establish whether the gravitational cues provided by the scanning arm-hand system were involved in the haptic oblique effect (lower performances in oblique orientations than in vertical-horizontal ones) and more generally in the haptic coding of orientation. The magnitude of these cues was manipulated by changing gravity constraints, and their variability was manipulated by changing the planes in which the task was performed (horizontal, frontal, and sagittal). In Experiment 1, only the horizontal plane was tested, either with the forearm resting on the disk supporting the rod ("supported forearm" condition) or with the forearm unsupported in the air. In the latter case, antigravitational forces were elicited during scanning. The oblique effect was present in the "unsupported" condition and was absent in the "supported" condition. In Experiment 2, the three planes were tested, either in a "natural" or in a "lightened forearm" condition in which the gravitational cues were reduced by lightening the subject's forearm. The magnitude of the oblique effect was lower in the "lightened" condition than in the "natural" one, and there was no plane effect. In Experiment 3, the subject's forearm was loaded with either a 500- or a 1,000-g bracelet, or it was not loaded. The oblique effect was the same in the three conditions, and the plane effect (lower performances in the horizontal plane than in the frontal and sagittal ones) was present only when the forearm was loaded. Taken together, these results suggested that gravitational cues may play a role in haptic coding of orientation, although the effects of decreasing or increasing these cues are not symmetrical.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Isolating the interference caused by cue duration in partial report: a quantitative approach.

In bar-probe partial report experiments, subjects are presented with a brief array of letters, followed by a cue that singles out a target letter. Using this procedure, V. M. Townsend (1973) reported a counterintuitive effect: As the duration of a cue was increased, target performance decreased dramatically. The aim of the present study was to isolate the locus of the cue-duration effect. To this end, several characteristics of the bar-probe display were manipulated in a single experiment: the interstimulus interval between the array and the cue, array density, the number of letters, and the number of symbols adjacent to the target. These factors were manipulated on a priori grounds so as to affect the different sources of information used in the bar-probe task--namely, durable storage, abstract identity information, and feature level information. The data were accurately fit by a simple quantitative, multinomial model that assumes that the different sources of information used in the bar-probe task make independent contributions to performance. The critical assumption of the model is that cue duration interferes with only one source of information--namely, feature level information.

Cues↗
PubMed1999

Facilitative and inhibitory effects of location and frequency cues: evidence of a modulation in perceptual sensitivity.

The possibility that facilitative and inhibitory effects of auditory cues result because of a modulation in perceptual sensitivity was examined. Listeners were presented with a cue followed by a target, with the time period between the two varied at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 150, 450, or 750 msec. In two conditions, the cue and target were either the same or different in location or frequency. In both conditions, listeners were required to identify the rise time of the target. Whereas the cue was presented in isolation, the target was presented in a wide-band noise background such that the required discrimination was made relatively difficult. In both conditions, a facilitative effect was apparent at the 150-msec SOA and an inhibitory effect was apparent at the 750-msec SOA for both accuracy and response time measures of performance. That these results were apparent for a judgment unrelated to the manipulated cue-target relation suggests strongly that both location-based and frequency-based auditory inhibition of return result primarily because of changes in perceptual sensitivity.

Attention↗
PubMed2002

Amygdalo-hypothalamic circuit allows learned cues to override satiety and promote eating.

Organisms eat not only in a response to signals related to energy balance. Eating also occurs in response to "extrinsic," or environmental, signals, including learned cues. Such cues can modify feeding based on motivational value acquired through association with either rewarding or aversive events. We provide evidence that a specific brain system, involving connections between basolateral amygdala and the lateral hypothalamus, is crucial for allowing learned cues (signals that were paired with food delivery when the animal was hungry) to override satiety and promote eating in sated rats. In an assessment of second-order conditioning, we also found that disconnection of this circuitry had no effect on the ability of a conditioned cue to support new learning. Knowledge about neural systems through which food-associated cues specifically control feeding behavior provides a defined model for the study of learning that may be informative for understanding mechanisms that contribute to eating disorders and more moderate forms of overeating.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Do visual cues contribute to the neural estimate of viewing distance used by the oculomotor system?

Perceived shape and depth judgments that require knowledge of viewing distance are strongly influenced by both vergence angle and the pattern of vertical disparities across large visual fields. On the basis of this established contribution of visual cues to the neural estimate of viewing distance, we hypothesized that the oculomotor system would also make use of high-level visual cues to distance. To address this hypothesis, we investigated how compensatory eye movements during whole-body translation scale with viewing distance. Monkeys viewed large-field (85 x 68 degrees ) random-dot stereograms that were rear projected onto a fixed screen and simulated either a textured wall or pyramid at different viewing distances. In these stereograms, we independently manipulated vergence angle, horizontal and vertical disparity gradients, relative horizontal disparities, and textural cues to viewing distance. For comparison, random-dot patterns were also projected onto a moveable screen placed at different physical distances from the animal. Several cycles of left-right sinusoidal motion of the monkey at 5 Hz were interleaved with several cycles of motion in darkness, and the relationship between eye movement responses and viewing distance was quantified. As expected from previous work, the amplitude of compensatory eye movements depended strongly on vergence angle. Although visual cues to distance had a statistically significant effect on eye movements, these effects were approximately 20-fold weaker than the effect of vergence angle. We conclude that sensory and motor systems do not share a common neural estimate of viewing distance and that the oculomotor system relies far less on visual cues than the perceptual system.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

What cues do nurses use to predict aggression in people with acquired brain injury?

There is a paucity of research on the frequent and repeated episodes of aggression and violence experienced by nurses when working with people who have an acquired brain injury. The purpose of this study was to bring this issue into focus by identifying the cues nurses use to predict aggression in people with acquired brain injury. Twenty-eight nurses from 10 different inpatient brain injury rehabilitation units in Australia participated in the study. Participants were interviewed using the Critical Decision Method on a one to one basis for up to one and one half hours on two consecutive days. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Results revealed that nurses identified five groups of cues that predict aggression in a patient: (1) what a patient is saying; (2) changes in a patient's voice; (3) changes in a patient's face; (4) changes in a patient's behavior; and (5) a patient's emotions. Nurses reported using multiple cues to predict aggression and highlighted the importance of personal knowledge of the patient in conjunction with identified cues when predicting aggression. Nurses caring for patients with acquired brain injury can predict many episodes of aggression, though not all, by identifying cues from the patient.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of photic versus non-photic cues as entrainers of circadian running activity in rats.

Though relative dominance of photic/non-photic cues on rodent circadian running activity is known, the exclusive role of non-photic entrainers in rats deprived of photic entrainers is not demonstrated and hence present work using retino-hypothalamic pathway blocked male rats (n = 10) was initiated. Blocking is done by enucleation of eyeballs. Circadian running activity is studied before enucleation and after enucleation towards instinctual social cues, food, water and sexual cues provided in activity cage. Twenty four hour activity of rats was recorded kymographically for a fifteen day period before enucleation and for a similar period after enucleation. Analysis of the records revealed that eight animals had predominant diurnal rhythm whereas two animals had predominant nocturnal rhythm. Enucleation of diurnal rats neither altered total running activity pattern nor caused any significant change in the goal compartments thus showing absence of entrainment by photic cues. In contrast nocturnal rats showed gradual shift of activity towards day time on enucleation thus indicating that nocturnal animals were entrained by photic cues. The overriding influence of non-photic entrainers on photic entrainers is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Children's memory for orientation in the absence of external cues.

Some have interpreted children's reliance on external visual cues as evidence that they are unable to use internal cues for orientation. This hypothesis was examined in experiment 1, where 24 preschoolers were tested on left-right, vertical-horizontal, and mirror-image oblique discriminations under essentially context-free conditions. Subjects succeeded on all discrimination problems and performed equally well on vertical-horizontal and mirror-image oblique discriminations. Thus, preschoolers can use an internal frame of reference to code orientation. Experiment 2 contrasted children's performance under context-free conditions with their ability to discriminate orientation in the presence of external visual cues. Children who had discriminated left-right oblique and nonoblique mirror-image forms in experiment 1 failed to so discriminate in experiment 2. This result is discussed in terms of a breakdown in the ability to use internal cues when external visual cues are available.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transitional newborn infants in a hospital nursery: from first oral cue to first sustained cry.

Before crying, newborns exhibit oral cues. This study determined time and behavior between first oral cue and first sustained cry (2 minutes of crying) in 15 clinically normal infants postbirth (mean age 64 minutes). Mean minutes cue to cry was 31. Mean tonguing frequency was 108; hand-to-mouth (70); hand-passing-mouth (57); whimpering (49); rooting (19); empty sucking (14); startle (6); yawn (3); and sneeze (2). Mean minutes of intrinsic mouthing was 2.9; digit sucking (1.6); tongue sucking (1.2); sucking hand (1.1); fussing (1.0); and no cues (3.4). Mean minutes of crying was 1.1; hard crying (0.9). Mean longest single cry was 25 seconds. Mean inter-cry interval was 2 minutes. Crying occurred 13% of the time. During the physiologically critical period postbirth, responses to cues, rather than demands (cries), might prevent crying, decrease physiologic compromise, and foster appropriate care giver-infant interaction. This may enhance physiologic-psychosocial development.

Blood Circulation↗
PubMed1983

A developmental analysis of early time concepts: the equivalence and additivity of the effect of interfering cues on duration comparisons of young children.

Young children compare durations correctly and explain their conclusions logically only when no interfering cues such as distance and speed are introduced. We investigated whether type of cue and additivity of interfering cues affect children's duration comparisons. 4- and 5-year-old children were asked to compare the burning times of pairs of partially synchronous lights differing in intensity, bulb size, or both. Those who erred tended to attribute longer duration to the brighter or larger bulb, brightness having a stronger interfering effect than size. Since brightness might qualify as "work" more than bulb size might, the finding that the former interferes more than the latter supports Piaget's basic claim of children's confusion of time with "work." The fact that bulb size interferes at all, which does not fit into Piaget's framework, may be explained in terms of children's inability to distinguish clearly between time-related and time-unrelated cues and their assumption of direct relations between dimensions. Additivity of interference did not emerge, indicating that the previous finding which suggested its existence--distance plus speed interfering with duration comparisons more than speed alone--should be reassessed in terms of type of interfering cues, that is, distance interferes more than speed with time.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1982

[The effects of cue upon selective memorization].

The subjects listened to a list of 21 words read aloud and memorized eight words among them indicated by the cue. In VC (voice-cue) condition, where the change of voice between male and female cued the difference between the to-be-memorized and not-to-be-memorized items, the percentage of correct recall was higher and the number of intrusion-errors was fewer than in NVC (non-voice-cue) condition, where the cue was the sound of chime given immediately before the to-be-memorized item. The results suggest that the physical characteristics of cue facilitate the selective memorization, but do not necessarily support the early-selection theory of attention. Next, in order to confirm Watanabe's (1976) assertion that the transformation of to-be-memorized items into long-term memory and the exclusion of not-to-be-memorized items take place in parallel, the subjects were required to rehearse aloud every word as it was presented. However, it was found that the method of voiced rehearsal was inadequate to test the assertion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Stimulus overselectivity by mentally retarded adolescents: effects of pretraining on cue identification.

Severely and profoundly mentally retarded adolescents were given two-cue redundant relevant cue discrimination problems under each of three conditions. In one condition both cues were ones that subjects had been previously trained to associate labels with. In the second condition one pretrained and one untrained cue were used, and in the third, two untrained cues were employed. Results from test trials indicated that the amount of stimulus overselectivity was lowest in the third condition. There was a much greater amount of overselective responding in both the first and second conditions. The results offered little support for the hypothesis that teaching severely retarded learners to label stimuli would reduce the likelihood of stimulus overselectivity. The relationship of the results to previous findings concerning the effects of stimulus and training conditions on overselectivity was also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effect of object and movement cues on receptive communication by preschool children with mental retardation.

Preschool children with mental retardation typically have delays in language comprehension that may result in difficulty understanding spoken messages. The effect of the systematic application of object and movement cues was investigated to determine whether either or both cues would facilitate children's comprehension of a partner's intended referent during play and snack activities. Children were presented with stimulus items that the communication partner referred to under three conditions: object cue and speech, movement cue and speech, or speech alone. All children identified the intended referents with fewer trials to criterion when object or movement cues were used with speech than when speech alone was employed.

Attention↗
PubMed1998

The roles of cue and target familiarity in making feeling of knowing judgments.

This study evaluated the effects of cue and target familiarity on metacognitive judgments by using a retroactive interference paradigm. Subjects studied 12 pairs of unrelated words. The first 6 pairs formed an A-B list, and the next 6 formed an A-B list (both elements repeated), a C-B list (only the target repeated), an A-D list (only the cue repeated), or a C-D list (neither element repeated). Following study, the six critical cues were presented and subjects made predictions of knowing. Predictions were highest when both elements were repeated and equally low when only the cue, only the target, or neither element was repeated. A subsequent cued recall test showed that significant retroactive interference effects were apparent. The findings suggest that neither cue nor target familiarity alone sufficiently explains knowing judgments.

Cognition↗
PubMed1994

Primary mesenchyme cell migration in the sea urchin embryo: distribution of directional cues.

The directional migration of the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of the sea urchin embryo is a critical step in the process of gastrulation. Although interactions between the migrating cells and the blastocoel environment are necessary for guiding the PMCs to their subequatorial target site, the nature of these interactions and the localization of guidance cues involved in directing the cells are not yet known. Previous studies have suggested that PMC migration is the result of random exploration and selective trapping at the target site by a pattern of adhesiveness in the ectoderm or basal lamina. To better characterize the distribution of guidance cues in the blastocoel we used a combination of time-lapse microscopy, microsurgery, and fluorescence photoablation to study the behavior of the migrating cells. By using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, and a two-dimensional random-walk analysis of cell trajectories, we demonstrated that fluorescently labeled PMCs injected near the animal pole move in a directed fashion over a relatively long distance to reach the target site. This suggests that guidance cues are distributed globally throughout the embryo and are not restricted to the immediate ring area. To further test this hypothesis we investigated the migratory behavior of PMCs that were prevented from interacting directly with the target site. First, we examined the behavior of PMCs injected into animal embryo fragments lacking the target site. We found that PMCs move to the vegetal-most area of such embryo fragments, regardless of their size. Second, we studied the effects of photoablating a stripe of ectoderm between PMCs injected at the animal pole region (APR) and the target site. PMCs were found to accumulate along the ablated stripe and were unable to cross it for up to 6 hr after ablation. We also examined the migratory behavior of endogenous PMCs in embryos treated with lithium, a vegetalizing agent which shifts the position of the PMC ring toward the animal pole. We found that PMCs accumulated along an ablated stripe of ectoderm positioned below the shifted target site, suggesting that endogenous PMCs follow a set of directional cues to the target site which may be similar to those used by PMCs injected into the APR. As a whole, these results suggest that migrating PMCs follow a set of directional cues that are widely distributed throughout the blastocoel and that may be arranged in a gradient.

Animals↗