A simple system of multiple organ-baths.
A compact and easily assembled system of multiple organ-baths is described , in which use is made of readily available materials.
Organ Culture Techniques↗
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Modification of isolated atrial chronotropic histamine receptor responses by alterations in the calcium concentration of the bathing medium.
Rabbit and guinea pig atrial pairs were tested in 0.9, 1.8, and 3.6 mM calcium Tyrodes using histamine chronotropic dose response curves, before and after treatment with cimetidine or diphenhydramine. Increased calcium levels alone caused an increase in spontaneous rate: the rate of rabbit atria increased 27 beats/min, and that of guinea pig atria 29 beats/min, between the 0.9 and 3.6 mM levels. Both H1-and H2-blockers tested with rabbit atria caused competitive inhibition in 0.9 mM Tyrodes and noncompetitive inhibition in 1.8 mM Tyrodes. In the in 3.6 mM medium, before blockade, the concentration of histamine needed to cause a half maximum increase in rate doubled, strongly suggesting a decrease in histamine's affinity for its receptor. In addition, after blockade, cimetidine acted as a competitive inhibitor, but diphenhydramine did not. In contrast, the guinea pig atria responses were not much affected by the calcium concentration in the bathing medium. Both blockers appeared to act as competitive inhibitors, except in 1.8 mM calcium Tyrodes, in which diphenhydramine acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor. Rabbit atria have both H1- and H2-chronotropic histamine receptors, while guinea pig chronotropic receptors are predominantly of the H2 type. This data suggests that binding to the H1-receptor is in part dependent on calcium while H2-receptor binding appears to be relatively independent of calcium.
Animals↗
Experience in 3,500 patients with urinary stones treated with the Dornier HM-4 bath-free lithotriptor.
During a 3-year period, hundreds of patients underwent ESWL treatment with the Dornier HM-3 and HM-4 lithotriptors operating at our institution. Our experience in 3,500 patients treated with the HM-4 bath-free lithotriptor is reported. Patients with radiolucent or cystine stones, stones larger than 3 cm or staghorn calculi, multiple stones with a total burden of more than 3 cm and those not amenable to follow-up were excluded from the study. The overall stone-free rate was 70.7% and 81% at 1 and 3 months, respectively. The stone-free rates at 1 and 3 months were further determined by the exact location of each stone within the urinary tract. Stone-free rates at 3 months ranged from 90.84% for renal pelvic stones to 71.08% for lower calyceal stones, while the stone-free rates for ureteral calculi ranged from 80.85% for upper third unstented ureteral stones to 92.92% for lower ureteral stones. The overall complication rate was 6.02% with a 1.2% post-ESWL intervention rate (ureteroscopy or placement of percutaneous nephrostomy or stent).
Disease-Free Survival↗
[Keratosis lichenoides chronica. Bath PUVA therapy].
We describe the case of a 51-year-old male patient with characteristic lesions of keratosis lichenoides chronica confined to the back of his hands and feet. The lichenoid papules, linear hyperkeratotic ridges and erythematosquamous plaques appeared first in early childhood and recurred after a short episode of spontaneous remission. They didn't respond to various topical treatment modalities over the years. After a local PUVA therapy all lesions disappeared with no recurrence for over two years now. Our case report indicates a new promising indication for bath-PUVA-therapy.
Balneology↗
[Allergic and irritant skin and airway diseases in masseurs and medical bath attendants].
The profession of masseur or bath attendant involves intense contact with multiple potential allergens and irritants. There is a complete lack of epidemiological studies for this professional group in spite of the general agreement that sensitization to ingredients of beauty and healthcare products such as fragrances is common. In this review, we critically review the relevant literature, and present own results from recently performed analyses of the German Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Fragrances, preservatives, emulsifiers, and antioxidants are relevant from the allergological perspective. In order to evaluate the particular importance of these and other potentially important allergens for occupational dermatology, further systematic research in allergology as well as epidemiological studies are needed.
Balneology↗
Detection and localization of two hydrogenases in Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and their potential role in methane metabolism.
Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) was shown to contain two distinct hydrogenases, a soluble hydrogenase and a membrane-bound hydrogenase. This is the first report of a membrane-bound hydrogenase in methanotrophs. Both enzymes were expressed apparently constitutively under normal growth conditions. The soluble hydrogenase was capable of reducing NAD(+) with molecular hydrogen. The activities of both soluble and particulate methane monooxygenases could be driven by molecular hydrogen. This confirmed that molecular hydrogen could be used as a source of reducing power for methane oxidation. Hydrogen-driven methane monooxygenase activities tolerated elevated temperatures and moderate oxygen concentrations. The significance of these findings for biotechnological applications of methanotrophs is discussed.
Hydrogen↗
Analysing the outer membrane subproteome of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) using proteomics and novel biocomputing tools.
High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry has been used to identify the outer membrane (OM) subproteome of the Gram-negative bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Twenty-eight unique polypeptide sequences were identified from protein samples enriched in OMs. Only six of these polypeptides had previously been identified. The predictions from novel bioinformatic methods predicting beta-barrel outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and OM lipoproteins were compared to proteins identified experimentally. BOMP ( http://www.bioinfo.no/tools/bomp ) predicted 43 beta-barrel OMPs (1.45%) from the 2,959 annotated open reading frames. This was a lower percentage than predicted from other Gram-negative proteomes (1.8-3%). More than half of the predicted BOMPs in M. capsulatus were annotated as (conserved) hypothetical proteins with significant similarity to very few sequences in Swiss-Prot or TrEMBL. The experimental data and the computer predictions indicated that the protein composition of the M. capsulatus OM subproteome was different from that of other Gram-negative bacteria studied in a similar manner. A new program, Lipo, was developed that can analyse entire predicted proteomes and give a list of recognised lipoproteins categorised according to their lipo-box similarity to known Gram-negative lipoproteins ( http://www.bioinfo.no/tools/lipo ). This report is the first using a proteomics and bioinformatics approach to identify the OM subproteome of an obligate methanotroph.
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
Molecular analysis of an outer membrane protein, MopB, of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) and structural comparisons with proteins of the OmpA family.
The gene encoding a major outer membrane protein (MopB) of the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) was cloned and sequenced. The cloned DNA contained an open reading frame of 1044 bp coding for a 348-amino-acid polypeptide with a 21-amino-acid leader peptide. Comparative sequence analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed that the C-terminal part of MopB possessed sequences that are conserved in the OmpA family of proteins. The N-terminal half of the protein had no significant sequence similarity to other proteins in the databases, but the predicted secondary structure showed stretches of amphipathic beta-strands typical of transmembrane segments of outer membrane proteins. A region with four cysteines similar to the cysteine-encompassing region of the OprF of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found toward the C-terminal part of MopB. Results from whole-cell labeling with the fluorescent thiol-reacting reagent 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein indicated a surface-exposed location for these cysteines. A probe consisting of the 3'-end of the mopB gene hybridized to the type I methanotroph Methylomonas methanica S in Southern blots containing DNA from nine methanotrophic strains representing six different genera.
Alphaproteobacteria↗
Outer membrane proteins of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath).
Membranes obtained from whole-cell lysates of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) were separated by Triton X-100 extraction. The resulting insoluble fraction was enriched in outer membranes as assessed by electron microscopy and by the content of beta-hydroxy palmitic acid and particulate methane monooxygenase. Major proteins with molecular masses of approximately 27, 40, 46, 59, and 66 kDa were detected by SDS-PAGE of the Triton-X-100-insoluble membranes. MopA, MopB, MopC, MopD, and MopE (Methylococcus outer membrane protein) are proposed to designate these proteins. Several of the Mop proteins exhibited heat-modifiable properties in SDS-PAGE and were influenced by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol in the sample buffer. The 46- and 59-kDa bands migrated as a single high-molecular-mass 95-kDa oligomer under mild denaturing conditions. When reconstituted into black lipid membranes, this oligomer was shown to serve as a channel with an estimated single-channel conductance of 1.4 nS in 1 M KCl.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The C-terminal part of the surface-associated protein MopE of the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is secreted into the growth medium.
A protein with an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa was detected as the major polypeptide in the culture medium of the biotechnologically important methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). The protein cross-reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against the outer-membrane-associated protein MopE. The antiserum was used to identify a positive clone from a lambda gt11 library. The nucleotide sequence determined for the clone demonstrated that MopE and the secreted protein are encoded by the same gene, and that the secreted protein represents an N-terminally truncated form of MopE. By using monospecific antibodies against MopE in immunogold electron microscopy, the protein was localized at the cell surface and cell periphery. The mopE gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The MopE protein synthesized was found in the periplasmic space of E. coli. No protein with sequence similarity over the entire length of MopE was detected in the databases, but some sequence similarity to the copper-repressible CorA protein of the methanotroph Methylomicrobium albus (Berson and Lidstrom 1997) was observed for the C-terminal region of MopE.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Heterotrophic bacteria growing in association with Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) in a single cell protein production process.
The methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) grows on pure methane. However, in a single cell protein production process using natural gas as methane source, a bacterial consortium is necessary to support growth over longer periods in continuous cultures. In different bioreactors of Norferm Danmark A/S, three bacteria consistently invaded M. capsulatus cultures growing under semi-sterile conditions in continuous culture. These bacteria have now been identified as a not yet described member of the Aneurinibacillus group, a Brevibacillus agri strain, and an acetate-oxidiser of the genus Ralstonia. The physiological roles of these bacteria in the bioreactor culture growing on natural, non-pure methane gas are discussed. The heterotrophic bacteria do not have the genetic capability to produce either the haemolytic enterotoxin complex HBL or non-haemolytic enterotoxin.
Bacillus↗
[Adaption and validation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) for use in Germany].
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was the validation of a German translation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Index (BASDAI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The German translation of the BASDAI was validated using data of 134 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) from a spondyloarthropathy cohort. For validation the BASDAI was compared with parameters assessed by physicians (physicians global, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), spinal mobility (BASMI), swollen joints, enthesitis (yes or no)), and parameters assessed by patients themselves (pain, function (BASFI) and quality of life (SF-12)). The discriminative validity was analyzed by comparison of BASDAI scores of patients subgroups who have different levels of disease severity. The sensibility to change was analyzed by using follow-up data of a clinical trial on efficacy of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha agent infliximab in 70 AS-patients with active and severe disease. RESULTS: The German translation of the BASDAI was easy to understand, the translation back to English corresponded well with the original English version. The 6 questions of the BASDAI represent different aspects of disease but correlated also well with each other (r < 0.65). There was a good internal consistency for all 6 questions (Cronbach's Alpha 0.82), strong correlations to the physician's global (r = 0.659), pain (r = 789), function (BASFI; r = 0.752) and to CRP and ESR confirming that the BASDAI assesses a comprehensive picture of patient's disease activity. For subgroups of patients with different levels of disease severity or with different manifestations the BASDAI showed good discriminative properties. The BASDAI was sensitive to change during treatment with infliximab (effect size 1.18). CONCLUSION: The German translation of the BASDAI is easy to use, reliable, and sensitive to change for the assessment of disease activity in AS.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Evaluation of a German version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Dougados Functional Index (D-FI).
OBJECTIVE: Transcultural adaptation of the two most widely used and accepted functional indices in ankylosing spondylitis, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Dougados Functional Index (D-FI). METHODS: The instruments were translated and tested for internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient alpha), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC), construct validity (testing for association with Schober's test, finger floor distance, occiput wall distance, frequency and duration of awakenings at night, and a visual analog scale pain), and responsiveness (standardized response mean, SRM). RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 72 patients of a randomized, controlled clinical trial receiving either Diclofenac or placebo. Visual assessment of distribution patterns revealed a ceiling effect of both instruments. Both questionnaires had a high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha: 0.81 [BASFI], 0.85 [D-FI] and a high test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.92 [BASFI], 0.89 [D-FI]). The limited responsiveness to Diclofenac treatment (SRM: 0.46 [BASFI], 0. 33 [D-FI]) may be related to the selected study sample. The BASFI was significantly correlated with all tested validation parameters. The D-FI was only significantly correlated with finger floor distance, occiput wall distance, and duration of awakenings at night. CONCLUSION: The transculturally adapted version of both functional indices are valid, reliable, and internally consistent. Because of psychometric advantages, the BASFI may be preferred in clinical trial settings.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI) evaluation of postoperative patients with OPLL.
Although surgical decompression of the involved spinal cord achieves a good recovery of neurological conditions, one of the most important complaints of patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is disability as a result of spinal immobility. The activities of daily living (ADL) of postoperative patients with OPLL were examined. To evaluate the ADL of postoperative patients with OPLL in the cervical spine, we utilized the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), one of the most widely used functional indexes for ankylosing spondylitis. We investigated consecutive cases that underwent surgery for OPLL of the cervical spine in our department from 1978 to 1998. The latest and postoperative scores were compared to the preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores (range, 0-17) to assess neurological recovery. We also evaluated ADL at the latest follow-up, using BASFI scores. Significant recoveries of JOA scores were confirmed; however, 77% of patients complained of disability. In BASFI, questions that seemed to reflect spinal condition received low scores in the present study. BASFI scoring was not sufficient in the present form; however, it is one of the candidate functional indexes for evaluating ADL in postoperative patients with OPLL. Establishment of an ideal functional index for such evaluation is needed.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index: reliability and validity.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Functional Index (BASFI). The Turkish version of the BASFI was obtained after a process of translation and back-translation. Eighty-one consecutive patients meeting the 1984 New York criteria for AS were enrolled. Patients were evaluated and requested to complete the questionnaire at days 1 and 2 and on a third occasion between days 15-90. Reliability, reproducibility, validity and sensitivity to change of the Turkish version of the index were assessed. Each score correlated closely with the index score, with coefficients between 0.727 and 0.844. Reliability analysis showed a Cronbach's alpha score of 0.926. Correlations were found between all items of the BASFI and Schober's test (r=-0.258 to -0.531, p<0.001-0.05), occiput-to-wall distance (r=0.284 and 0.589, p<0.001-0.05), and finger-to-floor distance (r=0.334 to 0.613, p<0.001-0.01). The total index score was correlated with the number of nocturnal awakenings (r=0.515, p<0.001), Schober's test (r=-0.444, p<0.001), finger-to-floor distance (r=0.567, p<0.001), occiput-to-wall distance (r=0.535, p<0.001), chest expansion (r=-0.403, p<0.001), and the Dougados articular index (r=0.371, p<0.01). A good correlation was found between day 0 and 1 BASFI indices (r=0.765-0.917, p<0.001), showing good reproducibility of the index. The Turkish version of the BASFI showed reliability, reproducibility, and validity, confirming its utility in the research of AS in Turkey. However, sensitivity to changes due to drug therapy and/or rehabilitation remains to be determined.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Malignant melanoma of pleura in a patient with giant congenital "bathing suit" hairy nevus.
An unusual case of malignant melanoma of the pleura in a patient with "bathing-suit" type of giant congenital hairy nevus is presented. The treatment advocated and the outcome are discussed.
Humans↗
Conductance changes during bath application of beta-alanine and taurine in giant interneurons of the isolated lamprey spinal cord.
(1) Input conductances of giant interneurons in the isolated spinal cord of lampreys were measured with two separate intracellular electrodes. Bath applications of 0.4--3 mM beta-alanine and taurine produced large, reversible conductance increases which were Cl-dependent. (2) Strychnine at 1--2.5 microM might be a competitive antagonist of both amino acids, but had a stronger effect on taurine. Bicuculline and picrotoxin were weak antagonists of beta-alanine and taurine in some cells. (3) A few giant interneurons desensitized after repeated application of the amino acids, but most became more sensitive. Responses to the amino acids also increase at low temperatures in in Na-free fluid, suggesting effect of uptake mechanisms.
Alanine↗
Effects of bath-applied excitatory amino acids and their analogs on spinal interneurons of the lamprey.
Depolarizations, conductance increases and time courses of the responses to bath application of glutamate, aspartate, DL-homocysteate, N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMDLA), quisqualate and kainate were determined in interneurons of the isolated spinal cord of the lamprey, one of the most primitive vertebrates. Conductance increases produced by these excitants in perfusate containing tetrodotoxin (0.5 microgram/ml), 4-aminopyridine (1 mM) and without Ca2+ were very small in comparison with those produced by glycine or GABA. NMDLA-induced depolarizations were associated with conductance decreases and rhythmic oscillations in membrane potentials in this perfusate. Quisqualate was strongest among these amino acids in producing depolarizations and conductance increases. Responses induced by analogs were slower than those produced by glutamate and aspartate. Phylogenetic distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on neurons and muscles is discussed.
Amino Acids↗