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PubMed1989

Digestibility of protein and amino acids in selected foods as determined by a rat balance method.

Values (%) for true digestibility of crude protein and individual amino acids in 20 selected foods were determined by the rat balance (fecal) method. The products were fed as the sole source of protein in diets containing 8% crude protein (N x 6.25). Lowest true protein digestibility values (79-84) were obtained for pinto beans, kidney beans and lentils; intermediate values (89-92) were obtained for chick peas, beef stew, skim milk (over heated), rolled oats, whole wheat cereal, and pea protein concentrate; and highest values (94-100) were obtained for sausage, macaroni-cheese, rice-wheat gluten cereal, skim milk, tuna, soy isolate, peanut butter, chicken frankfurters, beef salami, casein and casein + methionine. In animal foods, peanut butter and soy isolate, the differences between true digestibility of crude protein and most individual amino acids were less than 5%. However, the values for true digestibility of methionine and cystine were up to 44% lower than those of crude protein in pinto beans, kidney beans, lentils, chick peas and pea concentrate. In these legumes, digestibility of crude protein was not a good predictor of digestibility of the limiting amino acids.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1977

[Influence of raw milk processing on the aflatoxin M content of milk products (author's transl)].

Several contracdictory results in the literature lead us to the conclusion, that the influence of raw milk processing on aflatoxin content should be tested under as close as possible practical conditions. Even though storage at 5 degrees C for 1-3 days does not greatly influence aflatoxin content (11-25% reduction), this might still be important for food inspection. Although experiments on exposure to light resp. oxygen were repeated ten times, the results could not be definitely be shown as due to oxidation. Part of the contradictory literature references also in the case of freeze drying in our opinion caused by the way in which aflatoxins was added. The loss was less pronounced when milk was contaminated naturally than when it was added artificially. Heating of milk, depending on the conditions, caused a decrease of the aflatoxin-content of between 12 and 35% when making butter from naturally contaminated cream 23% (18-28%) of the aflatoxin M1 appeared in the butter, whereas the buttermilk contained the major amount of aflatoxin.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1995

Nasal or oral oil application on infants: a possible risk factor for adult bronchiectasis.

Lipid pneumonia has been observed in infants exposed by inhalation of oil or butter applied into the nose or throat as part of an old custom. We performed a case-control study to test the hypothesis, that this ancient tradition may be a predisposing factor to bronchiectasis. A case group of 59 patients with bronchiectasis and three control groups -46 patients with COPD, 32 asthmatics, and 71 healthy Saudis-were questioned about possible risk factors of bronchiectasis including nasal or oral application of oil/butter at infancy. The risk of witnessed exposure to this old folk remedy was significantly higher among the cases than the controls (OR = 3.9 (1.7-8.8), (95% confidence interval) p < 0.001). Application of oil or butter into the nasal or oral cavity of infants may be a risk factor for bronchiectasis.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1975

Dietary fats and properties of endoplasmic reticulum: I. Dietary lipid induced changes in composition of microsomal membranes in liver and gastroduodenal mucosa of rat.

Rats were fed for four weeks with different lipid diets to determine the effects on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of the liver and on the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction of the gastroduodenal mucosa. The diets contained cholesterol, cacao butter, olive oil, and these in combination. The results showed that dietary lipids were able to modify the composition of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and, to a lesser extent, that of postmitochondrial fraction of gastroduodenal mucosa. Cacao butter in the diet decreased the relative proportion of protein in hepatic microsomes. Cholesterol and olive oil were able to increase the cholesterol content of microsomes. The trypsin digestion of membranes revealed that cholesterol increased the solubility of microsomal protein and decreased the trypsin sensitive protein-lipid binding. The neutral fat diets increased the binding of proteins to the membrane, and cholesterol had no effect when it was given in combination. The low power photomicrographs revealed vacuolization of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes when rats were fed on lipid rich diets. Also fatty degeneration was present. Cholesterol in combination with olive oil, however, did normalize the structure of the hepatocytes to a marked extent.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Vitamin e, cholesterol, and lipids during atherogenesis in rabbits.

Rabbits were fed diets including cholesterol and 10% butterfat to determine whether polyunsaturated butter (9% 18:2) would be less atherogenic than normal saturated butter (3% 18:2) when fed for 12 weeks. The cholesterol diets alone, 0.5% or 2%, produced aortic plaque development, and plasma cholesterol increased 20 times, lipids increased 10 times, and vitamin E increased 5 times. The inclusion of both fat and cholesterol in the diet produced a synergistic effect, doubling these values to 40 times for cholesterol, 20 times for lipids, and 10 times for vitamin E. The higher circulating levels of cholesterol caused increased tissue levels of cholesterol. With 2% cholesterol and fat, liver and aorta cholesterol increased 10 times, heart 4 times, and muscle cholesterol 2 times. The lower 0.5% dietary cholesterol load was successful in limiting the amount of tissue cholesterol increase. Liver, aorta, heart, and muscle levels of cholesterol were only about half the concentration attained when 2% cholesterol was fed. It was concluded that there were no differences in plasma or tissue cholesterol, vitamin E, or atherosclerosis attributable to the polyunsaturated nature of the diet. The 10% butterfat diets alone, whether saturated or unsaturated, did not induce aortic plaques and did not increase blood or tissue cholesterol, lipids, or vitamin E. Our results suggest that the lipid mobilizing effect is mediated by cholesterol, probably by conversion to bile acids and a stimulation in intestinal absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of protected cyclopropene fatty acids on the composition of ruminant milk fat.

Unsaturated fatty acids can be protected from ruminal hydrogenation, and when fed to lactating ruminants, the constituent acids are incorporated into milk triacylglycerols. By this means, it has been possible to reduce the melting point of milk triglycerides and to make softer butter fat. This report shows that, by feeding small amounts of protected cyclopropene fatty acids, one is also able to make harder butter fat. Sterculia foetida seed oil, a rich source of cyclopropene fatty acids, was emulsified with casein and spray dried to yield a free flowing dry powder. When this material was treated with formaldehyde and fed to lactating goats(ca. 1 g cyclopropene fatty acids per day), there were substantial increases in the proportions of stearic acid and decreases in the proportions of oleic acid in milk fat. Similar results were obtained when the formaldehyde-treated supplements were fed to lactating cows (ca. 3 g cyclopropene fatty acids per day). The effect was considerably less apparent when the S. foetida seed oil-casein supplement was not treated with formaldehyde, suggesting that cyclopropene fatty acids are hydrogenated in the rumen as are other unsaturated fatty acids. The effect of feeding protected cyclopropene fatty acids on the stearic:oleic ratio in milk fat is probably due to cyclopropene-mediated inhibition of the mammary desaturase enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cardiac lipid changes in rats fed oils enriched in saturates and their apparent relationship to focal heart lesions.

Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 20% by weight corn, soybean or low erucic acid rapeseed oils or mixtures of the latter two with cocoa butter or triolein for 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks. These diets previously had been fed to the same strain of rats for 16 weeks, and a reduction in the incidence of focal heart lesions had been observed with the addition of cocoa butter, but not triolein. The cardiac lipid classes and the fatty acid and alkenyl ethers of the cardiac phospholipids were analyzed to determine if changes could be attributed to the observed cardiopathological response, and at what time. Cardiac lipid classes changed during post-weaning development, but only triacylglycerol was diet-related. A number of fatty acid changes were observed in the cardiac phospholipids which reflected the relative concentration of saturates, monounsaturates, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the diet, but only the changes in saturates and the C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids from the linolenic acid family appeared to be related to the incidence of focal heart lesions. Arachidonic acid and the total C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids remained fairly constant throughout the feeding trial. Cardiac diphosphatidylglycerol was least affected by dietary manipulation, while nervonic acid increased in cardiac sphingomyelin when small amounts of erucic acid were present in the diet. Fatty acid changes were essentially completed after one week on the experimental diets, whereas changes in the alkenyl ethers took two to three weeks.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dietary fat ratios and liver plasma membrane lipid composition.

Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed isocaloric diets consisting of 10% (by wt) fat. The six groups differed in the ratio of corn oil and butter fat present in the diets such that: 10C, 10% corn oil (C); 8C2B, 8% C/2% butter fat (B); 6C4B, 6% C/4% B; 4C6B, 4% C/6% B; 2C8B, 2% C/8% B; and 10B, 10% B. Liver plasma membranes were analyzed for fatty acid composition and cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio. The 18:2n-6 content was constant in the 10C and 8C2B diets and then decreased linearly through the 2C8B diet. The 20:4n-6 and 18:1n-9 contents were constant except in the 10B diet, in which a significant decrease and increase, respectively, were observed. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio increased between the 10C and 6C4B diets and subsequently (4C6B and 10B diets) remained constant. This data indicates that changes in n-6 fatty acid content in the liver plasma membrane are directly related to dietary intake only for 18:2n-6. Arachidonic acid content in the membrane is maintained at a constant level until the linoleic acid content of the diet is reduced to 0.5% of calories. It also indicates that the cholesterol content of the membrane becomes saturated and does not increase with increasing concentrations of saturated fat in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dietary fats rich in saturated fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, and 16:0) enhance gallstone formation relative to monounsaturated fat (18:1) in cholesterol-fed hamsters.

To test the possibility that dietary palmitic acid (16:0) may be lithogenic, different fats were blended to exchange 18:1 in olive oil with either 16:0 in palm stearin, 12:0 + 14:0 in coconut oil, or 14:0 + 16:0 in butterfat. Dietary 18:2 was held constant at 1.2% energy (en) (with extra safflower oil as needed) in these four purified diets containing low fat (11% of total energy) and 0.4% cholesterol. A fifth, high-fat diet provided 40% of the total energy as the 16:0-rich blend. All hamsters fed the low-fat 16:0-rich blend for six weeks developed cholesterol gallstones (8/8). Although the gallstone incidence was lower for the 12:0 + 14:0-rich diet (5/8), the severity of stone formation in affected hamsters was equal to that in the low-fat, 16:0-rich group. Mucin accumulation in gallbladder bile was often associated with cholesterol gallstones in diets containing 16:0, but was minimal in 18:1-rich and 12:0 + 14:0-rich groups. Neither the lithogenic index (all > 1.0), plasma lipids, nor liver cholesterol was a selective predictor of stone formation. The high-fat, 16:0-rich diet actually decreased cholesterol stone incidence (3/8) and severity, but yielded a high incidence of pigment stones (5/8). Thus, saturated fat and 16:0 per se were not responsible for the exaggerated lithogenesis. Because the antilithogenic 18:1-rich diet also normalized the 18:2 intake (1.2% en) relative to previous butter diets (0.3% en), the potential importance of essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency in the model was tested in a second study by feeding graded amounts of 18:2 (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% en) as safflower oil in four low-fat, butter-rich diets (11% en as fat) without alleviating gallstone incidence or severity. These studies indicate that substitution of 18:1 for saturated fatty acids in low-fat diets reduces gallstone formation without affecting the lithogenic index. Furthermore, intake of 18:2 at or below the EFA requirement does not appear to be a major factor in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Validation of a short qualitative food frequency list used in several German large scale surveys.

Our study aimed to test the validity of a short, qualitative food frequency list (FFL) used in several German large scale surveys. In the surveys of the MONICA project Augsburg, the FFL was used in randomly selected adults. In 1984/85, a dietary survey with 7-day records (DR) was conducted within the subsample of men aged 45 to 64 (response 70%). The 899 DR were used to validate the FFL. Mean weekly food intake frequency and mean daily food intake were compared and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients and classification into tertiles with values of the statistic Kappa were calculated. Spearman correlations range between 0.15 for the item "Other sweets (candies, compote)" and 0.60 for the items "Curds, yoghurt, sour milk", "Milk including butter milk" and "Mineral water"; values for statistic Kappa vary between 0.04 ("White bread, brown bread, crispbread") and 0.41 ("Flaked oats, muesli, cornflakes" and "milk including butter milk"). With the exception of two items, FFL data can be used for analysis on group level. Analysis on individual level should be done with caution. It seems, as if some food groups are generally easier to ask for in FFL than others.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of bolus consistency on swallowing--does altering consistency help?

The influence of food bolus consistency on the pharyngeal wave during swallowing was investigated using a four-sensor manometry probe in 22 healthy volunteers. Pharyngeal pressures were recorded for 5 ml boluses of water, pudding and buttered bread via a manometry probe placed transnasally. The distal sensor was sited within the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS); the three proximal sensors were then located 2, 4 and 6 cm above the UOS. The amplitude and timing of the swallow waveforms for pudding and buttered bread were recorded and compared with those for water. Increased bolus viscosity led to increased amplitude of the bolus wave and clearing contraction within the pharynx. In the UOS, increased bolus viscosity was associated with a larger pressure nadir (sub-atmospheric pressure) on opening and intra bolus pressure during transit. Bolus consistency also influenced the coordination of the swallow response with delayed pharyngeal clearance. The putative relevance of these findings to dietary modification for patients with neurological and neuromuscular dysphagia is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: results from three cohort studies in the DIETSCAN project.

OBJECTIVE: Only a few consistent findings on individual foods or nutrients that influence breast cancer risk have emerged thus far. Since people do not consume individual foods but certain combinations of them, the analysis of dietary patterns may offer an additional aspect for assessing associations between diet and diseases such as breast cancer. It is also important to examine whether the relationships between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk are consistent across populations. METHODS: We examined the risk of breast cancer with two dietary patterns, identified as "Vegetables" (VEG) and "Pork, Processed Meat, Potatoes" (PPP), common to all cohorts of the DIETSCAN project. During 7 to 13 years of follow-up, three of the cohorts--the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS), the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), and the Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori (Italy-ORDET)--provided data on 3271 breast cancer cases with complete information on their baseline diet measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, VEG was not associated with the risk of breast cancer across all cohorts. PPP was also not associated with the risk of breast cancer in SMC and ORDET, but a high PPP score tended to be inversely associated with breast cancer in the NLCS study (RR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.92, highest versus lowest quartile). PPP differed in one aspect between the cohorts: butter loaded positively on the pattern in all cohorts except NLCS, in which butter loaded negatively and appeared to be substituted by low-fat margarine loading positively. CONCLUSION: In general, the dietary patterns showed consistent results across the three cohorts except for the possible protective effect of PPP in the NLCS cohort, which could be explained by a difference in that pattern for NLCS. The results supported the suggestion derived from traditional epidemiology that relatively recent diet may not have an important role in the etiology of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of stearic acid on postprandial lipemia and hemostatic function.

It has been suggested that fats rich in stearic acid may result in exaggerated postprandial lipemia and have adverse effects on hemostatic function. The effects of test meals containing different saturated and monounsaturated FA were compared in healthy subjects in a series of studies to investigate this hypothesis. Stearic acid, when present as cocoa butter, resulted in similar postprandial lipemia and factor VII activation compared with a meal containing high-oleic sunflower oil. Stearic acid when presented as shea butter or as randomized stearate-rich TAG resulted in decreased postprandial lipemia and decreased postprandial activation of factor VII. Stearic acid-rich test meals did not result in impaired fibrinolytic activity compared with either a low-fat meal or a meal high in oleate. The difference in responses between the different stearic acid-rich fats appears to be due to varying solid fat contents of the fats at 37 degrees C.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hematological and lipid changes in newborn piglets fed milk-replacer diets containing erucic acid.

Canola oil is not presently permitted in infant formulations in the United States because of lack of information concerning the effects of feeding canola oil to the newborn. We have previously reported a transient decrease in platelet counts and an increase in platelet size in newborn piglets fed canola oil for 4 wk, and have confirmed this in the present study. In canola oil-fed piglets, changes in platelet size and number were overcome by adding either long-chain saturated fatty acids from cocoa butter (16:0 and 18:0), or shorter-chain saturates from coconut oil (12:0 and 14:0). Feeding a high erucic acid rape-seed (HEAR) oil, with 20% 22:1n-9, led to an even greater platelet reduction and increased platelet size throughout the 4-wk trial. Bleeding times were longer in piglets fed canola oil or HEAR oil compared to sow-reared and soybean oil-fed piglets. There were no other diet-related changes. Diet-induced platelet changes were not related to platelet lipid class composition, but there were fatty acid changes. The incorporation of 22:1n-9 into platelet phospholipids of piglets fed canola oil was low (0.2-1.2%), and even for the HEAR oil group ranged from only 0.2% in phosphatidylinositol to 2.4% in phosphatidylserine. A much greater change was observed in the concentration of 24:1n-9 and in the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio in platelet sphingomyelin (SM). The 24:1n-9 increased to 49% in the HEAR oil group compared to about 12% in animals fed the control diets (sow-reared piglets and soybean oil-fed group), while the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio increased from about 1 to 12. Even feeding canola oil, prepared to contain 2% 22:1n-9, led to a marked increase in 24:1n-9 to 29% and had a 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio of 5. The canola oil/cocoa butter group, which also contained 2% 22:1n-9, showed a lower level of 24:1n-9 (20%) and the 24:1n-9/24:0 ratio (3) compared to the canola oil group. The results suggest that the diet-related platelet changes in newborn piglets may be related to an increase in 24:1n-9 in platelet SM, resulting from chain elongation of 22:1n-9. The inclusion of canola oil as the sole source of fat in the milk-replacer diets of newborn piglets resulted in significant platelet and lipid changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of dietary fat on total and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in rat tissues.

In this study the effect of dietary trans fatty acids on the peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation is compared with that of saturated or cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. Oxidation of [1-14C]- and [16-14C]palmitate was assayed in the absence as well as in the presence of antimycin plus rotenone in homogenates of liver, heart and skeletal muscle of four groups of rats fed diets containing 40 energy% fat of different fatty acid composition. Three groups were given fat blends rich in C16, C18 saturated (cocoa butter), cis-monounsaturated (low-linoleic-acid olive oil) or trans fatty acids (partially hydrogenated soybean oil), respectively. The fourth group received a mixture of these fats with half the amount of trans fatty acids of the third group. Total oxidation rates of [1-14C]- and [16-14C]palmitate in the absence of antimycin were not significantly influenced by the type of dietary fat in the investigated tissues. The antimycin-insensitive [1-14C]palmitate oxidation rate and the proportion of peroxisomal oxidation of the total oxidation were lower in all tissues of those animals fed the mixed dietary fat than in those fed the other diets; both parameters were higher in the liver of cocoa butter-fed rats than in those of the other groups. Comparison of the results with literature data and with previous results obtained with a low-fat diet (Veerkamp and Van Moerkerk (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 875, 301-310) indicates that high-fat diets only induce peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity if they also contain C20, C22 fatty acids. High dietary concentrations of trans C18 fatty acids do not result in a higher peroxisomal activity than that observed for other fatty acids with the same chain length.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Cholesteryl ester transfer activity in hamster plasma: increase by fat and cholesterol rich diets.

We investigated the presence of cholesteryl ester transfer activity (CETA) in plasma of hamsters kept on various dietary regimens. In hamsters kept on a regular diet, CETA activity was about 5 units/4 mg protein of d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction of plasma, as compared to about 35 units present in human d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction. Addition of 15% margarine or butter alone or together with 2% cholesterol resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in plasma CETA. The increase in plasma CETA was correlated with plasma cholesterol levels (r = 0.78; P less than 0.001) and plasma triacylglycerol levels (r = 0.56, P less than 0.001). Hamsters consuming the cholesterol + butter-supplemented diets had the highest plasma CETA, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, while CETA in plasma of rats and mice remained nondetectable even after 4 weeks on the diet. The causal relation between hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and evaluation in CETA in hamsters remains to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of dietary fat on the in vitro hepatotoxicity of paracetamol.

In the present study, we have examined the effect of dietary fat on paracetamol-induced liver injury in an in vitro rat liver slice model. Rats were fed, for 7-10 days, diets containing either butter or polyunsaturated vegetable margarine, two fat sources commonly consumed in the human diet. Liver slices were then exposed to paracetamol for 2 hr and further incubated for 4 hr without paracetamol. Cell damage in the slices was quantified at 6 hr by measuring leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, increase in water content and potassium loss. Covalent binding of radioactive paracetamol to liver and the membrane fatty acid composition of the liver were also measured. Liver slices from rats fed butter diets were significantly more sensitive to the toxic effects of paracetamol than those from margarine fed rats. The membrane lipid composition of the livers also reflected the differing fatty acid content of the two diets.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of cholesterol and triglycerides among lipoprotein fractions in fat-fed rabbits at different levels of serum cholesterol.

The serum lipoproteins of rabbits given semisynthetic cholesterol-free diets containing coconut oil or butter or a conventional rabbit chow supplemented with cholesterol, were studied by preparative ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. (1) All three diets elevated the total cholesterol level but only the coconut oil diet markedly increased the triglyceride (TG) content in addition. All ultracentrifugation fractions showed elevated cholesterol/TG ratios, and this was especially evident for the cholesterol diet. In the hyperlipidemic rabbits cholesterol was therefore mainly transported in lipoproteins with a changed lipid composition. (2) The lipid levels of the "HDL" fraction were more or less unaffected by the lipid concentration in whole serum. In the total serum cholesterol ranges 150-500 (coconut oil diet) and 100-300 mg/100 ml (cholesterol diet), most cholesterol was transported as "LDL" cholesterol. This latter fraction reached maximum cholesterol concentrations of about 350 (coconut oil diet) and 400 mg/100 ml (cholesterol diet) at total cholesterol levels of approximately 600 and 1200 mg/100 ml serum, respectively. At still higher levels of total cholesterol, the whole increment was concentrated to the "VLDL" fraction. (3) With semisynthetic diets in the whole cholesterol range 250-400 mg/100 ml it was possible, with respect to cholesterol, to induce fairly similar concentrations and distributions to those seen in man, with about 60% transported as "LDL", 30% as "VLDL" and 10% as "HDL" cholesterol with the coconut oil diet and 65%, 20% and 15%, respectively, with the butter diet. Such experimental conditions seem to be suitable for testing the hypocholesterolemic action of drugs intended for human hyperlipidemia Type II. (4) Compared with earlier investigations on rabbits, the present distribution study suggests that the degree of aortic lipid infiltration in cholesterol-fed rabbits is better related to the levels of "LDL" than to "VLDL" cholesterol.

Animals↗