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[Septicemias caused by Bacillus funduliformis].
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Proliferative pleuritis associated with Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp asaccharolyticus infection in a river otter.
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Hematogenous Bacteroides fragilis and Proteus mirabilis infection in a dog with lymphocytic lymphoma of the spleen.
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Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) endodontalis: its role in endodontal infections.
Porphyromonas endodontalis (formerly Bacteroides endodontalis) is a black-pigmented anaerobic Gram-negative rod which is associated with endodontal infections. It has been isolated from infected dental root canals and submucous abscesses of endodontal origin. The presence of P. endodontalis in infected dental root canals has been correlated with symptoms of an acute infection. It is occasionally found on oral mucous membranes and periodontal pockets. P. endodontalis has shown relatively low virulence in experimental monoinfections. In anaerobic mixed infections it can play an essential role. Differences in virulence between strains have been related to capsular material. On the basis of different types of capsules, three serotypes have been described. P. endodontalis is sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics, including the penicillins, the tetracyclines, and metronidazole.
Bacteroides melaninogenicus and dental infections: some questions and some answers.
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Experimental otitis media in guinea pigs. Serum antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis, Propionibacterium acnes and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius upon challenge.
The production of antibodies in serum was studied after inoculation of Bacteroides fragilis, Propionibacterium acnes or Peptostreptococcus anaerobius into the middle ear of guinea pigs. Inoculation of B. fragilis resulted in IgG and IgM serum antibodies at an early stage of the infection, while IgA antibodies were seldom detected and at a later stage. In contrast, inoculation of P. acnes or P. anaerobius induced no serum antibody response. Of these three species B. fragilis induced the most intense otitis, whereas P. anaerobius failed to induce otitis.
Intestinal strangulation in germfree and monocontaminated dogs.
Earlier studies in the germfree rat demonstrated that the common intestinal bacteria vary greatly in their ability to cause death after intestinal strangulation. Some of these experiments were repeated in adult, germfree and monocontaminated beagles. Neither short closed-loop hemorrhagic nor long closed-loop ischemic strangulation killed the germfree dog. Either procedure rapidly killed the dog with a conventional bacterial flora or a dog monocontaminated with Clostridium perfringens. The dogs monocontaminated with Bacteroides fragilis died after several days, whereas Escherichia coli killed only one of three animals. These experiments demonstrate the usefulness of the germfree dog as a unique research subject, confirm our earlier studies on intestinal strangulation in germfree rats, and further emphasize the differing lethal potentials of the intestinal bacteria in intestinal strangulation.
[Association between Bacteroides forsythus in the infected root canals and clinical symptoms of chronic apical periodontitis].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of Bacteroides forsythus in root canals with chronic apical periodontitis and to determine its associations with clinical symptoms. METHODS: Thirty-eight tooth root canals from 31 subjects were studied with a 16S rDNA-directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These teeth were classified into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups according to the clinical symptoms and signs, including spontaneous pain, percussion pain, sinus tract and swelling, respectively. RESULTS: Ten of the 38 root canal samples were positive for B. forsythus. The prevalence of B. forsythus was 26.3% for 38 root canals, 45.5% for spontaneous pain group, 39.1% for percussion pain group, 29.4% for sinus tract group, 42.9% for swelling group, respectively. Significant positive associations were observed between B. forsythus in infected root canals and the spontaneous pain, percussion pain, and swelling of apical periodontitis, respectively (OR=infinity, 9, 12; P<0.05). There was no significant association between B. forsythus and sinus tract of apical periodontitis (OR=1.33). CONCLUSION: B. forsythus colonized in the infected root canals. It is the putative pathogen of apical periodontitis.
Laminitis and interdigital dermatitis and heel horn erosion. A European perspective.
Laminitis is one of the most important claw disorders in dairy herds. Nutrition, calving, burdening of the lateral claw of the rear feet, and hereditary susceptibility are all contributing factors. Interdigital dermatitis in cattle may be a result of infection by Bacteroides nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. If this infection becomes chronic, heel horn erosion is its consequence.
The rim sign in hepatic abscess: case report and review of the literature.
UNLABELLED: We studied a previously healthy patient who presented with a 3-wk history of fever, flu-like symptoms and abdominal pain. METHODS: Blood cultures were positive for Escherichia coli. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 2-cm low-density focus in the right hepatic lobe. A technetium-99m-mebrofenin scan showed a photopenic area in the right hepatic lobe surrounded by a rim of activity greater than the adjacent parenchymal activity. RESULTS: Gallbladder visualization was normal and the diagnosis of hepatic abscess was made. CT-guided percutaneous drainage of the lesion yielded six cc of pus, the culture of which grew E. coli, Prevotella and Bacteroides fragilis. Drainage and a 6-wk course of intravenous antibiotics were followed by clinical improvement and resolution of the abscess by CT. CONCLUSION: The rim sign and its possible mechanism of causation in hepatic abscess are discussed in this report, together with a review of the literature.
Cefamandole therapy of endomyometritis following cesarean section.
Sixty women with endometritis following cesarean section were treated with cefamandole (12 gm/day) alone. Specimens for culture were obtained by endometrial lavage and from peripheral blood. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were performed on anaerobes and enterococci by an agar dilution technique. Anaerobic organisms were isolated in 55 of 60 (91.7%) endometrial specimens. Bacteremia was documented in 12 patients (20%). Of 387 isolates from uterine cultures, 20 (5%) were resistant or had MIC's greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml. Ten patients (17%) were judged clinical failures and responded to additional antibiotics. Of 19 patients with Bacteroides fragilis or related species isolates in the uterus, three (15%) were judged as failures. Cefamandole was well tolerated and appears to be useful in the initial treatment of endomyometritis.
Anaerobic infection therapy.
Anaerobes are involved mainly in abdominal surgical infections and the Bacteroides fragilis group is still predominant in such infections. By definition surgery itself plays the major role in therapy while antibiotics have an adjunctive role. Depending on the source of the infection, several combinations of either an older cephalosporin for community acquired infections or a more advanced cephalosporin, an aminoglycoside, aztreonam or a quinolone with metronidazole or clindamycin for nosocomial infections, are acceptable therapeutic regimens. Cefoxitin, cefotetan, carbapenems and the inhibitors may also be used as monotherapy. However whenever selecting an antibiotic to combat anaerobes the following points should be seriously considered. The value of anaerobic cultures which should always be obtained in order to be used for local resistance surveillance. There is a lack of important newer antimicrobials active against anaerobes. Studies of newer antibiotics generally exclude critically ill patients and are chiefly made up of appendicitis cases which by definition end up with >90% cure rate. The importance of hyperbaric oxygen in selected cases should be considered.
Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of rifampicin in a Bacteroides fragilis intra-abdominal abscess.
The efficacy of rifampicin in treating a Bacteroides fragilis infection was investigated and compared to clindamycin and metronidazole in an experimental model of intra-abdominal abscess in mice. Rifampicin, when given subcutaneously, showed activity superior to that of clindamycin in reducing the incidence of abscess formation as well as the number of Bacteroides organisms recovered from the abscess, and rifampicin was comparable in efficacy to metronidazole when given orally at the same dose level. The comparative pharmacokinetic properties of rifampicin and clindamycin demonstrated that the peak serum and abscess levels reached with rifampicin were significantly higher than those of clindamycin. The half-life of rifampicin in serum and in the abscess was longer than that of clindamycin.
Acute necrotizing fasciitis of the endopelvic fascia.
A patient with an extensive necrotizing infection of the endopelvic fascia is presented. Cultures and tissue sections revealed the organisms responsible to be a mixed infection of Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Hypertension and diabetic vascular disease were felt to contribute to the initiation of the disease process in this unusual site.
Experimental infections with anaerobic bacteria in mice.
Experimental anaerobic infections in mice are reviewed with a description of a model of pure Bacteroides fragilis infection. In this experimental situation, B. fragilis produces large subcutaneous abscesses in the groins of mice that can be diagnosed without autopsy. This infection was treated effectively with clindamycin in doses that produced levels of drug in blood similar to those attainable in humans.
Metronidazole therapy of anaerobic bacteremia, meningitis, and brain abscess.
Four patients with Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia, one patient with a brain abscess due to Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium naviforme, and Peptostreptococcus species, and an infant with Bacteroides species ventriculitis and meningitis were treated with metronidazole. In all cases the anaerobic pathogens were eradicated. Five of the six patients recovered. One patient with leukemia in whom B fragilis bacteremia was eradicated by metronidazole treatment subsequently died of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Ventricular fluid and serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in the case of meningitis and are reported.
Anaerobic mediastinitis.
Anaerobic bacteria often are neglected in discussions of the bacteriology of mediastinitis. Two cases of anaerobic mediastinitis are reported and the literature in this field is reviewed. Anaerobes are important pathogens in the etiology of mediastinitis secondary to perforation of the esophagus, extension of a retropharyngeal abscess, or extension of cellulitis or abscess of dental origin from the neck. Although anaerobes indigenous to the oral cavity predominate in these cases, there are also a few cases reported involving Bacteroides fragilis. The source of the mediastinitis should be considered when antimicrobial therapy is initiated so that appropriate anaerobic coverage can be included when indicated.