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PubMed2001

The impact of ferrous ion reduction of chlorite ion on drinking water process performance.

The use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a primary disinfectant and pre-oxidant in drinking water treatment is being explored as an alternative to chlorine for reducing disinfection by-product formation and to assure compliance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's Stage 1 Disinfection/ Disinfection By-Products Rule. However, the ClO2 by-product chlorite ion (ClO2-) is also regulated by the same regulation. Ferrous iron (Fe(II)) has been shown to effectively reduce chlorite ion to chloride ion (Cl-) and this study was conducted to evaluate the impact on overall treatment process performance due to the ferric hydroxide solids that form from the reaction. Ferrous iron application was explored at three different points in a pilot-scale water treatment system: pre-rapid mix. pre-settling and pre-filter. Chlorite ion concentrations were effectively reduced from 2mg/L to less than 0.3mg/L using an Fe(II) dose of approximately 6mg/L for all trials. Fe(II) addition at the rapid mix caused no adverse effects and, in fact, allowed for reduction of the alum dose due to the newly formed ferric hydroxide acting as a supplemental coagulant. An increase of 241 and 247% of total suspended solids influent to the filter process was observed when Fe(II) was applied at the pre-settling and pre-filter locations. Pilot-scale filter runs during these trials were less than 2 h and never obtained true steady state conditions. Jar testing was performed to better understand the nature of the ferric hydroxide solids that are formed when Fe(II) was oxidized to Fe(III) and to explore the effectiveness of Fe(II) addition at intermediate stages in the flocculation process.

Chlorides↗
PubMed1991

IPD-1151T: a prototype drug for IgE antibody synthesis modulation.

IPD-1151T [(+/-)-[2-[4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenylcarbamoyl]-ethyl] dimethylsulfonium p-toluenesulfonate] inhibits not only antigen-induced histamine release from mast cells but also IgE antibody formation. The present paper describes the inhibitory effect of IPD-1151T on the IgE antibody formation. The IgE antibody formation in BALB/c mice which had been immunized with dinitrophenylated ascaris extract (DNP.As) plus alum was inhibited dose-dependently by IPD-1151T given p.o. The formations of anti-DNP.IgM and IgG antibodies, however, were unaffected in this case. Ongoing IgE antibody formation was also inhibited by this agent. The total IgE in sera of atopic patients including asthma and atopic dermatitis showed a tendency to decrease when IPD-1151T was given p.o. for 6 to 12 weeks, though the titer of specific IgE antibody against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or D. farinae clearly decreased. In these cases, the ratio of B cell expressing low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RII) also decreased. Antigen-induced production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) from a helper T-cell line (TCL) prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes of an allergic patient sensitive to Japanese cedar pollen was reduced with the addition of IPD-1151T. This agent also decreased antigen-induced IgE synthesis by autologous B cell concomitant with the TCL and antigen presenting cell. The consideration was done on the mechanism regarding the inhibition of IgE antibody formation by IPD-1151T.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Optimisation of Noosa BNR plant to improve performance and reduce operating costs.

Noosa WWTP is publicly owned and privately operated by Australian Water Services. The process includes primary sedimentation, raw sludge fermentation, biological nutrient removal (BNR), sand filtration and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. An innovative feature of the plant is the supplementary carbon dosing facility to avoid the use of metal salts (alum or ferric) for phosphorus removal. The average flow treated during 2000 was 9.0 ML/d. The annual 50 percentile effluent quality requirements for nutrients are total N < 5 mg/L and total P < 1 mg/L. The objectives of this project were to: determine the cause of variability in phosphorus removal; develop a strategy to control the variability in phosphorus removal; and minimise the operating cost of supplementary carbon dosing while achieving the effluent quality requirements. An investigation of chemical and microbiological parameters was implemented and it was concluded that there were several factors causing variability in phosphorus removal, rather than a single cause. The following four major causes were identified, and the control strategies that were adopted resulted in the plant achieving annual 50 percentile effluent total P = 0.37 mg/L and total N = 3.0 mg/L during 2001. First, phosphorus removal was limited by the available VFA supply due to consumption of VFA by other organisms competing with phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO), and due to diurnal variations in the sewage VFA and phosphate concentrations. Therefore, supplementary carbon dosing was essential to make allowance for competing reactions. Second, increasing the fermenter VFA yield via supplementary carbon dosing with molasses was found to be an effective and economic way of ensuring reliable phosphorus removal. Third, nitrate in the RAS resulted in consumption of VFA by denitrifying bacteria, particularly with process configurations where the RAS was recycled directly into the anaerobic zone. Incorporating a RAS denitrification zone into the process rectified this problem. Finally, glycogen accumulating organisms (GAO) were observed in BNR sludge samples, and consumption of VFA by GAO appeared to cause decreased phosphorus removal. Better phosphorus removal was obtained using VFA derived from the fermenter than dosing an equivalent amount of acetic acid. It was hypothesized that GAO have a competitive advantage to use acetate and PAO have a competitive advantage to use propionate, butyrate or some other soluble COD compound in the fermenter effluent. Contrary to popular belief, acetate may not be the optimum VFA for biological phosphorus removal. The competition between PAO and GAO for different VFA species under anaerobic conditions requires further investigation in order to control the growth of GAO and thereby improve reliability of biological phosphorus removal processes.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2003

Phase II safety and immunogenicity study of type F botulinum toxoid in adult volunteers.

An aluminum hydroxide (alum)-adsorbed, purified, botulinum F toxoid (Bot F) vaccine was manufactured to be administered as a stand-alone monovalent vaccine or to be added to the current botulinum pentavalent toxoid vaccine to make a hexavalent vaccine. We conducted a phase II trial of the Bot F vaccine over 3 years in 144 healthy adult volunteers to identify one of three vaccination schedules that was safe and maximally immunogenic for adult volunteers. We vaccinated 116 volunteers 1-3 times with Bot vaccine, and 28 volunteers 1-3 times with a licensed, alum-adsorbed hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B) as a reaction control group. After 1 year, 42 Bot volunteers with low, mouse anti-toxin titers (<0.10 IU/ml) received a booster injection and were followed for an additional year. The Bot vaccine inoculated three times over 28-42 days was generally well tolerated and safe, whether injected by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) route, although it caused significantly more local reactions than did the HBV vaccine. Two vaccination schedules of three primary injections over 42 days (days 0, 14 and 42 or days 0, 21 and 42) provided significantly better protective immunity (anti-toxin levels >0.02 IU/ml) than did vaccinations given over 28 days (days 0, 7 and 28). Vaccine reactogenicity and immunogenicity were similar over 42 days whether administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. However, even the most immunogenic schedule left 7-16% of volunteers unprotected at day 56 and 33-42% of vaccinees unprotected at 1 year. The booster dose administered at 1 year induced high levels of protective serum anti-toxin in all persons assayed which persisted for at least one additional year. A more potent vaccine formulation will be required to protect more individuals after primary immunization.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2002

Effects of suplatast tosilate on cytokine profile of bronchoalveolar cells in allergic inflammation of the lung.

OBJECTIVE: Suplatast tosilate is an anti-allergic agent that inhibits IgE antibody production. It appears to have an inhibitory effect on the production of Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5) in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the effects of suplatast on eosinophil infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in a Brown Norway (BN) rat model of bronchial asthma. METHODOLOGY: Suplatast (50 mg/kg per day) was administered intraperitoneally for 15 consecutive days to 8-week-old male BN rats that had been actively sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) and alum and rats were challenged with OA aerosol to induce allergic bronchial inflammation. The control group was examined 48 h after antigen inhalation to measure the cell count and cell fraction in BAL fluid. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers for IL-4, IL-5, interferon (IFN)-gamma and beta-actin was used to semiquantitatively measure mRNA expression in BAL cells 24 h after antigen inhalation. RESULTS: Suplatast was found to decrease the total cell count and the eosinophil count. The mean total cell count in BAL in the suplatast-treated group was 18.8 x 10(5) and the mean eosinophil count was 7.8 x 10(5) compared with 73.0 x 10(5) and 48.9 x 10(5), respectively, in the control group. Suplatast also suppressed expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA in BAL cells. However, there were no significant changes in IFN-gamma expression. CONCLUSIONS: Suplatast was found to have an inhibitory effect on eosinophil infiltration in a rat model of bronchial asthma. It also appeared to inhibit allergic inflammation by altering the cytokine profile.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1985

Airway responsiveness to inhaled antigen, histamine, and methacholine in inbred, ragweed-sensitized dogs.

We studied the responses to antigen in animals selected from a colony of inbred dogs sensitized to specific allergens to determine if they had characteristics similar to those of human asthmatics. They were immunized with ragweed and grass pollen extracts (10 micrograms in alum) immediately after routine vaccination with attenuated live virus (distemper and hepatitis) and killed bacteria (Leptospira) at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age. Subsequently, ragweed and grass injections were repeated every 2 months. Immunized dogs made specific IgE-antibodies in serum averaging 3 to 4 times that of control animals (no immunization with pollen or vaccine). They showed positive skin responses to the injection of ragweed pollen extract, whereas control dogs did not respond to ragweed pollen by quantitative skin test or inhalation challenge. In immunized dogs under barbiturate anesthesia, air-flow resistance of the total respiratory system increased from 0.60 +/- 0.07 (mean +/- SEM) before to 12.6 +/- 3.4 cm H2O/lps 5 min after the start of antigen aerosol; respiratory resistance remained increased for 20 min and was associated with 0 hypoxemia and increased arterial plasma histamine. In addition, airway responsiveness to both inhaled histamine and methacholine was greater in immunized dogs than in nonimmunized dogs of comparable age. Airway responses to each agonist were highly reproducible on repeated testing. These results indicate that physiologic responses to antigen by inbred, ragweed-sensitized dogs resemble human asthma closely and that these dogs appear suitable for a variety of experimental studies of asthma with respect to pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on T-helper cells when administered as an adjuvant with pneumocococcal-CRM197 conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers.

As new vaccines are developed, novel adjuvants may play an important role in eliciting an effective immune response. We evaluated the safety and adjuvant properties of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL in 129 healthy toddlers immunized with two doses of nine-valent pneumococcal-CRM(197) protein conjugate vaccine (PCV9) combined with 10, 25, or 50 micro g of MPL with or without alum (AlPO(4)). Vaccine-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses were examined following the second dose of study vaccine. All doses of MPL were well-tolerated and a dose-dependent effect of MPL on specific cellular responses was observed. The 10 micro g MPL dose significantly enhanced CRM(197)-specific T-cell proliferation (P=0.02) and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) production (P=0.009) compared to responses of controls who received PCV9 with AlPO(4). In contrast, CRM(197)-specific T-cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production of the 50 micro g MPL/AlPO(4) group were decreased when compared to controls although these differences did not reach statistical significance. IL-5 and IL-13 responses after immunization showed a similar pattern with increased production in the 10 micro g MPL group and decreased production in the 50 micro g MPL/AlPO(4) group compared to controls. There were no differences in serum IgG antibody concentrations to the nine vaccine pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and carrier protein between the MPL-containing and control vaccine groups. These findings demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of MPL on T-helper cell type 1 (TH-1) responses to the carrier protein and also suggest an effect on T-helper cell type 2 (TH-2) responses.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Natural polysaccharides and their interactions with dye molecules: applications in effluent treatment.

Dyeing effluent is one of the largest contributors to textile effluent and such colored wastewater has a seriously destructive impact on the environment. Adsorption can be a very effective treatment for decolorization of textile dyeing effluent, but current techniques employ adsorption chemistry that is not particularly environmentally friendly, such as the use of alum. In this study, natural polysaccharides were used as adsorbents for removal of dye molecules from effluent. The results showed that naturally cationic polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan gave excellent levels of color removal, and this was attributed to a combination of electrostatic attraction, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonionic galactomannans (locust bean gum, guar gum, cassia gum) were also highly effective in removing dye from effluent, whereas other nonionic polysaccharides, such as starch, were not effective. This was attributed to the structure of the polysaccharides and the relative degree of inter- and intramolecular interactions between separate polymer chains. The pendant galactose residues of galactomannans prevented strong interaction, allowing greater hydrogen bonding with dye; comparatively, starch has extensive chain interactions, and as such had limited potential for hydrogen bonding with the dye molecules at the temperature of application. In addition, hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic parts of the dye and the alpha-face of the pendant galactose residues may have contributed to the superior performance. Repulsion between anionic polysaccharides and the dye anions prevented any hydrogen bonding and as such pectin, carrageenans, and alginic acid were not effective in dye removal from effluent. The use of galactomannans derived from plants in this system presents a sustainable method of effluent treatment. The raw materials are derived from renewable plant sources and are available in tonnage quantities, the adsorption system itself is highly effective and does not involve any additional chemical input or treatment other than the use of the adsorbent, and the adsorption agents themselves are nontoxic and biodegradable.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2006

Method for the synthesis of highly pure vaccines using the lipid core peptide system.

Traditional vaccines consisting of whole attenuated microorganisms, killed microorganisms, or microbial components, administered with an adjuvant (e.g. alum), have been proved to be extremely successful. However, to develop new vaccines, or to improve upon current vaccines, new vaccine development techniques are required. Peptide vaccines offer the capacity to administer only the minimal microbial components necessary to elicit appropriate immune responses, minimizing the risk of vaccination associated adverse effects, and focusing the immune response toward important antigens. Peptide vaccines, however, are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating administration with powerful, and potentially toxic adjuvants. The attachment of lipids to peptide antigens has been demonstrated as a potentially safe method for adjuvanting peptide epitopes. The lipid core peptide (LCP) system, which incorporates a lipidic adjuvant, carrier, and peptide epitopes into a single molecular entity, has been demonstrated to boost immunogenicity of attached peptide epitopes without the need for additional adjuvants. The synthesis of LCP systems normally yields a product that cannot be purified to homogeneity. The current study describes the development of methods for the synthesis of highly pure LCP analogs using native chemical ligation. Because of the highly lipophilic nature of the LCP lipid adjuvant, difficulties (e.g. poor solubility) were experienced with the ligation reactions. The addition of organic solvents to the ligation buffer solubilized lipidic species, but did not result in successful ligation reactions. In comparison, the addition of approximately 1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) proved successful, enabling the synthesis of two highly pure, tri-epitopic Streptococcus pyogenes LCP analogs. Subcutaneous immunization of B10.BR (H-2(k)) mice with one of these vaccines, without the addition of any adjuvant, elicited high levels of systemic IgG antibodies against each of the incorporated peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗