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PubMed2002

The far-anchor effect: errors in the perception of motion and implications for aviation safety.

The far-anchor effect is responsible for a motion-in-depth illusion that has only recently been recognized. When viewing conditions are limited, motions in depth of a farther target in a two-object display may readily be perceived as opposite motions in depth of the nearer target. The present studies determined whether this error could be avoided through controlled fixation or training with feedback. Under conditions of reduced visibility, participants (college students) viewed 64 two-target presentations varying in the position of the moving target and its direction of motion. Neither fixation instructions nor informational feedback about motion errors affected the occurrence of the basic illusion, nor did a vertical separation of the targets eliminate the main effect, indicating the robustness of the motion illusion under some relatively realistic variations. Such errors in judging motion in depth have significance for both midair collisions between aircraft and ground-incursion accidents under conditions of reduced visibility. Potential applications include the elaboration of examples used in pilot training programs or in training programs for ground personnel.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2006

Alertness management in aviation operations: enhancing performance and sleep.

INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is an acknowledged safety risk in diverse operational settings. As a result, there has been growing interest in developing and implementing activities to improve alertness, performance, and safety in real-world operations where fatigue is a factor. METHODS: A comprehensive Alertness Management Program (AMP) that included education, alertness strategies, scheduling, and healthy sleep was implemented in a commercial airline. An operational evaluation was conducted with 29 flight crewmembers, first when flying a standard schedule without AMP components (i.e., standard condition) compared with full AMP implementation, which included flying an innovative schedule that incorporated physiological sleep and alertness principles (i.e., intervention condition). The evaluation included objective measures of sleep quantity (actigraphy), psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance, and subjective reports of daily activities and sleep. RESULTS: The results showed that the 3.5-h educational CD improved pre-education test scores from an average 74% correct to a post-education average of 98%. Alertness strategies showed minimal changes, though the daily diary did not allow for refined evaluation of duration, frequency, and timing of use. The intervention condition was associated with significantly more sleep (1 h, 9 min; p < 0.01) during the trip period compared with the standard schedule. All performance metrics showed significantly better performance during the intervention condition trip schedule (p < 0.01) compared with the standard condition. DISCUSSION: This first-ever evaluation of a comprehensive AMP showed significantly improved knowledge, support for the use of alertness strategies, and increased sleep and performance during actual operations. The robust and consistent findings support the use of an AMP approach to effectively manage fatigue in operational settings.

Adult↗