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Matrimonial Causes Amendment Act, 1987 (No. 11 of 1987).

This Act amends the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1985, a) to extend the grounds for divorce applicable to civil marriages to marriages solemnized in terms of the African Marriages Act; and b) to widen the powers of the court to make a division of assets on divorce by authorizing it to make consequential and supplemental provisions necessary to give full effect to any order it makes and to make an order relating to the property of one or another spouse that is held by another person and thereby order that person to transfer the property as the court directs.

Africa↗

The school as a force for community change in Tanzania.

In newly independent countries where traditional theories of educational policy have continued to be followed, education has persisted as little more than a sophisticated mechanism for the recruitment of elites, and there has been an increased dependence on the advanced industrial nations for aid, experts, and educational models. Tanzania, however, has attempted to break away from traditional strategies, and the author here describes and analyzes the impact of 2 of the most far-reaching reforms--Education for Self-Reliance and Decentralization--on national goals and policies. President Nyerene enunciated the objectives for Education for Self-Reliance in 1967 as relating education to rural life, correcting the elitist bias of education, and changing negative attitudes among students towards agriculture and rural life. 5 major programs of reform covering primary and secondary education, teacher and higher education, and examinations were to be pursued, ensuring a closer integration of schools with local communities; e.g., through school farms and cooperative shops, and making curricula directly relevant to local needs. A policy of Decentralization is being implemented, allowing, theoretically at least, a much greater participation at the community level in decisionmaking. In primary and adult education this has already been effected to some extent, though there is evidence to suggest that decentralization in some regions and districts has resulted in the creation of local bureaucratic machinery for control, defeating the intentions of the reform. Decentralization of secondary and teacher education is likely to follow, leaving only higher education centrally controlled for manpower training and allocation purposes. Finally the author discusses the question of the transferability of the Tanzanian reforms.

Africa↗

A campaign against violence: USAID / Kenya funds "Breaking the Silence".

From November 25 to December 10, 1996, USAID/Kenya supported 16 days of activism against gender violence. Called "Breaking the Silence," this annual national campaign was aimed at raising awareness of the rising level of violence against women in Kenya. At meeting places around the country, the campaign, organized by the Coalition on Violence Against Women/Kenya and partially funded by USAID/Kenya, brought together hundreds of participants for a dialogue about gender-based violence. Speakers sought to debunk the myths surrounding violence, including the tendency to blame the victims of gender violence. Victims of violence described their treatment at the hands of abusers. Information brochures discussing domestic battery, wife killing, incest, and other forms of violence against women were distributed. USAID/Kenya has provided funding for this coalition since 1995.

Africa↗

First Five-Year National Development Plan, 1986-1990.

Provisions of this Zimbabwe Development Plan relating to population and family planning are as follows: "Government will continue to extend family planning services to all parts of the country in order to further reduce population growth to levels consistent with economic growth and the objective of raising the living standards of society."

Africa↗