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PubMed2000

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting birth characters and accumulation of backfat and weight in a Meishan-White Composite resource population.

A search for genomic regions affecting birth characters and accretion of weight and backfat was conducted in a Meishan-White Composite reciprocal backcross resource population. Birth traits analyzed (n = 750) were vigor score, number of nipples, and birth weight. Subsequent measures on gilts and barrows (n = 706) analyzed were weaning weight, 8-wk weight, ADG from 8 to 18 wk of age, ADG from 18 to 26 wk of age, 26-wk weight, and backfat over the first rib, last rib, and last lumbar vertebrae at 14 and 26 (n = 599) wk of age. Feed intake and growth of 92 individually penned barrows were also analyzed. A genomic scan was conducted with microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 20-cM intervals, a least squares regression interval analysis was implemented, and significance values were converted to genomewide levels. No associations were detected for traits measured at birth except for number of nipples, where one significant and two suggestive regions were identified on chromosomes (SSC) 10, 1, and 3, respectively. Early growth was affected by a region on SSC 1 as evidenced by associations with weights collected at weaning and 8 wk of age and ADG from 8 to 18 wk of age. Other regions detected for early growth rate were on SSC 2, 12, and X. Chromosomal regions on SSC 6 and 7 affected ADG from 18 to 26 wk of age. All measures of backfat were affected by regions on SSC 1 and X, whereas SSC 7 consistently affected backfat measures recorded at 26 wk of age. Suggestive evidence for QTL affecting backfat at 14 wk of age was also detected on SSC 2, 6, 8, and 9. These results have improved our knowledge about the genetics of growth rate and fat accretion at the molecular level in swine.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses.

We hypothesised that horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) react to an allergen or allergens in their summer environment that is either absent or present at lower levels in their winter environment; and that such allergens stimulate SPAOPD-affected horses to produce a different T helper lymphocyte cytokine profile from that of control horses. The primary objective of this study was to determine the cytokine mRNA profile of T helper lymphocytes obtained from summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD) affected horses when 1) the horses were showing signs of disease (summer) and 2) they were in clinical remission (winter). A further objective was to determine the differences between cytokine mRNA T helper lymphocyte profiles of control and affected horses in the summer and winter seasons. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNA expression levels were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples of affected horses during disease expression. No significant amounts of IL-5 mRNA were detected in any of the samples. These results suggest that there is an allergic component to SPAOPD of horses and that appropriate manipulation of the immune system could offer hope for treatment and prevention of the disease in the future. Further research studies will be needed to determine the most appropriate treatments to use to alter the antigen-stimulated cytokine profile being expressed by SPAOPD-affected horses or to alter the effects that these cytokines produce.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Eating and affective disorders: a comparative study].

BACKGROUND: The relationship between eating disorders and affective disorders still remains unclear. Eating disordered patients may have affective disorders and vice versa, depressed and maniac patients may experience eating problems. AIM: To compare eating symptoms, attitudes and behaviors in patients with affective disorders and normal subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A structured clinical interview, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) were administered to 194 patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, to 45 patients with affective disorders and to 82 normal female students. RESULTS: Patients with eating disorders ranked significantly higher on the EAT-40 and on the EDI and its factors (p <0.001). Patients with affective disorders ranked between eating disordered patients and the students (p <0.001). Compulsive-purgative type of anorectics and purgative type of bulimics showed the highest scores on these measures (p <0.001). Restrictive type of anorectics scored significantly highest on EDI maturity fears item (p <0.001). Not significant difference was observed on the EDI ineffectiveness item, between purgative bulimics and depressive patients and between the latter and compulsive-purgative anorexics, on the EDI interpersonal distrust item. CONCLUSIONS: Compulsive-purgative type of anorectics and purgative type of bulimics showed the more severe psychological and behavioral disturbances. Restrictive types of anorectics were the most immature. Both purgative bulimics and depressive patients showed feelings of general inadequacy, and both compulsive-purgative anorexics and depressive patients displayed an interpersonal distrust. As a whole, patients with affective disorders did not show the core eating disordered behaviors and attitudes as seen in patients suffering from eating problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ethnicity and diagnosis in patients with affective disorders.

BACKGROUND: Clinically, African American psychiatric patients are disproportionately diagnosed with schizophrenia compared with white patients. Why this occurs is unknown. Extending prior work, the authors hypothesized that first-rank symptoms distract clinicians so that they fail to identify affective disorders in African Americans. METHOD: 195 African American and white patients with at least 1 psychotic symptom (delusions, hallucinations, or prominent thought disorder) at admission were recruited from January 1, 1998, through May 31, 2001. Each patient received 3 independent DSM-IV diagnoses: a clinical diagnosis, a structured-interview diagnosis, and an expert-consensus diagnosis. The expert-consensus diagnoses were derived from the structured interviews, which were audiotaped and transcribed, and medical records. After reviewing edited transcripts and medical records from which ethnic cues had been eliminated, 2 psychiatrists assigned expert-consensus diagnoses and first-rank symptom ratings. For the 79 patients who received an expert-consensus diagnosis of an affective disorder, clinical variables, diagnoses, and first-rank symptoms were compared between African American (N = 39) and white (N = 40) patients. RESULTS: Seventy-nine (41%) of 195 patients were diagnosed with an affective disorder by expert consensus. African American men with an expert-consensus affective disorder were significantly (p <.03) more likely than other patients to be diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder by clinical assessment and structured interview. Although first-rank symptoms were more commonly identified in African American men, this finding did not explain the difference in diagnoses. Post hoc analyses suggested that African American men diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were more likely than other patients to have been identified during structured interview as having psychotic symptoms in the absence of affective symptoms. CONCLUSION: The apparent misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in African-Americans with mood disorders cannot be ascribed to differences in first-rank symptoms. However, it may be due to a perception that psychotic symptoms are more chronic or persistent than affective symptoms in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confluence: moving forward with affective strength.

The term confluent education describes a flowing together of the affective and cognitive elements of learning. Confluent education accords high value to affect because of its core principle that the realization of human potential includes attention to the affective elements of human nature. This article reviews the literature on confluent education, extends a previous introduction of the topic, and proposes an integration of affect into all realms of occupational therapy practice. The visual metaphors, philosophical principles, and practical strategies developed in the literature on confluent education are useful when applied to the functions of occupational therapy practitioners engaged in direct care, education, or research. Because the contexts within which occupational therapy practice occurs today often challenge its affective elements, the author proposes confluence as a timely approach. To advance into the future with the affective strength that has characterized occupational therapy since its inception is a matter of reclaiming the profession's heart.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Crohn disease activity evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography of the superior mesenteric artery and the affected small-bowel segments.

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the disease activity in Crohn disease by gray scale and Doppler ultrasonography of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the affected bowel segments. METHODS: Twenty-six patients (12 with active and 14 with inactive disease according to the Crohn disease activity index) were prospectively evaluated with gray scale and Doppler ultrasonography. The control group included 10 healthy subjects. In the SMA evaluation, anteroposterior diameter, resistive index (RI), and flow volume were measured. In the affected small-bowel segments, wall thickness, mural vascularity, RI, and extraintestinal findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Differences between the active and inactive groups but not between the inactive and control groups were statistically significant for mean SMA diameter, RI, and flow volume (P = .019; P < .001; and P < .001, respectively). Superior mesenteric artery flow volume values were higher than 500 mL/min in the active group except 2 patients (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 100%). Increased gut wall thickness and vascularity were highly significant for patients with active disease (P < .001). The mean SMA RI value of the active group was significantly lower (P < .001). Doppler measures of vascularity were similarly affected in the SMA and the bowel wall in the active subgroup. In 10 patients with active disease and higher SMA flow volume (>500 mL/min), the affected small-bowel segments also had increased wall thickness and vascularity. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the SMA and the affected small-bowel segments together by gray scale and Doppler ultrasonography is a reliable quantitative method for determining Crohn disease activity. Findings obtained from both the SMA and the affected small-bowel segments showed parallel results about the disease activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in bipolar affective disorder by association studies, meta-analyses, and sequencing of the promoter.

Monoamine oxidases catalyse the oxidative degradation of biogenic amines including neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Three groups have reported positive associations of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene with bipolar affective disorder although other studies have been negative. In an extension of a previous study [Rubinsztein et al., 1996: Human Molec Genet 5:779-782] we report association studies of MAOA polymorphic markers and affective disorders. The polymorphisms comprised a CA-repeat microsatellite in intron 2 and a Fnu4HI G/T silent polymorphism at position 941 of the cDNA sequence. No significant differences were found when the control allele frequencies were compared with those in bipolar, unipolar, or combined bipolar + unipolar groups. Meta-analyses were then performed to include the data of all published studies using the MAOA microsatellite and Fnu4HI polymorphisms. Separate meta-analyses were performed for Caucasian and Japanese studies, as allele frequencies of the microsatellite in these populations were markedly different. Associations of bipolar affective disorder in pooled male and female groups were found with the MAOA microsatellite in both the Caucasian (P < 0.02) and the Japanese (P < 0.02) meta-analyses. In view of these positive associations, and as previous results have shown that coding variants do not account for the normal population variation in MAOA activity, over 1,300 bp of the promoter were sequenced in 22 bipolar cases and 1 control. A novel polymorphic promoter variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) located approximately 1,200 bp upstream from the translation start site was demonstrated. However, there was no association of this promoter VNTR with affective disorder. These results suggest that there may be functional variants in other regions of the MAOA gene or neighbouring genes that affect bipolar affective disorder risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Mode of onset and two years outcome of a broad spectrum of affective disorders].

In recent years emphasis has tended to be placed on assessing and diagnosing low-grade affective disorders. If mild affective symptoms are also considered a broad spectrum of affective disorders, this spectrum can be seen, not only in the manifestation of major symptoms of such illnesses as manic-depressive illness, but also in symptoms of various mental disorders. The present study was undertaken to analyze the clinical features of a broad spectrum of affective disorders in a prospective follow-up study. Ninety mentally ill patients who visited our outpatient clinic were followed for 2 years, to investigate the mode of onset, the course and outcome of their disorders. Using a semistructured interview method specially developed for this survey, these patients were divided into a broad spectrum of affective disorder group and the other groups. Forty-nine patients were allocated to a spectrum of affective disorder group characterized by four-day (or longer) persistence of at least one of the following symptoms, depressed mood, loss of interest or elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Of the forty-nine patients there were only two patients with manic symptoms. And the forty-seven patients with depressive symptoms were compared with the other groups as a main subject. The other groups were composed of eighteen patients with psychotic symptoms (the psychotic group) and 23 patients with neurotic symptoms (the neurotic group). The psychotic and neurotic groups did not satisfy the criteria shown above. There was no significant differences in male-to-female ratio or age between these three groups. When the mode of onset of symptoms were compared, the percentage of cases in whom symptoms could be identified early (within 10 days after onset) was 64.4% in the depressive group, 41.2% in the psychotic group and 30.4% in the neurotic group. The percentage of cases who remitted 2 years later was 70.2%, 38.9%, 45.5% in the depressive group, psychotic and neurotic groups, respectively. The GAS score (mean +/- SD), assessed 2 years later, was 76.2 +/- 12.5, 62.8 +/- 11.7, 78.2 +/- 9.9 points for these three groups, respectively. These results suggest that a broad spectrum of depressive disorders develops more acutely and patients with this spectrum are more likely to recover from symptoms and in function. Thus, the course of disorders was more favorable in the depressive group than in the psychotic group or the neurotic group.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical and hormonal response to general anaesthesia in patients affected by different degrees of mental retardation.

BACKGROUND: Poor or no clinical signs of psychological distress are usually observed in patients affected by severe or profound mental retardation (MR). The aim of this study was to use clinical and hormonal parameters in order to compare the amount of stress in patients affected by different degrees of MR undergoing general anaesthesia for dental care. METHODS: Nine patients affected by mild or moderate MR (group A: intellective quotient > 35) and 12 affected by severe or profound MR (group B: intellective quotient < 36), undergoing general anaesthesia for dental care, were studied. The reaction to venipuncture before anaesthesia induction and the recovery from anaesthesia were assessed by clinical scores. Cardiac rate and arterial pressure were recorded before and after venipuncture and after removing the endotracheal tube. Cortisol and prolactin, two hormones affected by stress, were determined in plasma the day prior to surgery (1), after anaesthesia induction (2), and after removing the endotracheal tube (3). RESULTS: During venipuncture, group B was significantly less reactive than group A (p < 0.05) and showed no arterial pressure increase while group A presented a significant increase of systolic pressure; conversely, the groups shared the same hormonal pattern at time 2 (cortisol did not change, prolactin increased significantly). Postoperatively A and B groups did not differ regarding cardiac rate and arterial pressure, while a wider range of postoperative scores was observed in group A in which a further prolactin increase was registered at time 3. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical evaluation can underestimate the stress to which patients affected by severe or profound MR are subjected during anaesthesia induction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Suggestive evidence of a locus on chromosome 10p using the NIMH genetics initiative bipolar affective disorder pedigrees.

As part of a four-center NIMH Genetics Initiative on Bipolar Disorder, a genome screen using 365 markers was performed on 540 DNAs from 97 families, enriched for affected relative pairs. This is the largest uniformly ascertained and assessed linkage sample for this disease, and includes 232 subjects diagnosed with bipolar I (BPI), 32 with schizo-affective, bipolar type (SABP), 72 with bipolar II (BPII), and 88 with unipolar recurrent depression (UPR). A hierarchical set of definitions of affected status was examined. Under Model I, affected individuals were those with a diagnosis of BPI or SABP, Model II included as affected those fitting Model I plus BPII, and Model III included those fitting Model II plus UPR. This data set was previously analyzed using primarily affected sib pair methods. We report the results of nonparametric linkage analyses of the extended pedigree structure using the program Genehunter Plus. The strongest finding was a lod score of 2.5 obtained on chromosome 10 near the marker D10S1423 with diagnosis as defined under Model II. This region has been previously implicated in genome-wide studies of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Other chromosomal regions with lod scores over 1.50 for at least one Model Included chromosomes 8 (Model III), 16 (Model III), and 20 (Model I). Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:18-23, 2000

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of conventional vs self-etching adhesive bonds to caries-affected dentin.

The mechanism of resin adhesion to caries-affected dentin is still unclear. This study evaluated the interfacial morphology of two bonding systems to caries-affected dentin, coupled with the measurement of microtensile bond strengths (mu TBS). Carious human molars were prepared as previously described in Nakajima and others (1995) and were bonded with Single Bond (SB) or FluoroBond (FB) according to the manufacturer's instructions, followed by creation of AP-X composite buildups. After one day of storage in 37 degrees C water, the teeth were serially sectioned vertically into 0.8 mm slabs, trimmed to yield a 1 mm2 test area, and tested to failure in a Bencor device used in an Instron machine operated at 1 mm/min. Resin-dentin interfaces were observed with SEM before or after acid/base challenge. Bonding to normal dentin with the two bonding systems (SB and FB) showed tensile bond strengths significantly higher than those to caries-affected dentin. The moist bonding technique significantly increased bond strength of SB to normal and caries-affected dentin. SEM examination revealed that typical hybrid layer and resin tags could not be formed to caries-affected dentin. The results suggested that resin penetration may be prevented by occlusion of dentinal tubules by mineral deposits that may also impart acid-resistance to the intertubular matrix of caries-affected dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Emotional reactions in children: verbal, physiological, and behavioral responses to affective pictures.

Many studies have shown a consistent pattern in adults' responses to affective pictures and there is growing evidence of gender differences, as well. Little is known, though, about children's verbal, behavioral, and physiological responses to affective pictures. Two experiments investigated children's responses to pictures. In Experiment 1, children, adolescents, and adults viewed pictures varying in affective content and rated them for pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Results indicated that children and adolescents rated the pictures similarly to adults. In Experiment 2, physiological responses, self-report, and viewing time were measured while children viewed affective pictures. As with adults, children's responses reflected the affective content of the pictures. Gender differences in affective evaluations, corrugator activity, skin conductance, startle modulation, and viewing time indicated that girls were generally more reactive to unpleasant materials.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge and use of folic acid supplementation: a study of Colorado women whose pregnancies were affected by a fetal neural tube defect.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether women who have ha da pregnancy in which the fetus is affected by a neural tube defect (NTD) know of current folic acid recommendations; whether the recommendations are followed before or during the pregnancy associated with an NTD and subsequent pregnancies; and to insure that women who have had an NTD-affected pregnancy have access to proper information about NTDs and folic acid recommendations. METHODS: Women living in Colorado who had a pregnancy in 1996 or 1997 in which the fetus had an NTD were interviewed in 1998 about their knowledge and use of folic acid supplementation. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 42 eligible women were interviewed. All women first learned of the folic acid recommendations either during or after their affected pregnancy. Only 23.8% of the women took vitamins containing folic acid during the 1 to 3 months before becoming pregnant. None who had a subsequent pregnancy followed the recommendation to consume 4.0 mg/d of folic acid, beginning at least 1 month before conception. Women who had subsequent pregnancies became pregnant on average of 9 months after their affected pregnancy ended. CONCLUSIONS: Most women who have an NTD-affected pregnancy are unaware of the national folic acid recommendations and do not follow these recommendations for subsequent pregnancies. However, such women are receptive to information about folic acid supplementation. Health care providers and public health officials should consider their role in assuring that education is provided in an effective and timely manner to women with NTD-affected pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test: peripheral arousal correlates.

The present study assessed the usefulness of the affective list alternatives to the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVL) in the induction of physiological arousal. It was anticipated that affective verbal learning would lead to arousal patterns characteristic of different emotions (Izard, 1977), with significant increases in blood pressure following negative list learning and significant decreases following positive list learning. Since diastolic blood pressure increased significantly following the learning of negatively valanced words and decreased significantly following the learning of positively valanced words, this was supported. Given the abundance of research on lateral asymmetries in emotional and verbal processing, the affective list alternatives to the RAVL may provide an objective means for evaluating individual differences in affective verbal learning as well as the induction of emotion. The Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AAVL) may potentially provide a tool for assessment of cerebral dysfunction in the clinic or in the assessment of affective disorders.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

SSRIs do not cause affective blunting in healthy elderly volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on affective experience in healthy older adults. METHODS: After 1 week of observation, normal elderly volunteers (age range: 65-84 years) were given placebo, paroxetine (10 mg-40 mg/day), or sertraline (50 mg-150 mg/day) for 3 weeks in a double-blind study. Paroxetine- and sertraline-treated subjects were analyzed together as the SSRI group (N=30). Volunteers were assessed weekly and recorded mood and events in a daily diary each evening. All data were analyzed with mixed-effects random-regression models. RESULTS: There were significant relationships between daily affect and events reported in the daily diary for the sample as a whole, with no differences between groups in mean slopes of positive or negative affect across the length of the study. There were no differences between groups in affective variability. However, the SSRI group, but not the placebo group, demonstrated a significant drug-dependent decrease in negative affect related to negative events. There were no other observed group differences on any other measure. CONCLUSION: Interpreting the results conservatively, they demonstrate that SSRIs are not associated with affective toxicity in elderly persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

HLA and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a study of affected sibpairs in an isolated Finnish population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of class I (A, B, and C) and II (DRB1 and DQB1) HLA loci alleles and DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes on genetic susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in families with 2 or more affected siblings. METHODS: A total of 83 affected siblings belonging to 38 families and corresponding to 50 affected sibpairs, their parents, and 45 healthy sibs were typed for HLA in A, C, B, DRB1, and DQB1 loci. Two study designs were used to explore linkage and association: a case-population control design and a family design using the linkage method: identical-by-descent (IBD) allele-sharing and the association analysis methods. Associations in family data were analyzed using the independent transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) for linkage in the presence of association. This was supplemented by the family-based association test (FBAT) to look for association in the presence of linkage, and is robust for population stratification and phenotype-based selection of data. RESULTS: Significantly increased HLA allele frequencies among the affected siblings compared to Finnish bone marrow donors were observed for HLA alleles Cw4 (odds ratio, OR, 1.7), B27 (1.8), B35 (1.7), and DR8 (3.7). The observed ratio of sharing 0, 1, and 2 HLA haplotypes (A, C, B, DRB1, and DQB1) among affected sibpairs (ASP) was 10:23:17, significantly different from expected (p < 0.001), using a formula that takes into account disease prevalence and the sibling recurrence risk. In the univariate association analysis, both independent TDT and FBAT found significantly increased transmission of the DRB1*0801 and DQB1*0402 alleles and Cw*0401. Independent positive allele effects of Cw*0401, DRB1*0801, and DQB1*0402 as well as negative effects of Cw*0701 and DQB1*0302 were shown by the family-based association analysis of the joint allele main effects. Multi-allelic test for association of each locus confirmed significant associations of the DRB1 and DQB1 loci in the risk of JIA. We found DRB1*0801/DQB1*0402 haplotype to be strongly associated (p < 0.001) with JIA, supporting findings of the haplotype associations-based ASP design. CONCLUSION: Both linkage analysis of the affected sibpairs and association analysis of nuclear families with JIA provided overwhelming evidence of the major contribution of HLA to genetic susceptibility to JIA. The association analysis of HLA-A, C, B, DRB1, and DQB1 alleles by both TDT and FBAT tests confirmed in the Finnish population that the most significant associations prevailed for DRB1*0801, DQB1*0402, as expected from previous observations, and supported the independent role of Cw*0401.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed2004

[Affective phases in dynamics of personality disorders (on a model of borderline personality disorder)].

Affective phases developing in personality disorder (index-sample--98 patients) were compared to those in cyclothymia (85 patients--control group). A preference of phase dynamics in the group of abnormalities relating to ICD-10 item "Borderline personality disorder" was confirmed. In line with a concept considering personality disorders as clinical syndromes, patients of the index-group have personality disorders with the signs of psychopathological diathesis determined by vulnerability to affective disorders. Affective phases are interpreted not only as an expression of a specific type of personality disorders dynamics but as an emergence of affective pathology, which is alternative to endogenous one both by modus of constitutional predisposition and clinical parameters (egosyntonic moderating of the phase, domination of negative affectivity in its structure, amphitymic duality of pathologically altered affect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting attitudes toward care of elderly mothers.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to examine the factors that affect people's attitudes toward parental care. Previous qualitative studies present several factors that affect the decision of adult children of whether to take care of elderly parents or send them to a nursing home when they become fragile and need daily help. In the present study, we included affection, filial obligation, sekentei (i.e., wanting to keep an appearance of taking care), and other factors presented in previous studies. METHODS: In May 2001, we mailed a questionnaire to females in their 30s who live in an agricultural area of K. City, Saitama Prefecture in Japan. We asked the respondents whether they would take care of their mothers or mothers-in-law, or send the mothers to a nursing home when the mothers need 24-hour care in the near future. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed that filial obligation and sekentei affected attitude toward care in the case of a mother while affection did in the case of a mother-in-law. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that women who do not have intimate feelings towards their mothers-in-law may choose not be a caregiver. On the other hand, women may take care of their mothers, whatever feelings they have because of the blood-relation. Also it may be that in such a small agricultural area, sekentei affects people's conduct, even if it is a private matter, such as caring an elderly mother.

Adult↗