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PubMed2004

In vivo assessment of intact parathyroid hormone adsorption by different dialysis membranes during hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Different parathyroid hormone (PTH) behavior during hemodialysis with different types of dialysis membranes has been reported. The behavior of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) adsorption using different dialysis membranes was assessed in 12 dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: The study was performed according to a longitudinal scheme comprising three treatment modalities, each lasting 2 weeks, for 6 weeks altogether. The first treatment consisted of standard bicarbonate dialysis with low-flux polysulfone, followed by acetate-free biofiltration with high-flux-polysulfone or with polyacrylonitrile-AN69. In the first week of each period, dialysis was delivered by using a 1.3 m(2) surface area and subsequently, a 1.8 m(2) surface area. Intact parathyroid hormone was assayed on the blood and dialysate samples to calculate iPTH adsorption. RESULTS: The results showed that polyacrylonitrile-AN69 and high-flux polysulfone induce a significantly larger drop in PTH serum levels as compared with low-flux-polysulfone, particularly in the first half of the dialysis session, while the ionized calcium increase is comparable in all different hemodialysis treatments. The measurement of iPTH in the dialysate showed lower values than those disappearing on the blood side, thus suggesting the presence of an adsorptive mechanism in the different dialysis membranes. CONCLUSION: High-flux polysulfone is endowed with a comparable adsorptive capacity per surface unit compared to polyacrylonitrile-AN69, although it seems to show a different behavior, as polyacrylonitrile-AN69 saturates early in the first hour of dialysis corresponding to its maximum adsorption power, while high-flux-polysulfone displays a more lasting adsorptive capacity. Thus, iPTH changes during hemodialysis also depend on dialyzer characteristics and the dialysis membrane adsorption.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Use of polyethylene glycol for performing autologous adsorptions.

BACKGROUND: Our reference adsorption procedure is to autoadsorb serum with ZZAP-pretreated patients' red cells (RBCs), although it is time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) for performing autologous adsorption procedures without pretreatment of patients' RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Equal volumes of patient's plasma, patient's RBCs, and PEG were mixed. This mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at 37 degrees C, and the adsorbed plasma-PEG mixture was immediately harvested to proceed to the antiglobulin test with anti-immunoglobulin G. The ZZAP-adsorption procedure was performed in our reference laboratory. RESULTS: Thirty-one samples were detected with warm autoantibodies in pretransfusion testing. A total number of 58 autologous adsorption procedures were performed with PEG in 870 minutes (mean, 28 min) and alloantibodies were detected in 4 (13%) cases (anti-E in 2 cases and anti-E + K in 2 cases). Our reference laboratory performed a total number of 61 adsorption procedures with ZZAP in 3660 minutes (mean, 118 min) and detected the same alloantibodies specificities. CONCLUSION: The PEG autologous adsorption procedure is an efficient method of enhancing autoantibody adsorption and alloantibody detection and decreasing the labor-intensive testing required by the presence of serum warm autoantibodies in pretransfusion samples.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1976

Adsorption of bacteria to roots as related to host specificity in the Rhizobium-clover symbiosis.

Quantitative microscope techniques were utilized to examine the adsorption of rhizobial cells to clover root hairs. Adsorption of cells of noninfective strains of Rhizobium trifolii or infective R. meliloti strains to clover root hairs was four to five times less than that of the infective R. trifolii strains. Attachment of the rod-shaped bacteria to clover root cells occurred in a polar, end-on fashion. Viable or heat-killed R. trifolii cells precoated with a clover lectin having 2-deoxyglucose specificity had increased adsorption to clover roots. Adsorption of bacteria to roots was not increased if the clover lectin was inactivated by heat or 2-deoxyglucose treatment prior to incubation with R. trifolii. Adsorption of R. trifolii to clover root hairs was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose (30 mM) but not by 2-deoxygalactose or alpha-D-glucose. Adsorption of R. meliloti cells to alfalfa root hairs was not affected by 2-deoxyglucose at that concentration. These results suggest that expression of host specificity in the Rhizobium-clover symbiosis involves a preferential adsorption of infective cells to clover root hairs through a 2-deoxyglucose-sensitive receptor site.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1981

Poliovirus adsorption by 34 minerals and soils.

The adsorption of radiolabeled infectious poliovirus type 2 by 34 well-defined soils and mineral substrates was analyzed in a synthetic freshwater medium containing 1 mM CaCl(2) and 1.25 mM NaHCO(3) at pH 7. In a model system, adsorption of poliovirus by Ottawa sand was rapid and reached equilibrium within 1 h at 4 degrees C. Near saturation, the adsorption could be described by the Langmuir equation; the apparent surface saturation was 2.5 x 10(6) plaque-forming units of poliovirus per mg of Ottawa sand. At low surface coverage, adsorption was described by the Freundlich equation. The soils and minerals used ranged from acidic to basic and from high in organic content to organic free. The available negative surface charge on each substrate was measured by the adsorption of a cationic polyelectrolyte, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride. Most of the substrates adsorbed more than 95% of the virus. In general, soils, in comparison with minerals, were weak adsorbents. Among the soils, muck and Genesee silt loam were the poorest adsorbents; among the minerals, montmorillonite, glauconite, and bituminous shale were the least effective. The most effective adsorbents were magnetite sand and hematite, which are predominantly oxides of iron. Correlation coefficients for substrate properties and virus adsorption revealed that the elemental composition of the adsorbents had little effect on poliovirus uptake. Substrate surface area and pH, by themselves, were not significantly correlated with poliovirus uptake. A strong negative correlation was found between poliovirus adsorption and both the contents of organic matter and the available negative surface charge on the substrates as determined by their capacities for adsorbing the cationic polyelectrolyte, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1991

Adsorption of plasmid DNA to mineral surfaces and protection against DNase I.

The adsorption of [3H]thymidine-labeled plasmid DNA (pHC314; 2.4 kb) of different conformations to chemically pure sand was studied in a flowthrough microenvironment. The extent of adsorption was affected by the concentration and valency of cations, indicating a charge-dependent process. Bivalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+) were 100-fold more effective than monovalent cations (Na+, K+, NH4+). Quantitative adsorption of up to 1 microgram of negatively supercoiled or linearized plasmid DNA to 0.7 g of sand was observed in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 at pH 7. Under these conditions, more than 85% of DNA adsorbed within 60 s. Maximum adsorption was 4 micrograms of DNA to 0.7 g of sand. Supercoil molecules adsorbed slightly less than linearized or open circular plasmids. An increase of the pH from 5 to 9 decreased adsorption at 0.5 mM MgCl2 about eightfold. It is concluded that adsorption of plasmid DNA to sand depends on the neutralization of negative charges on the DNA molecules and the mineral surfaces by cations. The results are discussed on the grounds of the polyelectrolyte adsorption model. Sand-adsorbed DNA was 100 times more resistant against DNase I than was DNA free in solution. The data support the idea that plasmid DNA can enter the extracellular bacterial gene pool which is located at mineral surfaces in natural bacterial habitats.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1990

Interaction of glycoprotein gIII with a cellular heparinlike substance mediates adsorption of pseudorabies virus.

Glycoprotein gIII is one of the major envelope glycoproteins of pseudorabies virus (PrV) (Suid herpesvirus 1). Although it is dispensable for viral growth, it has been shown to play a prominent role in the attachment of the virus to target cells, since gIII- deletion mutants are severely impaired in adsorption (C. Schreurs, T. C. Mettenleiter, F. Zuckermann, N. Sugg, and T. Ben-Porat, J. Virol. 62:2251-2257, 1988). We show here that during the process of adsorption of PrV, the viral glycoprotein gIII interacts with a cellular heparinlike receptor. This conclusion is based on the following findings. (i) Heparin inhibits plaque formation of PrV by preventing the adsorption of wild-type virions to target cells. However, heparin does not interfere with the plaque formation of PrV mutants that lack glycoprotein gIII. (ii) Wild-type virions readily adsorb to matrix-bound heparin, whereas gIII- mutants do not. (iii) Pretreatment of cells with heparinase reduces considerably the ability of wild-type PrV to adsorb to these cells and to form plaques but does not negatively affect gIII- mutants. (iv) Glycoprotein gIII binds to heparin and appears to do so in conjunction with glycoprotein gII. Although heparin significantly reduces the adsorption of wild-type virus to all cell types tested, quantitative differences in the degree of inhibition of virus adsorption by heparin to different cell types were observed. Different cell types also retain their abilities to adsorb wild-type PrV to a different extent after treatment with heparinase and differ somewhat in their relative abilities to adsorb gIII- mutants. Our results show that while the primary pathway of adsorption of wild-type PrV to cells occurs via the interaction of viral glycoprotein gIII with a cellular heparinlike receptor, an alternative mode of adsorption, which is not dependent on either component, exists. Furthermore, the relative abilities of different cell types to adsorb PrV by the gIII-dependent or the alternative mode vary to some extent.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Effects of direct hemoperfusion with a beta2-microglobulin adsorption column on hypercytokinemia in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Blood purification therapies have been clinically applied to treat the cytokine-induced pathological responses. The effects of direct hemoperfusion(DHP) with a beta(2)-microglobulin (BMG) adsorption column on hypercytokinemia were investigated. METHODS: A hypercytokinemia model was prepared by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into femoral veins of male Wistar rats weighing 250-400 g. The hypercytokinemic rats were connected to the DHP system using a small BMG adsorption column, and time course changes in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines were then examined. RESULTS: Plasma levels of interleukins (IL) 1beta and 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were found to be significantly elevated within 3 h after LPS injection in the control group that underwent extracorporeal circulation without the BMG adsorption column, whereas the increases in plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly inhibited in the group that was treated with the BMG adsorption column. The adsorption rates of cytokines with the BMG adsorption column were 20-40% for IL-1beta and IL-6 and 10-85% for TNF-alpha during treatment for 3 h. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with hypercytokinemia might be treated with DHP using the BMG adsorption column.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1993

Protein adsorption studies on 'standard' polymeric materials.

Adsorption of fibrinogen from buffer as a single protein and from plasma to four materials has been studied. The two NIH-NHLBI primary reference standards, filler free polydimethylsiloxane and low density polyethylene, were used along with polyvinylcholoride and cellulose materials supplied by the IUPAC Working Party. The materials were examined in both film and tubing form, except for polydimethylsiloxane which was studied only in tubing form. Adsorption was measured at room temperature using 125I-labelled fibrinogen. The order of adsorbed amounts in the single protein experiments was found to be: cellulose < PVC < PE = PDMS. Apparent adsorption affinities are in the same order. In plasma, all surfaces except cellulose showed maxima in adsorption as a function of plasma concentration after 5 min contact. This is indicative of initial adsorption followed by displacement of fibrinogen (the Vroman effect). Cellulose showed very low adsorption of fibrinogen from plasma. The Vroman maxima were more pronounced on the tubing samples than on the films, and, as for the single protein experiments, adsorption was found to be less on tubing than on film samples. A tentative interpretation of the Vroman effect data suggests that the order of procoagulant activity of the materials may be: PDMS = PE < PVC < cellulose.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

Temporal and compositional characteristics of salivary protein adsorption to hydroxyapatite.

Salivary proteins bind to enamel surfaces and hydroxyapatite in a highly selective manner. Numerous studies have identified these proteins as primarily proline-rich proteins, cystatins, statherin, and histatins. Previously, the hydroxyapatite-binding potential of these proteins had been characterized in systems consisting of singly purified protein and adsorbent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption of each protein in the presence of complete salivary secretion. Proteins, shown to adsorb to hydroxyapatite, were purified, biotinylated, and added back to the remaining proteins to form a series of reconstituted secretions. The adsorption of each biotinylated protein in the reconstituted secretion to hydroxyapatite was then measured as a function of time. Results indicated that three different adsorption patterns occur. A simple hyperbolic pattern is characteristic of amylase, glycosylated proline-rich protein (PRG), and cystatin. A faster adsorption process is observed for PRP-3, PRP-4, PIF-f, and statherin. A more complex pattern, exhibiting a rapid phase followed by a slower phase, is characteristic of PRP-1, PRP-2, PIF-s, and histatins. These results suggest that there are different adsorption processes involved in the binding of salivary proteins to hydroxyapatite. Two possible mechanisms are direct adsorption of protein to hydroxyapatite and indirect adsorption of protein by interacting with other proteins already bound to hydroxyapatite.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Solubility and adsorption characteristics of Pb in leachate from MSW incinerator bottom ash.

The solubility and adsorption characteristics of Pb in leachate from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was studied by batch experiments. The solubility of Pb in leachate was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of Pb in carbonate solutions. Adsorption experiments showed bottom ash have high adsorption capacity for Pb. To evaluate a controlling component in bottom ash, quartz, Al and Fe powder as well as their ions were examined over wide ranges of pH at 25 degrees C. The results showed that only Fe powder had high adsorption capacities for Pb, indicating that iron oxides in bottom ash would be one major adsorbent for Pb. Adsorption diagram, constructed by using the data of adsorption experiments, fitted the experimental data of Pb in leachate very well. It suggests that the decrease of Pb solubility in leachate is mainly due to adsorption reaction.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Adsorption of allopurinol and ketotifen by chitosan.

The experimental work of studying the adsorption of ketotifen and allopurinol by chitosan focused on determining the solubilities and the adsorption isotherms of the adsorbates employed in this study. The adsorption of the aforementioned compounds by chitosan was studied using the rotating bottle method. The concentrations, both before and after the attainment of equilibrium, were determined with the aid of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. The results of these studies demonstrated that ketotifen and allopurinol are both adsorbed by chitosan. The nonlinear Langmuir-like and the Freundlich models both were applied to the experimental data. The correlation coefficients obtained from the nonlinear Langmuir-like model were better than those obtained from Freundlich model, suggesting that allopurinol and ketotifen interacted with certain specific binding sites on the chitosan surface. The allopurinol adsorption experiments indicated that the particle size of chitosan and therefore the surface area can significantly affect the Langmuir capacity constant, while the affinity constants are statistically the same. As expected from the solubility studies, the ketotifen adsorption experiments at 2 different pHs (7 and 10) showed that the adsorption affinity at pH 10 was much higher than at pH 7. What was not expected was that the capacity constants were significantly different, suggesting that further studies are needed using common ion buffers and multicomponent adsorption for the proper mechanism to be determined.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

In vitro study of the adsorption characteristics of drugs.

The adsorption characteristics of eight adsorbents, cholestyramine, colestimide, aluminum silicate, sucralfate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium polystyrene sulfonate, carbon sphere and medicinal carbon, on the drugs such as methotrexate, antidepressants, mizoribine and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were investigated in vitro. Medicinal carbon showed an excellent adsorption of all the tested drugs while the carbon spheres showed a high but slow adsorption characteristic. Cholestyramine and colestimide showed a higher adsorption in methotrexate than the other adsorbents. Aluminum silicate and calcium polystyrene sulfonate showed higher adsorption in four antidepressants, clomipramine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, mianserin hydrochloride and trazodone hydrochloride. In mizoribine, there were no adsorbents that showed higher adsorption except for the medicinal carbon. In ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, aluminum preparations and calcium polystyrene sulfonate showed higher adsorption characteristics. It is suggested that several adsorbents are potentially useful treatments for drug overdoses, but that these adsorbents have the possibility of decreasing the effects of the co-administered medicines.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

Nature of protein adsorption in artificial tear solution on plasma-irradiated polymethylmethacrylate surface.

To evaluate the effect of plasma treatment on protein adsorption onto a polymer surface, we carried out Ar plasma irradiation on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plate and examined the adsorption behavior of protein after immersion of plasma treated PMMA plate in the artificial tear solution containing lysozyme, albumin and gamma-globulin. It was found that the total adsorption of protein in the artificial tear solution to PMMA is suppressed by the Ar plasma treatment. But the adsorption of each component protein differs according to the surface condition of polymers and obviously corresponds to the change with time in the surface wettability. It is concluded that introduction of a hydrophilic group into the PMMA surface by plasma treatment and coming off of it are associated with the adsorption behavior of proteins. Since the adsorption of protein to the plasma-treated PMMA surface changes over time, care should be exercised in determining it, when an attempt is made to clarify the effect of plasma irradiation on the adsorption to the plasma-irradiated polymer surface.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Polynucleotide adsorption to negatively charged surfaces in divalent salt solutions.

Polynucleotide adsorption to negatively charged surfaces via divalent ions is extensively used in the study of biological systems. We analyze here the adsorption mechanism via a self-consistent mean-field model that includes the pH effect on the surface-charge density and the interactions between divalent ions and surface groups. The adsorption is driven by the cooperative effect of divalent metal ion condensation along polynucleotides and their reaction with the surface groups. Although the apparent reaction constants are enhanced by the presence of polynucleotides, the difference between reaction constants of different divalent ions at the ideal condition explains why not all divalent cations mediate DNA adsorption onto anionic surfaces. Calculated divalent salt concentration and pH value variations on polynucleotide adsorption are consistent with atomic force microscope results. Here we use long-period x-ray standing waves to study the adsorption of mercurated-polyuridylic acid in a ZnCl2 aqueous solution onto a negatively charged hydroxyl-terminated silica surface. These in situ x-ray measurements, which simultaneously reveal the Hg and Zn distribution profiles along the surface normal direction, are in good agreement with our model. The model also provides the effects of polyelectrolyte line-charge density and monovalent salt on adsorption.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Enhanced surfactant adsorption via polymer depletion forces: a simple model for reversing surfactant inhibition in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Lung surfactant adsorption to an air-water interface is strongly inhibited by an energy barrier imposed by the competitive adsorption of albumin and other surface-active serum proteins that are present in the lung during acute respiratory distress syndrome. This reduction in surfactant adsorption results in an increased surface tension in the lung and an increase in the work of breathing. The reduction in surfactant adsorption is quantitatively described using a variation of the classical Smolukowski analysis of colloid stability. Albumin adsorbed to the interface induces an energy barrier to surfactant diffusion of order 5 k(B)T, leading to a reduction in adsorption equivalent to reducing the surfactant concentration by a factor of 100. Adding hydrophilic, nonadsorbing polymers such as polyethylene glycol to the subphase provides a depletion attraction between the surfactant aggregates and the interface that eliminates the energy barrier. Surfactant adsorption increases exponentially with polymer concentration as predicted by the simple Asakura and Oosawa model of depletion attraction. Depletion forces can likely be used to overcome barriers to adsorption at a variety of liquid-vapor and solid-liquid interfaces.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of a predictive model for air/surface adsorption equilibrium constants and enthalpies.

A model used to predict equilibrium adsorption to surfaces using a poly-parameter linear free-energy relationship as well as an empirical model used to predict enthalpies of adsorption of volatile compounds were evaluated with new experimental data to cover semivolatile compounds and a larger variability of compound classes. Equilibrium adsorption constants on a quartz surface ranging over seven orders of magnitude were measured for 142 compounds, and enthalpies of adsorption on a quartz surface from -33.7 to -99.8 kJ/mol were measured for 76 compounds. Agreement between experimental and predicted data was within a factor of two (82.1%) or three (100.0%) for the equilibrium adsorption constants and within 20% for the enthalpy of adsorption values. Thus, the scatter in the validation data sets reported here were practically the same as that for the calibration data sets used to derive the models. The few outliers that we identified in the prediction of equilibrium adsorption constants likely are caused by either shortcomings of the reported sorbate parameters or the occurrence of chemical speciation in the water layer on the surface of the quartz.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1993

An in vitro evaluation of cocaine hydrochloride adsorption by activated charcoal and desorption upon addition of polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution.

Cocaine body-packers and body-stuffers have become a common medical problem. Significant morbidity and mortality result when cocaine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract due to cocaine package compromise. The clinical prevention of gastrointestinal absorption of cocaine includes oral activated charcoal and/or whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution. This in vitro study investigates the maximal adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for cocaine at varying activated charcoal:cocaine ratios, at pH 1.2 and pH 7.0, and the effect of polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution upon this binding. The percent adsorption of cocaine to activated charcoal was significantly better at pH 7.0 for all ratios of activated charcoal:cocaine tested and the maximal adsorptive capacity was 29% greater at pH 7.0 (273 micrograms/mg) than at pH 1.2 (212 micrograms/mg) (p < 0.05). Addition of polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution to the cocaine-activated charcoal slurry caused significant desorption of cocaine from activated charcoal at all pHs and ratios tested (except the 1:1 ratio at pH 7.0) and was most pronounced at pH 1.2. The addition of polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution to activated charcoal prior to adding cocaine solution further decreased the adsorption of cocaine to activated charcoal. This difference was significant at both pHs and all ratios tested except the 1:1 ratio at pH 1.2. The maximal adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for cocaine at pH 1.2 was reduced 75% by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution from 212 to 54.2 micrograms/mg, while at pH 7.0 the maximal adsorptive capacity was reduced by 11%, from 273 to 243 micrograms/mg. Polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution significantly reduces the adsorption of cocaine to activated charcoal particularly if the two are combined at a low pH prior to the addition of cocaine. The in vitro effects suggest that activated charcoal mixed in water should be administered first, followed by the polyethylene glycol--electrolyte lavage solution.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Mechanism of adsorption of three recombinant Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) vaccine antigens by an aluminum adjuvant.

The adsorption of three Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) vaccine antigens by aluminum-containing adjuvants was studied. The antigens showed high binding affinity isotherms with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant described by the Langmuir equation but virtually no binding to aluminum phosphate adjuvant. The effects of ionic strength and ethylene glycol were evaluated to determine whether electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions were responsible for the observed binding to aluminum hydroxide, but no significant change in the adsorptive capacity was observed at either high ionic strength nor high concentrations of ethylene glycol for any of the antigens. This indicates that neither electrostatic nor hydrophobic interactions appear to be responsible for the observed binding, which means that ligand exchange may be the primary mechanism for this interaction. Further studies to evaluate the ability to elute a Sp antigen from aluminum hydroxide using fibrinogen (adsorptive coefficient 2.2 mL/microg) as a competitive protein resulted in evidence that Sp antigen follows the trend that proteins with higher adsorptive coefficients are able to displace those with lower adsorptive coefficients. It was also noted that the Sp antigens and alpha-lactalbumin (adsorptive coefficient 1.8 mL/microg) have similar adsorptive coefficients indicative of high affinity binding isotherms but do not contain phosphate, which has previously been used to explain ligand exchange for such proteins as alpha-casein and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Further investigations using alpha-lactalbumin as a model protein may elucidate the binding interaction between the antigens in this study and aluminum adjuvants.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗