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PubMed2000

Smoking and weight control in adolescent females.

This paper examines the association between smoking and various weight control techniques among adolescent girls in two school-based samples. Previous studies have relied heavily on clinical trials of adults and have focused mainly on dietary restraint rather than purging behavior. This study seeks to determine whether purging is associated with smoking and if purging and dietary restraint effects upon smoking are additive or synergistic. Data from adolescent girls were gathered from two school-based surveys conducted in the upper Midwest. Assessments were conducted for smoking, dietary restraint, diet pill use, and purging. Logistic regression was used to test for main and interaction effects. Analysis revealed significant associations between smoking and weight control. Purging was more highly associated with smoking than dietary restraint or diet pill use. The form of these associations was interactive rather than additive in both data sets. Nonpurging girls were significantly more likely to smoke if they were dieting or using diet pills than if they were not practicing dieting behavior. Thus, the effect of dieting and diet pill use on smoking is dependent on purging behavior. Weight control is associated with smoking behavior in adolescent girls but the form of these associations may be more complex than originally thought. Future research is needed to determine if there are two subtypes of smoking-weight control girls.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Stress, women and weight control behavior.

This study explores the relationship between stress and weight control behavior in four groups of women: African American, European American, Mexican/Mexican American, and Puerto Rican. Data were collected on 111 women between the ages of 23 and 75 using a between-methods triangulation approach in which interview and questionnaire data were collected. The women were involved in various types and levels of weight control behavior. Although all the women identified occupational and major life stressors, only European American women's weight control behavior was significantly related to stress.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fruit and vegetable intake and weight-control behaviors among US youth.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and weight control behaviors among youth. METHODS: Data (N = 16,262) were derived from the 1997 national school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). RESULTS: Results indicated that adolescents in this study, especially females, were at risk for inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. Weight-control behaviors were high especially among females. CONCLUSION: Although some weight-control behaviors may be hazardous, adolescents who were practicing weight-control behaviors engaged in the positive dietary behavior of consuming more servings of fruits and vegetables.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between body weight perceptions, weight control behaviours and smoking status among adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: This paper examines the relation between body weight perceptions, weight control behaviours and smoking status among a representative sample of Ontario students. METHODS: Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between smoking status and perception of being overweight, and between smoking status and specific weight control behaviours. RESULTS: Among females, the odds of being a smoker were significantly higher among those who perceived themselves to be overweight and who had employed weight control behaviours in the last 12 months. Among males, the adjusted odds of being a smoker was higher only among those who skipped meals in the past 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Body weight perceptions and the use of weight control behaviours were significantly associated with predictors of smoking among adolescent females. This suggests a need to incorporate discussion on body weight perception and body image in smoking prevention and cessation programs targeted toward adolescent females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors among adolescents: implications for prevention programs.

This study aimed to identify correlates of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in adolescents to guide the development of programs aimed at the primary prevention of disordered eating. A model explaining unhealthy weight-control behaviors was tested among 4,746 adolescents using structural equation modeling. Models fit the data well and explained 76% of the variance in unhealthy weight-control behaviors among girls and 63% among boys. Weight-body concerns were a strong correlate of unhealthy weight-control behaviors in both girls and boys. Models also emphasized the importance of weight-specific social norms within the adolescent's proximal environment. Findings suggest the importance of addressing weight-body concerns within prevention programs and extending interventions beyond classroom settings to ensure changes in weight-related norms among peer groups and family members.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Anorexia nervosa at normal body weight!--The abnormal normal weight control syndrome.

Disgust with "fatness" and a consequent preoccupation with body weight, coupled with an inability to reduce it to or sustain it at the desired low level, characterizes the abnormal normal weight control syndrome. Individuals remain sexually active in a biological sense and often also socially. Indeed their sexual behaviour may be as impulse ridden as is their eating behaviour, which often comprises phases of massive bingeing coupled with vomiting and/or purgation. The syndrome is unlike frank anorexia nervosa in that the latter involves a regression to a position of phobic avoidance of normal body weight and consequent low body weight control with inhibition of both biological and social sexual activity. In abnormal normal weight control there is a strong and sometimes desperate hedonistic and extrovert element that will often not be denied so long as body weight does not get too low. Individuals nevertheless feel desperately "out of control" and insecure beneath their bravura. The syndrome is much more common in females than in males. There is a clinical overlap with anorexia nervosa and obesity in many cases as the disorder evolves. Depression, stealing, drug dependence (including alcohol) and acute self-poisoning and self-mutilation are common complications. Clinic cases probably only represent the tip of the iceberg of the much more widespread morbidity within the general population. Like anorexia nervosa and for the same reasons the disorder is probably more common than it used to be.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Health hazards of obesity and weight control in children: a review of the literature.

A review of the literature on the health hazards of obesity and weight control in children indicates: 1) methodological flaws tend to invalidate the assumption that obesity is a risk factor for this age group; 2) weight control by children and adolescents may cause a variety of health problems including retardation of growth, development, mental functioning, and reproductive capacity; and 3) preoccupation with weight control in this society makes it likely that weight control-related-health problems are common phenomena. Further research into the short and long-term consequences of obesity and weight control is necessary before enlightened clinical practice in this area is possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate weight control behaviors, eating, and physical activity behaviors among obese, overweight, and nonoverweight female and male adolescents. METHODS: A representative sample of 8,330 7th, 9th, and 11th grade public school students in Connecticut participated in the study. Adolescents responded to questions about weight control behaviors (dieting, exercise, vomiting, diet pills, and laxatives), healthy eating behaviors, breakfast consumption, and vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: In comparison to nonoverweight youths, overweight adolescents were less likely to eat breakfast and less likely to engage in vigorous physical activity than nonoverweight youths. Higher prevalences of unhealthy weight control behaviors were evident among overweight youths. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight adolescents use more unhealthy weight management strategies and are not engaging in healthier strategies, such as increased physical activity or healthier eating. These findings suggest the need to provide consistent messages about healthy weight loss methods to adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dissatisfactioin with height and weight, and attempts at height gain and weight control in Korean school-children.

Most students are reported to be dissatisfied with their height and weight. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of height and weight dissatisfaction and specific height-gain and weight-control attempts in school-children in Korea. A questionnaire survey was carried out in 3,382 students aged 11-18 years. The prevalence of dissatisfaction with height and weight was significantly higher in girls than in boys. High school students were more dissatisfied with their height and weight than elementary school students. The concordance rates between perceived vs actual height and weight were 30% and 45%, respectively. The average desired adult height was 8-9 cm taller than the average Korean adult height. The average desired adult weight was 4.9 kg more in boys, and 4.8 kg less in girls, than the current average Korean adult weight. Approximately 4.4-7.3% of overall school-children had tried to promote their growth. The prevalence of height-gain attempts was highest in middle school students, and the prevalence of weight-control attempts was highest in high school students. Among the height-gain methods, herbal medicine was most frequently used (46.4%), followed by growth-promoting health supplements (27.4%) and growth hormone (3.2%). For weight control, exercise at a fitness center was more favored (54.5%) than herbal medicine (17.5%) or diet drugs (13.0%). In conclusion, the prevalence of height and weight dissatisfaction was high and many students made attempts at height gain and weight control. These data emphasize the importance of health education about body image to students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Unhealthy weight control behaviors and MDMA (Ecstasy) use among adolescent females.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors among adolescent females in the general population and to examine the relationship between these behaviors and substance use among adolescent females, with a specific focus on past year 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) ("Ecstasy") use. METHODS: Secondary analyses were conducted using a nationally representative sample of females aged 12 to 17 years (n = 4292) from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Logistic regression was used to examine bivariate relationships between past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors and substance use and the multivariate relationship between unhealthy weight control behaviors and Ecstasy use. RESULTS: Approximately 10% of adolescent females had used laxatives or vomited to lose weight in the past year. Adolescent females who had used laxatives or vomited to lose weight in the past year were more likely than those who had not to have used substances during the past year, including Ecstasy, inhalants, nonmedical psychotherapeutics, marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol. After controlling for demographics and other substance use, past year laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors were positively associated with past year Ecstasy use (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.14; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Laxative use or vomiting weight control behaviors are a significant problem among the general population of adolescent females and are related to an increased risk of Ecstasy use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Weight control content of women's magazines: bias and accuracy.

In order to assess the quality of weight control information directed at women through popular magazines, 37 issues on newsstands in January, 1982, were examined. Issues selected included approximately equal numbers of the top sellers, diet and exercise magazines, and newly established women's magazines as well as a smaller number of 'teen' magazines. The 67 articles on weight control found were evaluated by three nutritionists using a semantic differential scale based on Allon's four areas of discrimination against obesity and a 14-item test for accuracy. The 'diet' magazines devoted the highest portion of pages to weight control information, followed by the teen, top-seller, and new woman magazines in that order. Almost one-third of the articles scored perfect on accuracy of the information included; 15 percent were judged uncertain or worse. The remainder were judged largely, but not completely accurate. Judges found the articles were slightly skewed toward the negative ends of the scales assessing bias. Only 11 percent of the articles were judged pessimistic regarding success in weight control. The accuracy of this optimism must be questioned. There were no differences in accuracy, bias, or optimism among the four types of magazines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Familial correlates of extreme weight control behaviors among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To identify familial factors associated with extreme weight control among adolescents. METHOD: Analysis of a comprehensive 1996 health survey of Connecticut students. Familial factors among extreme dieters who deliberately vomited, took diet pills, laxatives, or diuretics were compared with youth reporting none of these behaviors, using logistic regression controlling for age and body mass index. RESULTS: Nearly 7% of adolescents reported engaging in extreme weight control behaviors. Boys' risk factors included high parental supervision/monitoring and sexual abuse history. Protective factors included high parental expectations, maternal presence, and connectedness with friends and other adults. The only significant risk factor for girls was sexual abuse history. Protective factors included family connectedness, positive family communication, parental supervision/monitoring, and maternal presence. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme dieting appears to be less an expression of body composition than of psychosocial issues. That connectedness to family, other adults, and friends is protective further demonstrates interrelationships of extreme weight control behaviors with family/social issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sexual violence and weight control techniques among adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: Research has linked childhood sexual abuse and eating disturbances among adult females. Less is known about whether sexual abuse in the form of dating violence has implications for deviant weight control techniques among adolescent girls. This study assesses the association between sexual violence and weight control practices among girls. We also attempt to untangle the effects of family environment from this association and to determine if weak impulse control mediates the association. METHOD: Survey data were gathered from 2,629 girls in Grades 9-12 to assess health risks. Girls responded to questions regarding dating violence, unwanted sexual contact, purging, and diet pill consumption. Logistic regression was used to assess the unique contribution of sexual violence on weight control techniques. RESULTS: Dating violence and unwanted sexual contact elevated the probability that girls would report practicing weight control techniques by 6-13%. Controls for family environment did not eliminate these associations. Weak impulse control did not significantly mediate these associations. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that sexual violence has immediate implications as a risk factor for weight control techniques in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Are adolescents harmed when asked risky weight control behavior and attitude questions? Implications for consent procedures.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores whether asking minors about risky weight control behaviors and attitudes increases the frequency of those behaviors and attitudes. METHODS: Participants were 115 sixth-grade girls who responded to questions on risky weight control behaviors and attitudes at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. An additional 107 girls, who had not been part of the baseline, provided data only at follow-up. The two groups were compared on risky weight control behaviors and attitudes at follow-up using chi-square analyses, Mann-Whitney U tests, Cohen's effect sizes, and odds ratios. RESULTS: No evidence of a negative effect in the twice-assessed group was found. All rates decreased from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There is only minimal risk and perhaps even some benefit of asking questions about risky weight control behaviors and attitudes. Implications for determining appropriate consent procedures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Insulin withholding for weight control in women with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a description of the clinical characteristics that distinguish individuals who withhold insulin for weight control from those who do not. Some individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) control their weight by withholding insulin and purging excessive calories. This process places patients at risk for developing severe hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and increases the risk of long-term complications of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-two women with IDDM, ages 16-40, were interviewed and divided into two groups: insulin withholders (IWs) and non-insulin withholders (non-IWs). These groups were compared on physiological, behavioral, psychological, and psychiatric variables. RESULTS: Compared with non-IWs, patients who withheld insulin to control their weight exhibited poorer glycemic control, reported more negative attitudes toward diabetes, were more likely to have pathological scores on the Eating Disorder Inventory 2, and were more likely to report current or past symptoms of anorexia or bulimia nervosa. IWs were also more likely to report lying to physicians about their degree of compliance with their diabetes regimens. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that IWs exhibit more symptoms associated with the spectrum of eating disorders than non-IWs. This study showed that insulin withholding for weight control not only exists, but is associated with some maladaptive symptoms and behaviors that need to be addressed by diabetes treatment teams.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Intentional weight control and food choice habits in a national representative sample of adults in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the association between intentional weight control and specific eating behaviours. DESIGN: An interview-based survey of a representative sample of the UK population including questions about demographic characteristics, weight and height, intentional weight control and eating behaviours. Associations among the eating behaviours, and between weight control and eating behaviours, were examined. SUBJECTS: 1894 men and women completed the interview (70% response rate). RESULTS: Approximately equal proportions of the sample were 'not bothered about weight' (30%), 'watching their weight' (36%), or 'trying to lose weight' (28%). More men were 'not bothered' and more women were 'trying to lose'. People who were trying to lose or were watching their weight were more likely to report restricting fats, sugars, snacks, and the amount eaten at meals, than those who were not bothered, but there were no differences between weight watchers and weight losers. The overall level of restriction among weight losers was modest. There were no group differences in eating breakfast, fruits or vegetables, skipping meals or fasting. CONCLUSIONS: Around two-thirds of the adult population of the UK appear to be concerned about weight control, and this is reflected in somewhat higher than average adherence to recommended restrictive dietary habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

One-year follow-up study to a worksite weight control program.

Follow-up weights were obtained from 149 participants from two worksite weight control programs 1 year after the end of treatment. These participants regained, on average, 75% of the weight they had lost during treatment. Only 21% of this population maintained their post-treatment weight or continued to lose. We conclude that worksites do not appear to offer special advantages over clinic settings in aiding weight-loss maintenance.

Adult↗