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PubMed1977

Peer sex education training and evaluation.

Human sexuality has been recognized as an important developmental, emotional, and medical concern on the college campus. The Peer Sex Education Program at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst has been developed as a model for the use of trained students in an educational, referral, and counseling role. This paper describes the program and outlines the methodology used in the documentation and evaluation of various program aspects. Aspects described include the program's rationale and background, the recruiting process, roles and responsibilities, training and supervision models, community development, and delivery of service. Categories of documentation and evaluation considered include effort, performance, adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process. These are related to consumer acceptance and satisfaction, outcome measures of knowledge, attitude, and behavior, effectiveness of referral and other functions, and effect of program on the peer educators' growth and development. The allocation of energy and resources between program development, service delivery and evaluation needs is highlighted.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between attitude to disabled siblings and ratings of behavioural competency.

The impact of maturation factors and functioning level on the relationship between disabled and non-disabled siblings was examined. Two groups of adults, distinguished by level of functioning of their mentally retarded sibling, completed a Schaefer Sibling Behavior Inventory (SBI) and participated in a semi-structured interview. The latter explored a number of dimensions of the relationship including degree of warmth, contact and involvement. Judgements about involvement and comfort as remembered from the past and judgements about the present were obtained to derive hypotheses about possible changes with time. Data from the SBI indicated that significantly more competent siblings tended to be involved in relationships with a higher degree of reciprocity. In contrast, measures of attitude derived from interview data did not appear to relate to the functioning level of the sibling in any systematic manner. The results suggest that level of discomfort with peers may decrease significantly over the years with neither level of functioning nor gender being important variables. The extent to which non-disabled individuals expressed a preparedness to participate in the life of their disabled sibling may relate to the life-stage of the two. Males in particular anticipated increased future involvement. Although higher-functioning siblings were described as more active in the relationship, this did not appear to influence perceived positiveness of regard. The implications of these results are discussed briefly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

Relation between quality assessment and utilization review in a functioning PSRO.

The Utah State Medical Association, through its peer-review foundation, the Utah Professional Review Organization, has implemented an integrated system of utilization reveiw and quality assessment linked to a program of continuing education. Nurse co-ordinators, employed by the Organization, screen all hospitalized patients covered by Titles XVIII, XIX and V as well as by subscribing private insurers. Approximately 10 per cent of hospitalized patients do not meet peer-generated criteria for admission review or length of stay and are screened out for peer review, The nurse co-ordinators collect data for retrospective quality assessment, identifying targets for continuing medical education. Preliminary data support the cost effectiveness of such a review program. Continuing qualtiy audit will test the effectiveness of education programs.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1992

Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: a model for using lay health educators.

Although mammography and the Pap smear have significantly reduced US deaths related to breast and cervical cancers, screening prevalence and survival rates for both diseases are disproportionately lower among minority women. This model program outlines techniques for recruiting and training minority women to serve as lay health educators who can effectively deliver preventive health care information to their peers. Lay health educators have three primary functions: to serve as mediators between minority women and health agencies, to establish a social network, and to offer social support. When properly recruited and trained, these educators can bridge the gap between health professionals and the community as well as help health professionals to better understand community and individual concerns about cancer. The goal is to increase the detection, prevention, and treatment of breast and cervical cancers in minority communities and thus decrease related deaths. An ongoing intervention by the Arizona Disease Prevention Center, targeting Yaqui Indian and Mexican-American women aged 35 and older, illustrates specific elements of the model.

Arizona↗
PubMed1985

Parent interview findings regarding the impact of cystic fibrosis on families.

An assessment of the impact of cystic fibrosis (CF) was conducted with 43 families. Semistructured parental interviews on family functioning, parent-child interactions, sibling and peer relationships, and medical issues were coded by two independent raters to identify "major," "minor", or "no" problems. Of the 62 questions presented, only 8 were viewed by more than 10% of parents as "major problems." The impact of hospitalization upon parents was the most prevalent "major problem." Parental communication was a "major problem" for 28% of the mothers but for only one father. Ten to 15% of the parents described "major problems" related to: their marital relationship, accepting the illness, feeling they should do more for their child with CF, feeling their other children had been deprived or complained about inattention, or their relationship with the ill child's grandparents. While most families were generally coping successfully, health care professionals should be alert to specific areas of potential problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Functional status as an overall measure of health in adults with cystic fibrosis: further validation of a generic health measure.

We studied the validity of a generic health measure in a population with a chronic, life-shortening illness. Thirty-seven adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 46 of their healthy peers completed a questionnaire which included 12 questions on functional status from the RAND Health Insurance Study. For the CF group, the questionnaire and a medical chart review yielded data on 7 additional health variables, including pulmonary function. After data collection, members of the CF group were followed for 5 years, by which time 11 had died. The functional status of the CF group was significantly lower than that of the comparison group. Within the CF group, functional status correlated significantly with 6 of the 7 other health variables. Analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that functional status alone was a significant (p less than 0.001) predictor of a CF subject's survival time; in a multivariate model a non-significant trend suggested that lowered functional status may be associated with an increased risk of early death even after adjustment for pulmonary function and percent ideal body weight. These results extend previous findings and suggest that functional status can be used as an overall measure of health in a wide variety of studies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Behavioral and autonomic responses to peer separation in pigtail macaque monkey infants.

Brief maternal separations of young nonhuman primates have been used extensively to study the behavior and physiology of attachment, loss, and bereavement. The physiological responses to the loss of alternative attachment figures, such as peers, is less well documented in nonhuman primates. This study examined both autonomic and behavioral responses of peer-reared pigtail macaque infants to separation. Eight infants were removed from their mothers at birth and reared in four peer pairs. At 6 months of age, each monkey was implanted with a multichannel biotelemetry device which transmitted heartrate, body temperature, EEG, EMG, and EOG. Blood was collected twice weekly for immunological assessment. Behavioral and physiological data, including sleep, were collected for 1 week of baseline, 2 weeks of separation, and 1 week of reunion. Behavioral and physiological results indicated agitation but not depression following separation from their peer attachment figures. We found reduced mitogenic responses to pokeweed consequent to peer separation, suggestive of altered B-cell function. REM variables were the only sleep measures affected by the separation, and were suggestive of agitation but not depression.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Physicians' review of significant interventions by clinical pharmacists in inpatient care.

Clinical pharmacists in this study hospital reported 1027 interventions in patient drug therapy over two time periods of three and two weeks each. When peer-reviewed for clinical significance, 36 of these interventions were deemed significant in terms of saving patients' lives or preserving major organ functions; 983 were judged to improve drug therapy to an acceptable level based on standards of the professional literature (8 recommendations were informational i.e., not clinically significant). These 36 interventions were subjected to an independent, blind review by three practicing physicians who were given the same ranking system for clinical relevance as the one used by the peer reviewers. The physicians independently concurred with the peer reviewers on the two interventions initially ranked as 6 (lifesaving in nature). Of the interventions ranked 5 (preserving major organ functions) by the peer-review group, 53 percent were given a rank of 5 by the physicians. However, the remaining 47 percent were given a rank of 4 (upgrading patient drug therapy to the most appropriate level based on professionally accepted standards). In this era of program evaluation and justification, the process of encouraging other health professionals to review pharmacists' contribution to patient care should not be overlooked.

Drug Therapy↗
PubMed1989

Mastery versus ability appraisal: a developmental study of children's observations of peers' work.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is an age-related shift from mastery enhancement to relative ability assessment in the goal of social comparison. Children at ages 5, 7, and 10 made pictures with stickers under conditions of high or low concern with relative performance (competition/no competition) and high or low procedural ambiguity (free design/copying a drawing). The effects of the manipulations on frequency of glancing at the experimenter and the drawing were similar at all ages; competition enhanced glancing at peers, however, only at ages 7 and 10. The hypothesized shift in the function of social comparison was further supported by age differences in children's explanations for glancing at peers and by the pattern of intercorrelations between glances at the 3 targets and between glances and picture quality. The results indicate how mastery-based comparisons can promote mastery and performance and illustrate some costs older children may pay for their tendency to observe others primarily to assess relative ability.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Neuropsychology of early-treated phenylketonuria: specific executive function deficits.

This study explored the hypothesis that children with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) are selectively impaired on executive function measures, even when still on diet. The rationale for this hypothesis is that even mild elevations in phenylalanine (Phe) can lead to lower central levels of biogenic amines, including dopamine (DA). We hypothesize that this mild DA depletion causes subtle prefrontal dysfunction, which in turn affects executive functions such as set maintenance, planning, and organized search. 11 preschool early-treated PKU children (M age = 4.64) and a sample of age- and IQ-matched unaffected peers (n = 11) were evaluated on a battery of executive function (EF) measures. In addition, a "non-executive function" task, recognition memory, was administered to all subjects. Group comparisons demonstrated that PKU children were significantly impaired on an executive function composite score; there were no group differences, however, in recognition memory. These results supported the hypothesized specific deficit in executive function. Furthermore, within the PKU group the executive function composite score was significantly negatively correlated with concurrent phenylalanine levels, even after controlling for the correlation between IQ and executive function skills. This second finding provides support for the proposed biochemical mechanism underlying the specific cognitive deficits.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

The impact of social support and self-esteem on adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome.

Although poor social resources and low self-esteem have been implicated in the development of teenage drug abuse, the role of these factors in the remission of adolescent addiction remains unclear. This study examines social support characteristics and self-esteem in relation to outcome following adolescent chemical dependency treatment. Adolescents and their parents completed self-report questionnaires and a research interview during treatment and at 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Two types of outcome were assessed at follow-up: (1) alcohol and drug use, and (2) functioning in major life domains (e.g., family, school/work, peers). Results indicate that the quality of social resources (i.e., drug-use patterns of supports) reported during treatment was related to alcohol- and drug-use status post-treatment, with abstainers reporting more nonusing supports than teens who returned to heavy drug use. Self-esteem and the degree of satisfaction with social support during treatment were negatively correlated with the number of major life problems during the 6 months following discharge. Altogether, inpatient measures of self-esteem, number of high-quality supports, and social support satisfaction accounted for 16% of the variance in 6-month substance use outcome and 25% of the variance in psychosocial functioning 6 months post-treatment. Six-month social support and self-esteem measures were similarly related to 1-year outcome. The implications of these findings for adolescent drug abuse treatment are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

The reactivity of the antistriational antibodies associated with thymoma and myasthenia gravis.

Using immunofluorescence forty-nine sera giving striational staining of skeletal and cardiac muscle have been tested on glycerinated myofibrils. By comparing immunofluorescence and phase contrast it has been found that these antibodies are rather heterogeneous but at least three different staining patterns can be identified. Some patterns may be associated with the presence of a thymoma or may be induced by penicillamine treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Routine screening for antistriational antibodies may lead to the recognition of undiagnosed myasthenia gravis and thymoma. Antistriational autoantibodies may be useful in the further study of the structure and function of the sarcomere.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1984

Teacher- versus peer-mediated instruction: an ecobehavioral analysis of achievement outcomes.

In three experiments, we compared the effects of instructional arrangements that varied in: teacher versus peer mediators, methods used, levels of student academic responding generated, and content taught and tested. Instructional arrangements (i.e., tasks, structure, teacher position, teacher behavior) and students' levels of academic responding were measured by an observation system which served as an index of the independent variables. Students' accuracy on weekly spelling, arithmetic, and vocabulary tests and pre- and post-standardized achievement tests (Experiments 2 and 3 only) were the dependent variables. Results indicated that the classwide peer tutoring, compared to the teacher's procedure, produced more student academic responding and higher weekly test scores, regardless of treatment order or subject matter content (Experiment 1). The four lowest performing students in each class, in particular, benefited from peer tutoring, often performing as well as the other students. These findings were replicated in Experiments 2 and 3 wherein content taught/tested was also manipulated. Standardized test score gains were higher in those areas in which peer tutoring was used longest. Issues related to the functional analysis of instruction and achievement gain are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Relationship between social perception and peer status in children with learning disabilities.

This study was undertaken to examine the social perceptual skill deficit theory in explaining the low peer acceptance of children with learning disabilities. The quality of tests measuring social perception was also examined. Thirty 9- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities and a matched control group were given two measures of social perception: a laboratory task and a behavior rating scale. The behavior rating scale was completed by the children's teachers. In addition, the Peer Acceptance Scale (Bruininks, Rynders, & Gross, 1974) was administered to assess peer status. Results showed that the children with learning disabilities differed significantly from their nondisabled peers on each of the three measures-the children with learning disabilities obtained lower social perception and peer acceptance scores. However, the relationships between sociometric status and social perception varied as a function of task. A small but significant correlation wa found between the behavior rating scale and peer status. The laboratory task was not correlated with either the behavior rating scale or peer status. Results are discussed in terms of the psychometric properties of laboratory versus naturalistic measures of social perception and the importance of establishing the external validity of social skill measures by correlating them with outcome measures such as peer status.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin releasing hormone: a risk factor in women with coronary artery disease.

Thyroid function tests were performed and thyroid antibodies and serum cholesterol concentrations measured in 12 women aged 60 years or under with severe coronary artery disease proved by coronary angiography. This group was compared with 11 women with normal coronary angiography. Ten out of the 12 women with coronary artery disease had an exaggerated response of thyroid stimulating hormone to thyrotrophin releasing hormone compared with two out of 11 controls (p less than 0.008). The mean serum cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in those with coronary artery disease than in the controls. Thyroid antibodies were present in four of those with coronary artery disease and one of the controls. There was no difference in the risk factors for coronary artery disease between the two groups except for cigarette smoking. Eleven out of 12 in the coronary artery disease group smoked cigarettes compared with four out of 11 in the control group (p less than 0.01). Minimal impairment of thyroid function is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease in women.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1987

Risk factors in schizophrenia: the Stony Brook High-Risk Project.

The goals of the Stony Brook High-Risk Project are to identify precursor patterns, environmental stressors, and protective factors that are differentially predictive of psychopathology. In phase I we assessed 219 families and 544 children aged 7-15, including 31 families and 80 children with a schizophrenic parent, 70 families and 154 children with a unipolar depressed parent, 58 families and 134 children with a bipolar parent, and 60 normal control families with 176 children. A 3-year followup was conducted on 84 percent of the sample, and an additional followup is underway. Our data include measures of: (1) psychological functioning of the parents; (2) the environment, including family functioning, marital adjustment, and parenting practices; (3) child adjustment, including peer, or teacher, parent, and self-ratings; (4) early signs or precursors to the development of schizophrenia or affective disorder, including cognitive slippage, attentional deficits, hedonic capacity, depressogenic attributional styles, and subsyndromal affective patterns. Considerable deviance in family functioning, expressed in conflict, marital discord, and parenting skills, was characteristic of the families with an ill parent, and this discord was related to child adjustment. Children with a schizophrenic parent showed multiple and extensive cognitive, attentional, and social impairments, and at the 18+ followup, 22.8 percent of them compared with 9.6 percent of the normal controls were assigned a DSM-III diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children.

This study of attention-deficit-disordered children revealed that females were more frequently retained in school and evidenced greater impairment on spatial memory tasks. Moreover, there was a trend for girls to be older at the time of referral. With age, the girls evidenced more severity across a wider array of measures, including cognitive functioning, poorer academic achievement, and more problems with peers.

Achievement↗
PubMed2026

Use of wearable technologies for physical activity promotion in older adults: A systematic review.

This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251055299), examined the use of wearable technologies for promoting physical activity (PA) in adults aged 60 years and older. Searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane) identified 2438 records, of which only six randomized controlled trials published between 2021 and 2025 met inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 36 to 551 participants and mean ages between 65 and 79 years. Given the small number of included studies, findings should be interpreted as preliminary. The studies ranged from the standalone use of commercial trackers (Fitbit, Polar, ActiGraph) to multicomponent interventions combining wearables with physiotherapist feedback, telephone counseling, web-based platforms, or interactive cognitive-motor training. Wearables used alone, as in the REACT trial, produced small or non-significant PA effects. In contrast, interventions integrating devices with personalized feedback, professional support, or digital platforms, such as PROMOTE and TASMANIA, were associated with more consistent improvements in PA, physical function, and cognitive outcomes. Multicomponent programs, such as PEER and ICMT, reported broader benefits, including cognition, balance, and reductions in sedentary behavior, though these findings derive from individual trials and require replication. Risk of bias, assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2 (RoB 2.0), was rated as "some concerns" for five studies and low for only one, mainly due to gaps in randomization reporting, missing data, and lack of preregistration. Tentatively, and based on a very limited evidence base, wearables may have greater impact when embedded within broader behavioral systems, incorporating feedback, coaching, or interactive components, rather than when used in isolation as passive monitoring tools. Adherence and psychosocial outcomes appeared related to comfort and perceived usefulness among older adults, though larger and more robust trials are needed to confirm these patterns.

Humans↗