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PubMed1993

Duplicated genes within the variable right end of the genome of a pathogenic isolate of African swine fever virus.

The right variable region of the genome of a pathogenic strain of African swine fever virus (ASFV), Malawi LIL20/1, has been sequenced and 15 open reading frames (ORFs) identified by computer analysis. Eight of these ORFs were found to be similar to previously described ASFV ORFs and three of these belong to two previously described multiple gene families (MGF), 360 and 110. Four of the remaining five ORFs belong to a novel MGF, designated MGF 100, and the last ORF encodes a protein that is similar to the virus structural protein, p22. Copies of MGF 110 and the gene coding for p22 have previously been characterized only at the left end of the ASFV genome. The organization of these genes suggests evolution by duplications, deletions and sequence transposition from one end of the genome to the other. Sequence comparisons of members of MGF 360 suggest that the Malawi LIL20/1 genome has undergone separate DNA rearrangements compared to the Ba71V genome. Lastly, one ORF was found to be similar to the myeloid differentiation primary response protein, MyD116 and to the herpes simplex virus neurovirulence-associated factor ICP34.5.

African Swine Fever Virus↗
PubMed1999

Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive pathogens isolated in the UK between October 1996 and January 1997.

Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive pathogens from 30 centres in the UK (ten Teaching, ten Associate Teaching and ten District General Hospitals) was studied over a 4 month period between October 1996 and January 1997. High-level resistance (HLR) and low-level resistance (LLR) to penicillin amongst pneumococci was 3.3% and 3.4%, respectively. However, considerable variation in resistance rates was observed depending on geographical location (LLR range 0-15.4% and HLR range 0-30.8%). Considerable variation in resistance rates was also observed for Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin, with rates ranging from 0% to 56.7% depending on locality. Using conventional MIC methodology, none of the isolates of S. aureus was considered as having reduced sensitivity to vancomycin. However, eight isolates grew on Brain Heart Infusion Agar containing vancomycin (4 mg/L) after prolonged incubation and are therefore worthy of further investigation by electron microscopy. With Enterococcus faecalis, resistance rates were similar between the three types of hospital and only four isolates were considered resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics (one vanA and three vanB phenotype).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000).

A total of 1,404 bacterial isolates were recovered from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) from hospitalized patients in 24 sites in the United States (US) and 5 Canadian medical centers as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Isolates were collected between October and December, 2000. The rank order of pathogens was: Staphylococcus aureus (45.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.8%), Enterococcus spp. (8.2%), Escherichia coli (7.0%), Enterobacter spp. (5.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (5.1%). The same order was observed in the US and Canada. Of note, almost 30% of S. aureus were oxacillin-resistant. Vancomycin resistance among enterococci was low (7.8%) representing a marked decrease from earlier SENTRY Program reports. Several antimicrobial agents remained very active against P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae isolates. In particular amikacin, cefepime, and the carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) showed an excellent spectrum of activity (>95% susceptible). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was observed in both E. coli (7.1%) and Klebsiella spp. (11.3%). Cefepime remained highly active, even against ceftazidime-resistant isolates of Enterobacter spp. The results of this study have identified the most common causes of SSTIs in hospitalized patients in North America, and can be used to make informed decisions concerning standards of empiric treatment for SSTIs in this region.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Increased resistance to first-line agents among bacterial pathogens isolated from urinary tract infections in Latin America: time for local guidelines?

Emerging resistance phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance rates among pathogens recovered from community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTI) is an increasing problem in specific regions, limiting therapeutic options. As part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, a total of 611 isolates were collected in 2003 from patients with CA-UTI presenting at Latin American medical centers. Each strain was tested in a central laboratory using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution methods with appropriate controls. Escherichia coli was the leading pathogen (66%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (7%), Proteus mirabilis (6.4%), Enterococcus spp. (5.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6%). Surprisingly high resistance rates were recorded for E. coli against first-line orally administered agents for CA-UTI, such as ampicillin (53.6%), TMP/SMX (40.4%), ciprofloxacin (21.6%), and gatifloxacin (17.1%). Decreased susceptibility rates to TMP/SMX and ciprofloxacin were also documented for Klebsiella spp. (79.1 and 81.4%, respectively), and P. mirabilis (71.8 and 84.6%, respectively). For Enterococcus spp., susceptibility rates to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin were 88.2, 85.3, 55.9, and 97.1%, respectively. High-level resistance to gentamicin was detected in 24% of Enterococcus spp. Bacteria isolated from patients with CA-UTI in Latin America showed limited susceptibility to orally administered antimicrobials, especially for TMP/SMX and fluoroquinolones. Our results highlight the need for developing specific CA-UTI guidelines in geographic regions where elevated resistance to new and old compounds may influence prescribing decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Commensal bacilli inhibitory to mastitis pathogens isolated from the udder microbiota of healthy cows.

AIMS: To isolate from the microbiota of the healthy cow udder commensal bacteria having antimicrobial activity against bovine mastitis pathogens, with a long-term view to their potential application as antimastitis probiotics. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial isolates from four healthy cow udders were tested for inhibitory activity against three Gram-positive indicator bacteria. This led to the selection of nine broadly inhibitory strains. All were of the Bacillus genus and their antimicrobial activities, which appeared heterogeneous on the basis of their antibacterial spectra and heat susceptibilities, enabled grouping of the inhibitory bacilli into six different inhibitory profiles. All displayed strong in vitro activity against Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Inhibitory bacilli were recovered from each of the 11 udder samples collected over 7 months from one of these cows and the isolates included representatives of all six inhibitory profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Bacilli present in the udder microbiota of healthy cows can produce a variety of broadly active inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria, including potential mastitis pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Inhibitor-producing strains of commensal Bacillus species have been identified, which may have the potential for use as possible antimastitis probiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Transferable trimethoprim resistance in urinary tract pathogens isolated in Finland and Sweden.

The incidence of trimethoprim resistance (MIC greater than 4 micrograms/ml) among urinary pathogens from inpatients was earlier shown to be 1.6-3.6% in Stockholm and 31-49% in Turku in 1977-1978. In strains from this study trimethoprim resistance could be transferred from 13/51 donor strains. Resistance to streptomycin was co-transferred in all matings but 2, and to tetracycline, ampicillin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol in some cases. Sulphonamide resistance was co-transferred in 2 cases. In all matings but 1 at least 1 plasmid was transferred. A plasmid with similar molecular weight was transferred from 5 Turku and 4 Stockholm donor strains. Restriction enzyme digestion of this plasmid DNA showed many common bands after electrophoresis. In DNA-DNA duplex studies, using 3H-labelled Col E 1::Tn 7 as the probe, the presence of Tn 7 DNA sequences was confirmed in the 5 donor strains from Turku and 1 from Stockholm. Electrophoresis of plasmid DNA with and without digestion with restriction enzymes together with DNA-hybridization were thus useful methods to investigate the presence of genetic determinants for trimethoprim resistance in 2 areas. Other determinants than transposon Tn 7 were also present.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

In vitro activities of telithromycin and 10 oral agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.

A study of the comparative in vitro activity of telithromycin, a new ketolide, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic antral sinus puncture isolates showed it to be active against a broad range of sinus pathogens. All pneumococci, including erythromycin-resistant strains, were susceptible to telithromycin at < or = 0.5 microg/ml; all Haemophilus influenzae and Eikenella corrodens strains were inhibited by < or = 4 microg of telithromycin/ml; all Moraxella spp. and beta-lactamase-producing Prevotella species strains were inhibited by < or = 0.25 and 0.5 microg of telithromycin/ml, respectively. Among all anaerobes tested, 94% (160 of 171 strains) were susceptible to < or = 4 microg of telithromycin/ml; however, 8 of 17 (47%) Fusobacterium strains, 2 Veillonella strains, and 1 Peptostreptococcus micros strain required > 4 microg of telithromycin/ml for inhibition. Telithromycin may offer a therapeutic alternative for sinus infections, including those due to erythromycin-resistant pneumococci.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro susceptibility to everninomycin of gram-positive nosocomial pathogens isolated from intensive care units in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Gram-positive bacteria are increasingly found to be causative pathogens in nosocomial infections, and the occurrence of vancomycin resistance in enterococci as well as staphylococci has prompted the investigation of alternative antimicrobial agents active against these strains. Everninomycin, a new oligosaccharide antibiotic, has excellent in vitro activity against gram-positive bacteria, including those resistant to vancomycin. However, avilamycin, a related compound, has been used in Europe as a growth promoter in animal food for years and concern has been raised that cross-resistance in clinical isolates may arise. METHODS: We studied a collection of 268 nosocomial gram-positive isolates from intensive care unit patients with nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection and sepsis, using standard in vitro susceptibility testing. RESULTS: It could be shown that all species tested were exquisitely sensitive to everninomycin (MIC(90) of 0.38 microg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.5 microg/ml for enterococci and 0.75 microg/ml for coagulase-negative staphylococci). Furthermore, no difference could be observed between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus or between Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that everninomycin is a promising antibiotic for the treatment of nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients and that the use of a related substance as an additive in animal food has not yet promoted resistance in clinical isolates.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1994

Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens: isolation and use to determine host clearance and in vivo replication rates.

Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacterial pathogens are relatively easy to obtain and characterize. We have used ts mutants of a number of bacterial pathogens: E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes to determine quantitatively the bacterial activities in vitro of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; E. coli and P. cepacia to study clearance of the bacteria in vivo; and Salmonella enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and P. cepacia to determine quantitatively the replication rates in the spleens, lungs, and peritoneal cavities of mice, and the lungs of chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients hospitalized with suspected pneumonia: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 1997).

Thirty-seven sentinel hospitals (29 in the United States [US]; eight in Canada) collected bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of these pathogens were determined to more than 60 agents (40 reported) using the reference broth microdilution method described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The five most frequently recorded species among the 2757 isolates collected during the study were (no. tested/%): Staphylococcus aureus (632/22.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (498/18. 1%), Haemophilus influenzae (284/10.3%), Klebsiella spp. (240/8.7%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (213/7.7%). There was a significant difference in the susceptibility to antimicrobials between the US and Canada for S. aureus to oxacillin (50.1% versus 93.8% susceptible, respectively), gentamicin (78.7% versus 97.8%), and fluoroquinolones (49.5 to 53.0% versus 89.8 to 94.9%). Amikacin (92. 8% susceptible) was the most active antimicrobial agent against P. aeruginosa, and meropenem was the most potent beta-lactam. Against H. influenzae, most drugs retained a high level of activity, whilst against the S. pneumoniae, only the newer fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin) remained highly effective in vitro. Only two antimicrobial agents (imipenem and meropenem) were >99% active against the Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. isolated in this survey (possess extended spectrum beta-lactamases or hyperproduction of Amp C cephalosporins); cefepime (95.6-100.0% susceptible) was significantly more active than other cephalosporins tested. Clonal, epidemic outbreaks of multiply resistant strains were very rare in monitored hospitals. In conclusion, important differences exist between the US and Canada in the susceptibility patterns of some respiratory tract pathogens to commonly used antimicrobial agents with Canadian strains generally being more susceptible to currently available antimicrobial agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

The Alexander Project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents.

OBJECTIVES: The Alexander Project is a continuing surveillance study, begun in 1992, examining the susceptibility of pathogens involved in adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI) to a range of antimicrobial agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study tested the susceptibility of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis collected between 1998 and 2000 to 23 antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of agents were determined using the broth microdilution method and interpreted according to NCCLS and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. RESULTS: In total, 8882 isolates of S. pneumoniae, 8523 isolates of H. influenzae and 874 isolates of M. catarrhalis were collected during 1998-2000 from centres in 26 countries. The world-wide prevalence of penicillin resistance (penicillin MICs > or = 2 mg/l) in isolates of S. pneumoniae was 18.2% over the study period, and the prevalence of macrolide resistance (erythromycin MICs > or = 1 mg/l) in this pathogen was 24.6%. Over the study period, macrolide resistance exceeded penicillin resistance in 19 of the 26 countries included in the study. Of the non-fluoroquinolone agents, the only oral agents to which over 90% of S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible at both NCCLS and PK/PD breakpoints were amoxicillin (95.1%) and co-amoxiclav (95.5-97.9%). The prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae (ofloxacin MICs > or = 8 mg/l) was 1.1%. Gemifloxacin was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested against S. pneumoniae (99.9% susceptible). In isolates of H. influenzae, beta-lactamase production was 16.9%, whereas the prevalence of beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains was low (0.2%). beta-Lactamase production in M. catarrhalis world-wide remained high over the period studied (92.1%). Using PK/PD breakpoints, the most active non-fluoroquinolone agents against H. influenzae were ceftriaxone (100% susceptible), cefixime (99.8%) and co-amoxiclav (98.1-99.6%). Co-amoxiclav, cefdinir and cefixime (100%) were the most active beta-lactams against M. catarrhalis. Both H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were highly susceptible to the fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the continued evolution of and geographical variation in bacterial resistance and highlight the need for appropriate prescribing of antimicrobials in CARTI, using agents with adequate activity, based on local susceptibility profiles and PK/PD parameters.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Ribosomal DNA sequences in the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica.

Recombinant ribosomal DNA sequences were amplified by PCR and used as probes to perform a fingerprint analysis of total DNA from different Entamoeba histolytica isolates. RFLPs obtained with one of the probes, R-1, support previous proposals that pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. histolytica are closely related, yet genotypically distinct. Another probe, R-2, while not distinguishing between the two forms of E. hystolytica, was able to differentiate between them and E. moshkovskii, which has morphologically identical cysts and trophozoites. A third probe, BR-1, identified strain-specific RFLPs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Significant pathogens isolated from surgical site infections at a community hospital in the Midwest.

BACKGROUND: Studies examining the incidence of microorganisms isolated from surgical site infections (SSIs) have been conducted primarily at large academic health care centers. Results from these studies have revealed that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant pathogen in SSIs. Minimal data are available from smaller, community hospitals on the incidence of microorganisms associated with SSIs, particularly the incidence of MRSA in SSIs. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to identify the microorganisms associated with SSIs in patients who underwent class I and II surgeries at a small urban to rural community hospital from January 2003 through December 2004. RESULTS: A total of 10,672 surgeries was performed, and 89 SSIs were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (25.8%). Enterobacteriaceae were the second most frequently isolated organisms (12.4%), followed by streptococci species (11.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (10.1%), enterococci species (7.9%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.7%). MRSA was isolated from 4.5% of the SSIs. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that the spectrum of microorganisms isolated in SSIs at a community hospital is comparable with that reported in studies conducted at large academic health care centers, including the emergence of MRSA as a pathogen in SSIs. This information will guide future infection control initiatives to reduce SSIs.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and other upper respiratory tract pathogens isolated from throat swabs.

Fusobacterium necrophorum, an anaerobic, Gram-negative rod, has been identified recently as a significant cause of persistent sore throat syndrome (PSTS). This disease is characterised by chronic, recurrent or persistent sore throat, which is believed to respond poorly to penicillin in vivo. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of F. necrophorum in all throat swabs received in our diagnostic microbiology department and to compare the results with those for other recognised respiratory pathogens. All throat swabs received in the laboratory over a four-week period were cultured for beta-haemolytic streptococcus groups A, C and G, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and F. necrophorum. Latex agglutination techniques, phenotypic reactions and antibiograms are used to identify these organisms. The age of the patient and the clinical details as stated on the request form were noted. Among a total of 248 samples, 27 were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A, two were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group C, five were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group G and 24 were positive for F. necrophorum. The most common isolate in the under 20 age group was beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A. In the over 20 age group, F. necrophorum was the pathogen most frequently isolated. A clinical diagnosis of 'sore throat' was most likely to be positive for beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A, a clinical diagnosis of PSTS was most likely to be positive for F. necrophorum and a clinical diagnosis of 'tonsillitis' was equally likely to be caused by beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A or F. necrophorum. beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A was present in 11% of the samples and F. necrophorum was present in 10% of the samples. In total, these two pathogens accounted for 18.5% of throat infections in the sampled group. The results show that F. necrophorum is as significant a cause of throat infection as is beta-haemolytic streptococcus group A. Examination of this provisional data suggests that targeting culture towards these two pathogens may be possible in certain cohorts of patients if more precise clinical data are received from medical staff. However, based on the clinical symptoms routinely provided by clinicians requesting microscopy, culture and sensitivity on throat swabs, F. necrophorum culture is required on all throat swabs received in the laboratory.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial pathogens isolated from cockroaches trapped from paediatric wards in peninsular Malaysia.

A survey was conducted in 4 paediatric wards in Malaysia to determine the distribution of various species of cockroaches and to examine their gut contents for bacteria. Cockroaches were trapped from food dispensing areas (kitchens), store rooms, cupboards and open wards. 104 cockroaches were caught, consisting of Periplaneta americana (67.3%), Blattella germanica (26%), P. brunnea (4.8%), and Supella longipalpa (1.9%). Bacteria were isolated from all cockroaches except 3 P. americana. Many bacterial species were identified, including the pathogenic and potentially pathogenic species Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebseilla oxytoca, K. ozaena and Serratia marcescens.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens isolated from adult patients with uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections in the Russian Federation: two multicentre studies, UTIAP-1 and UTIAP-2.

In two Russian studies (UTIAP-1 and UTIAP-2) susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents for urinary tract infections (UTI) was determined. 456 urinary isolates were obtained from 588 out-patients with uncomplicated UTI in eight Russian centers during 1998-2001. The most common pathogens were Escherichia coli (85.9%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.0%). Over 90% of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin (95.7%), cefuroxime (96.4%) and ciprofloxacin (95.5%). Co-amoxiclav, nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid were less active -84.4%, 93.1% and 93.9% susceptibility stains correspondingly. In contrast, 37.1% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 22.9% to trimethoprim, 21% to co-trimoxazole. Susceptibility patterns of uropathogens vary between geographical regions of Russia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of chicken embryo age on time to death following infection by avian influenza viruses: implications for distinguishing highly pathogenic isolates.

When white leghorn (WL) chick embryos ranging in age from 8 to 13 days were inoculated with a variety of avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates, strain-specific differences in embryo mean death times (MDT) were observed. Non-highly pathogenic (nHP) strains killed 8 or 9 day-old embryos much more rapidly than 12 or 13 day-old embryos. Highly pathogenic (HP) strains, however, were less sensitive to embryo age resulting in similar MDTs in both older and younger embryos. These observations were consistent over a broad range of virus doses for both HP and nHP strains. When a HP derivative of H5N2 AIV was compared to its nHP parent, the derivative killed older embryos more rapidly than the parent virus, while MDTs in younger embryos were the same for both parent and derivative. The two strains further exhibited clear differences in the structure of their respective hemagglutinin, a previously described pathogenicity determinant for this virus. Thus it may be possible to readily demonstrate the HP phenotype in AIV strains based on MDT measurements in WL embryos.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Antibiotic susceptibility of the sputum pathogens and throat swab pathogens isolated from the patients undergoing treatment in twenty-one private clinics in Japan.

Bacteriology of the respiratory isolates from 2,539 patients with respiratory infections in 21 primary care clinics was documented. Of a total of 1,887 strains of potential pathogens recovered from 1,507 patients, 996 were gram-positive and 891 were gram-negative. Major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. The MIC's against microbial isolates of six antimicrobial agents were determined. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin were more active against S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ampicillin and cefteram were more active against S. pnuemoniae and S. pyogenes than four other antimicrobials tested, respectively, in this experiment. New quinolones and new generation cephems were active against H. influenzae and Enterobacteriaceae. Only one strain of S. aureus was methicillin-resistant. As regards other pathogens, 6.5% of S. pneumoniae and 14.9% of H. influenzae were resistant to ampicillin, and 26.7% of H. influenzae were beta-lactamase-positive. MRSA was found infrequently. But ampicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found in primary care clinics almost as frequently as in intensive-medication-oriented clinics.

Adolescent↗