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PubMed1995

A measure of knowledge and confidence in relation to HIV and AIDS: reliability and validity.

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS is widely seen as an important determinant of anxiety about such infection in health care workers. However, existing measures of this knowledge suffer from a number of methodological problems and few demonstrate adequate reliability and validity. This paper documents the development of a new measure detailing its reliability and validity. Knowledge, and also confidence in knowledge, were assessed across seven domains of relevant information (e.g. epidemiology, personal risk, symptomatology) in one non-expert group (non-medical undergraduate psychologist) and in three groups with greater expertise (nursing students and third year and final year medical students). The measure was shown to be reliable and to discriminate between the four groups in a manner consistent with the level of education received by each group and in terms of both the scale scores for the seven domains and the individual items. In general, final year medical students were shown to be more knowledgeable, and more confident in their knowledge, than the other groups. The non-medical undergraduates showed the lowest level of knowledge. In general, the groups appeared under-confident in their knowledge about HIV/AIDS. This was interpreted in terms of members of these groups exhibiting caution and the perceived fluctuating nature of the HIV knowledge base. Implications for the training of health care workers in relation to HIV/AIDS are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Validation of an asthma knowledge questionnaire.

Asthma is responsible for much morbidity and mortality, which might be decreased by increasing parental and patient knowledge about asthma. This report describes the development and validation of an asthma knowledge questionnaire for use in the assessment of asthma knowledge. Two groups of respondents were examined. One group was designated 'high knowledge' and the other 'low knowledge'. The questionnaire had a maximum possible score of 31. The mean score of 69 'high' knowledge parents was 25.3 (median 25, range 18-31). By contrast, the mean score of 69 'low' knowledge parents was 13.0 (median 13, range 0-21). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.0001). The questionnaire results were reproducible (tau = 0.94, P less than 0.01). Demographic characteristics such as education and socio-economic status were not important confounding variables. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were based on reference to published experience. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by the ability of the questionnaire to distinguish low from high knowledge parents. The questionnaire should prove to be a valuable research tool for the assessment of asthma knowledge either as part of an educational intervention or in a clinical situation.

Asthma↗
PubMed2026

Knowledge on the Haemophilia Care Among Healthcare Providers in Tanzania: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Haemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder associated with recurrent bleeding, disability, and mortality when diagnosis and management are delayed. In low- and middle-income countries, limited diagnostic capacity, access to treatment and gaps in Healthcare Providers' (HCPs') knowledge are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. In Tanzania, the recent improvement in haemophilia services highlights the need for systematic evaluation of HCPs' knowledge and clinical practices. OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the knowledge of haemophilia care among healthcare providers in Tanzania. METHODS: A multicenter hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among HCPs in tertiary and regional hospitals in Tanzania. A structured self-administered questionnaire assessed knowledge on haemophilia, including the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 27. RESULTS: Among 799 HCPs assessed (50.9%) aged 20-29 and (59.2%) males. Nurses were the majority (31.8%), and 75.2% had &#x2264;5 years' experience. Overall haemophilia knowledge was high (median 83.3%, IQR: 75.9-88.9), strongest performance in general knowledge and weakest in treatment (68.2%, IQR: 54.5-77.3). Most respondents identified haemophilia as inherited (95.6%), non-infectious (93.7%), and recognized prolonged bleeding after injury or circumcision as key-symptoms (>90%). Knowledge varied by cadre, department, and experience (p<0.05); physicians and specialists scored higher than nurses, while health attendants scored lower. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers demonstrated fairly adequate general knowledge of haemophilia. However, gaps remain in understanding genetic inheritance, acquired haemophilia, and modern treatment strategies, with knowledge variation by cadre, department, and experience, highlighting the need for targeted education across all HCPs groups.

Tanzania↗
PubMed1991

University students and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and behavioral adjustment.

This study addresses the relations between AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior change among university students. A questionnaire covering such issues and personal background variables was administered to 750 students at the University of Zagreb. Over-all, 62.7% of the knowledge items were answered correctly, while functional, self-protective aspects of knowledge proved to be much better than general knowledge. On the average, attitudinal responses were moderately liberal. Both self-reported change in risk-reduction behavior and personal concern due to the appearance of AIDS were very small. Correlations of risk-reducing behavior with permissive (.15) and restrictive (.14) attitude orientations and with general and functional knowledge (.08) were modest. The level of personal concern correlated neither with permissive attitudes nor with functional knowledge, while it correlated negatively with restrictive attitudes (-.20) and with general knowledge (-.08). Substantial association was only established between functional knowledge and permissive (.51) and restrictive attitude orientations (-.23). It is concluded that, in addition to knowledge and attitudes, a number of factors which restrain desired behavioral adjustment should be considered in anti-AIDS campaigns, such as perceived level of exposure to HIV in a particular environment, young age-specific illusion of invulnerability, peer norms, and others.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

[Pregnant women's knowledge about HIV and AIDS].

This investigation is based upon information from 820 pregnant women who replied to a questionnaire about AIDS during the period 17.4.1989-14.7.1989. The questions included sources of information, knowledge about routes of infection and risk groups and the extent of spread of infection and disease in the population. 95% agreed to participate. Knowledge had been obtained primarily via the electronic media, while the health services had limited significance. The employment of sources of information depended on age and occupation. Apart from knowledge about the risk involved in breast feeding, the women were, in general, well informed about routes of infection. Knowledge about risk groups and the current extent of spread of infection was, on the the other hand, deficient. Defective knowledge was concentrated in groups which may be characterized by age (less than 24 years) and occupation (trained and untrained workers and the group of "other occupations"). Information obtained from health staff was connected with better knowledge about the extent of spread of infection. The majority of women desired routine information about AIDS in connection with antenatal control. Prophylactic measures should be based, among other things, on knowledge about development in the knowledge in the population and its employment of sources of information, so that specific information may be directed to certain groups of the population by using the most frequently employed and most effective routes of information. The knowledge of population groups, the attitudes and behaviour should be followed continuously.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

A functional analysis of phonological knowledge and generalization learning in misarticulating children.

It has been suggested that a child's productive phonological knowledge may be one factor that potentially accounts for individual differences in generalization learning observed among phonologically disordered children (Dinnsen & Elbert, 1984; Elbert, Dinnsen, & Powell, 1984). This paper evaluates the hypothesis that productive phonological knowledge influences generalization. Three related studies involving 6 functionally misarticulating children were conducted. In the first study, a description of each child's phonological system was developed using procedures of standard generative analysis. Based upon these descriptions, each child's productive phonological knowledge of his or her own sound system was determined and then ranked on a continuum ranging from "most" to "least" knowledge relative to the adult target. The second study implemented an experimental treatment program based upon each child's productive phonological knowledge, with treatment sounds selected directly from each child's continuum of knowledge. The third study reassessed each child's productive phonological knowledge following treatment. The results of these three studies indicated that a child's productive phonological knowledge of the sound system influenced the overall amount of generalization learning. However, the extent of generalization learning was associated with the point on the knowledge continuum at which treatment was initiated. These findings are discussed with reference to individual differences in generalization learning.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Knowledge and belief in nutrition.

In a nutrition questionnaire, subjects have been given the options of answering questions with yes, no, or don't know. From these responses it has been possible to calculate the levels of their "correct knowledge," their "perceived knowledge" (that is the knowledge that each subject believed he had) and the "accuracy of knowledge". Questions about common nutritional problems were given to physicians, medical students, nurses, and theology students. All groups had a high level of "perceived knowledge," generally greater than 80% for the questions asked, but the accuracy of the knowledge was alarmingly low. The highest level was in physicians, in whom 79% of the perceived knowledge was accurate, but in theology students only 36% of the perceived knowledge was accurate. Two thirds of the "knowledge" of nutrition held by theology students was therefore false by current scientific standards. These findings have implications for future nutrition education.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes, knowledge and blood glucose control.

The hypothesis that management-related diabetes knowledge and attitudes may be more directly related to diabetic control than general knowledge of or general attitude towards diabetes is examined. Sixty Type 1 diabetic patients were studied using an itemized knowledge questionnaire and an attitude scale measuring a general attitude to diabetes but containing a previously defined subgroup of items concerned with attitudes to management. A significant linear correlation was found between management-related knowledge (r = -0.39; p less than 0.01) and HbA1c. However, knowledge of insulin, diet, footcare, and glucose monitoring were not significantly correlated with HbA1c, poor control being associated with both very low and very high knowledge status. A significant linear correlation was found between management-related attitudes (but not general attitude) and HbA1c (r = -0.47; p less than 0.01). The multiple regression correlation between HbA1c and both management knowledge and attitudes was -0.51. Most (63%) of the association between knowledge and HbA1c was attributable to attitude. This study provides support for education strategies based upon achieving improved patient attitudes and motivation rather than comprehensive knowledge as the most effective way of improving patient diabetic control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Oral health knowledge and habits of senior elementary school students.

Despite improvements in children's dental health, and significant resource allocation to health education programs, few recent studies have investigated the associations of oral health knowledge, behaviors, and status. This study of 11-year-old children (N = 6,329) in northeastern Ontario used a supervised self-complete questionnaire and a clinical examination to gather baseline data on, and test associations of, caries and periodontal knowledge, self-reported oral health behaviors and source of knowledge, and oral health status. Results show the children had poor knowledge of caries preventive measures such as water fluoridation, dental sealants, and choice of snack foods. Periodontal knowledge was better, but children confused plaque and calculus. Respondents claimed good oral health habits, with 73 percent claiming to brush at least twice daily, 88 percent claiming to use toothpaste, 42 percent claim to floss at least twice weekly, and 84 percent claiming an annual dental visit. Children with the best knowledge claimed dentist and school as the sources. High knowledge was associated with good oral health habits (P less than .001) and low DMFT score (P less than .001). Good habits were not related to DMFT score (P = .1095). Logistic regression showed high knowledge was associated with English cultural status, urban school area, good habits, having a dental sealant, and attending a fluoride-rinse school (P less than .05). Findings suggest a need to reinforce caries preventive teaching, to investigate the effect of cultural status, dental experience, and residence status on oral health knowledge, and to further test the efficacy of different oral health education programs delivered by different sources.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Differences in the technical and applied nutrition knowledge of older adults.

Although elder adults are much more knowledgeable about nutrition than ever before, diet behavior is not consistent with nutrition knowledge. One of the reasons for this inconsistency may be that the ability to apply technical nutrition knowledge is still inadequate. To test the hypothesis that technical nutrition knowledge is superior to applied nutrition knowledge, 96 volunteer seniors were given technical nutrition knowledge tests associated with heart disease, cancer, and high blood pressure. After the technical knowledge tests, subjects were asked to choose from among pairs the item that contained: (a) cholesterol, (b) more saturated fat, (c) more polyunsaturated fat, (d) substances that help to lower blood cholesterol, (e) more fiber, and (f) less sodium. Results support the notion that, in general, elder ability to apply nutrition knowledge is not as adequate as their technical nutrition knowledge.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Sexuality of the aged and the attitudes and knowledge of nursing students.

Sexuality of the aged is one area of particular concern to nurse educators, because students' lack of knowledge and negative attitude can have far-reaching effects on nursing care of the elderly. This study examined the relationship of the dependent variables, attitude and knowledge, to the independent variables of ethnicity, age, experience in health care, family income, religious affiliation, religiosity, living arrangements, and level of education. One hundred fifty-eight female nursing students completed White's Aging Sexuality Attitude and Knowledge Scale. The study found that higher knowledge was related to more positive attitude scores (r = .25, P less than .004). Age was also significantly related to both positive attitude (r = .44, P less than .001) and higher knowledge (r = .54, P less than .001). Older students had a more positive attitude toward the elderly and were more knowledgeable about aged sexuality than younger students in the sample. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the significance between means of the dependent and independent variables. A statistically significant difference was found between ethnicity and attitude (f = 33.09, P less than .001) and ethnicity and knowledge (f = 18.36, P less than .001). Asian students in this study had a more negative attitude and were less knowledgeable about aged sexuality than Caucasian students. The study suggests that nurse educators need to pay special attention to the age and ethnicity of students when planning gerontological learning experiences designed not only to facilitate knowledge acquisition, but to promote positive attitudes toward the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

"Desktop knowledge": a new focus for medical education and decision support.

Physicians today are faced with "data overload" and, paradoxically, "information underload"--the inability to locate pertinent, needed knowledge in a sea of data with which they are inundated. Increasingly, the professional functions of the physician are becoming focused on the desktop workstation, in terms of its ability to provide "windows" into local databases and knowledge resources, and to serve as an access port to other networked resources. A challenge we now face is to develop means for structuring the vast potentially available knowledge resources in such a manner that access to pertinent knowledge can be facilitated, and to develop acceptable interfaces to the knowledge resources so that a user can effectively navigate through them. The complexity of this task is due to the nature of the knowledge resources--knowledge can be in a variety of forms, ranging from textual and pictorial material, to structured representations, to more dynamic embodiments in the form of procedures. In the Decision Systems Group we have focused on the development of a prototype desktop knowledge management environment known as Explorer-2, with the objective of providing a consistent interface for access to a wide variety of knowledge. Our accomplishments to date encompass the incorporation into the Explorer-2 environment of adaptations of textbook chapters and books, image data bases, simulations, and expert systems. Navigational aids are provided by a semantic net browser using both MeSH and augmented taxonomies and by a graphical overview map.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1989

The relationship between knowledge and reported behavior in childhood asthma.

Numerous educational interventions have been developed and tested to improve management of childhood asthma. Most programs assume that knowledge about asthma is related to initiating and/or maintaining recommended management behaviors. Although this assumption is widely accepted, some available evidence casts doubt upon its validity. We investigated the relationship between asthma management behaviors and (1) knowledge about asthma, (2) behavioral adjustment, (3) anxiety, and (4) health locus of control. Data were collected on 91 children 7 to 12 years of age with moderately severe asthma. After adjusting for covariates, reported asthma management behavior was significantly related only to knowledge about asthma (p less than .05). The relationship between knowledge and behavior is nonlinear: accurate knowledge is related to engaging in more of the recommended behaviors, but only up to a moderate level of knowledge. Also, the relationship between knowledge and asthma management behavior was especially strong for children who scored lower on behavioral adjustment. These results suggest that children's knowledge about asthma can influence behavior, but only under certain conditions. Educational interventions for children whose knowledge is already adequate may not increase adherence to recommended practices.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1982

Cognitive and behavioral knowledge about insulin-dependent diabetes among children and parents.

Youngster's knowledge about insulin-dependent diabetes was assessed across three domains: (1) general information; (2) problem solving and (3) skill at urine testing and self-injection. These youngster's parents completed the general information and problem-solving components of the assessment battery. All test instruments were showed good reliability. The test of problem solving was more difficult than the test of general information for both parents and patients. Mothers were more knowledgeable than fathers and children. Girls performed more accurately than boys, and older children obtained better scores than did younger children. Nevertheless, more than 80% of the youngsters made significant errors on urine testing and almost 40% made serious errors in self-injection. A number of other knowledge deficits were also noted. Duration of diabetes was not related to any of the knowledge measures. Intercorrelations between scores on the assessment instruments indicated that skill at urine testing or self-injection was not highly related to other types of knowledge about diabetes. Furthermore, knowledge in one content are was not usually predictive of knowledge in another content area. The results of this study emphasize the importance of measuring knowledge from several different domains. Patient variables such as sex and age need to be given further consideration in the development and use of patient educational programs. Regular assessment of patients' and parents' knowledge of all critical aspects of diabetes home management seems essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Knowledge of nutrition among housewives in three South African ethnic groups.

Studies on housewives and other groups in Western populations have revealed: (i) a generally high level of claimed or "perceived' knowledge of nutrition; (ii) a much lower level of accurate knowledge; and (iii) an often unsatisfactory application of correct knowledge. Since little is known of knowledge of nutrition in South African populations. White, Indian and Coloured housewives were questioned by use of a questionnaire similar to that used overseas. While the local populations had a fair knowledge of the identity of most nutritional components, their knowledge about good sources of these components and of foods commendable for body building, energy, and slimming, or of those which promote fattening, was only moderately satisfactory. Misconceptions were similar to those reported elsewhere. Factors having a bearing on inadequate or incorrect information are discussed, as is the extent to which this may affect health and disease patterns in Third World and Western populations. Factors detrimental to progress are differences of opinion among nutrition experts and insufficient knowledge on the health/ill-health patterns of those who are knowledgeable of nutrition compared with those who are less knowledgeable.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1995

[Longitudinal study of postpartum women knowledge needs--parity and time series perspectives].

The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge needs of postpartum women. A postpartum knowledge needs questionnaire was administered to 70 postpartum women during the 1st and 4th week postpartum. Data were analyzed by factor analysis to determine the relationships within categories of knowledge needs. Data were also analyzed by 2-factor repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). The two factors included parity and time (period of measurement). The results indicated that the knowledge needs of postpartum women can be categorized as follows: (1) Knowledge of caring for the baby, (2) Knowledge of caring for one's self and (3) Knowledge of caring for other family members. The women during the 1st week postpartum reported a significantly higher need in knowledge of infant care than women during the 4th week postpartum. Multiparas showed a significantly higher need in knowledge of caring for other family members than primiparas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Test-retest reliability of a body knowledge instrument in school-age children.

The authors investigated the reliability of a body knowledge tool utilizing a test-retest design. Subjects were 86 children, 6-12 years old, who attended a rural elementary school in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Data consisted of children's perceptions of internal body parts as measured by responses to the Modified Gellert Body Knowledge Interview. A second set of body knowledge scores was generated when the children were retested 7 days after the original testing. A significant relationship (r = .70, p < .001) was found between the two body knowledge scores. Analysis of the body knowledge scores indicated that children's knowledge of the human body increases with age. A significant correlation was also found between grade level and body knowledge scores. Gender was unrelated to level of performance on the body knowledge instrument. The most commonly listed body parts were heart, brain, bones, veins, blood, and muscles. The reliability established for this instrument indicates that studies could be pursued to validate its effectiveness in determining school-age children's body knowledge.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2025

BioMedGraphica: An All-in-One Platform for Joint Textual Biomedical Prior Knowledge and Numeric Graph Generation.

Multi-omic data analysis is essential for scientific discovery in precision medicine. However, translating statistical results of omic data analysis into novel scientific hypothesis remains a significant challenge. Human experts must manually review analysis results and generate new hypothesis based on extensive and inter-connected biomedical prior knowledge, which is subjective and not scalable. While large language models (LLMs) can accelerate the discovery, their reasoning improves when grounded in structured, auditable and comprehensive biomedical prior knowledge. Biomedical knowledge, however, is scattered across heterogeneous databases that use diverse and inconsistent nomenclature systems, making it difficult to integrate resources into a unified format for scalable analysis. This fragmentation limits the ability of AI systems to fully leverage biomedical data for scientific discovery. To address these challenges, we developed BioMedGraphica , an all-in-one platform that harmonizes fragmented biomedical resources by integrating 11 entity types and 30 relation types from 43 databases into a unified knowledge graph containing 2,306,921 entities and 27,232,091 relations. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to propose a novel Textual-Numeric Graph (TNG) data-structure for multi-omics data analysis. In TNG, textual information captures prior biological knowledge (e.g., transcription start sites, functions, mechanisms), while numeric values represent quantitative biomedical features, and the integrated relations can help uncover mechanisms. By bridging prior knowledge with user-specific data, TNG is a novel and ideal data-structure for the development of graph foundation models, with the potential to improve prediction performance and interpretability, while also augmenting LLMs by supplying graph-structured mechanistic context to strengthen reasoning. The details for BioMedGraphica code can be accessed by github link: https://github.com/FuhaiLiAiLab/BioMedGraphica and BioMedGraphica knowledge graph data can be downloaded from huggingface dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/FuhaiLiAiLab/BioMedGraphica.

biomedical knowledge graph↗