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PubMed2001

Interactions of milk fat and milk fat fractions with confectionery fats.

The objectives of this study were to provide a better understanding of the effects of triacylglycerol (TAG) and non-TAG components (minor lipids) of milk fat on phase and crystallization behavior of binary mixtures of palm kernel oil (PKO) and the physical properties of corresponding compound coatings. Binary mixtures of a fractionated PKO with the different milk fats were examined for melting profiles, crystallization kinetics, and crystalline microstructures, and polymorphic changes during storage. Compound coatings were made with equivalent binary fat mixtures and measured for hardness and bloom formation. Milk fat and milk fat fractions affected crystallization rates of fractionated PKO, depending on the melting point of the fat. High-melting components resulted in more rapid crystallization, whereas the original milk fat and low-melting components inhibited crystallization. The crystal structure (e.g., number, size, shape) of the PKO crystals was influenced significantly by the addition of milk fat fractions and was influenced by the presence or absence of the minor lipids in milk fat. Milk fat and milk fat fractions had a softening effect on fractionated PKO, which was apparent in the binary mixtures as well as the compound coatings. In general, as the solid fat content (at 25 degrees C) of the binary mixtures increased, the hardness of the respective coatings increased. This also was related to an increased rate of bloom formation during storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Differential effects of saturated fatty acids on low density lipoprotein metabolism in the guinea pig.

Studies have shown that dietary fat saturation affects guinea pig plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by altering both LDL receptor-mediated catabolism and flux rates of LDL (Fernandez et al. 1992. J. Lipid Res. 33: 97-109). The present studies investigated whether saturated fatty acids of varying chain lengths have differential effects on LDL metabolism. Guinea pigs were fed 15% (w/w, 35% calories) fat diets containing either palm kernel oil (PK), 52% lauric acid/18% myristic acid; palm oil (PO), 43% palmitic acid/4% stearic acid; or beef tallow (BT), 23% palmitic acid/14% stearic acid. Plasma LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher for animals fed the PK diet (P < 0.001) with values of 83 +/- 19 (n = 12), 53 +/- 8 (n = 12) and 44 +/- 16 (n = 10) mg/dl for PK, PO, and BT diets, respectively. The relative percentage composition of LDL was modified by fat type; however, LDL diameters and peak densities were not different between diets, indicating no effect of saturated fatty acid composition on LDL size. ApoB/E receptor-mediated LDL fractional catabolic rates (FCR) were significantly lower in animals fed the PK diet (P < 0.01) and LDL apoB flux rates were reduced (P < 0.01) in animals fed the BT diet. A correlation was found between plasma LDL levels and receptor-mediated LDL catabolism (r = -0.66, P < 0.01). A higher apoB/E receptor number (Bmax), determined by in vitro LDL binding to guinea pig hepatic membranes, was observed for animals fed BT versus PK or PO diets and Bmax values were significantly correlated with plasma LDL levels (r = -0.776, P < 0.001). These results indicate that saturated fatty acids of varying chain length have differential effects on hepatic apoB/E receptor expression and on LDL apoB flux rates which in part account for differences in plasma LDL cholesterol levels of guinea pigs fed these saturated fats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens.

The punched-hole and the paper disc diffusion methods were used in screening for the antimicrobial activity of six common ingredients used locally in cough mixtures, against the following bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella dysenteria, Shigella sonnei and Candida albicans. The results, evaluated as the diameter of zone of inhibition of microbial growth, showed that lime, garlic onion, onion and honey were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella dysenteriae. Bitter-kola nut extract and palm kernel oil showed no antimicrobial activities against any of the tested organisms. None of the extracts inhibited the growth of Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella sonnei and the most susceptible organisms were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Effect of oil content and kernel processing of corn silage on digestibility and milk production by dairy cows.

Corn silages were produced from a high oil corn hybrid and from its conventional hybrid counterpart and were harvested with a standard silage chopper or a chopper equipped with a kernel processing unit. High oil silages had higher concentrations of fatty acids (5.5 vs. 3.4% of dry matter) and crude protein (8.4 vs. 7.5% of dry matter) than the conventional hybrid. Processed silage had larger particle size than unprocessed silage, but more starch was found in small particles for processed silage. Dry matter intake was not influenced by treatment (18.4 kg/d), but yield of fat-corrected milk (23.9 vs. 22.6 kg/d) was increased by feeding high oil silage. Overall, processing corn silage did not affect milk production, but cows fed processed conventional silage tended to produce more milk than did cows fed unprocessed conventional silage. Milk protein percent, but not yield, was reduced with high oil silage. Milk fat percent, but not yield, was higher with processed silage. Overall, processed silage had higher starch digestibility, but the response was much greater for the conventional silage hybrid. The concentration of total digestible nutrients (TDN) tended to be higher for diets with high oil silage (71.6 vs. 69.9%) and tended to be higher for processed silage than unprocessed silage (71.7 vs. 69.8%), but an interaction between variety and processing was observed. Processing conventional corn silage increased TDN to values similar to high oil corn silage but processing high oil corn silage did not influence TDN.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Genetic dissection of the co-expression of genes encoding the two isoforms of oleosins in the oil bodies of maize kernel.

Oleosins are abundant structural proteins on the surface of intracellular oil bodies in seeds. In many maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds, there are three oleosins, OLE18, OLE17, and OLE16, termed according to their apparent molecular weight, which are present in the proportional amounts of about 1:1:2 in isolated oil bodies. In some inbreds, OLE18 and OLE17 occur as molecular weight variants with a molecular weight difference of 1000 or less. In inbreds CM555 and FR2, OLE18 and OLE17, respectively, are absent; the respective genes ole18 and ole17 in the inbreds are present, but are transcriptionally inactive. The F1 of CM555 x FR2 possesses both OLE18 and OLE17, as expected from the inheritance of ole18 and ole17 genes. In all inbreds examined, including CM555, FR2, and their F1 hybrids, and in both the diploidic embryos and triploidic aleurone layers, the quantity of OLE18 and/or OLE17 equals that of OLE16. Since OLE18 and OLE17 are close members of the high-molecular weight (H) oleosin isoform whereas OLE16 belongs to the low-molecular weight (L) oleosin isoform, the results indicate the presence of equal amounts of the H and L isoforms in the oil bodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2005

Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by combination of ultrasonication and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction.

Use of ultrasonication as a pretreatment before aqueous oil extraction and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction was found to be useful in the case of extraction of oil from the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. The use of ultrasonication for 10 min at pH 9.0 followed by aqueous oil extraction gave a yield of 67%. However, the maximum yield of 74% was obtained by ultrasonication for 5 min followed by aqueous enzymatic oil extraction using an alkaline protease at pH 9.0. Use of ultrasonication also resulted in reducing the process time from 18 to 6 h.

Enzymes↗
PubMed1999

Coconut kernel protein modifies the effect of coconut oil on serum lipids.

Feeding coconut kernel along with coconut oil in human volunteers has been found to reduce serum total and LDL cholesterol when compared to feeding coconut oil alone. This effect of the kernel was also observed in rats. Since many plant proteins have been reported to exert a cholesterol lowering effect, a study was carried out on the effect of isolated kernel protein in rats. Feeding kernel protein resulted in lower levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in the serum and most tissues when compared to casein fed animals. Rats fed kernel protein had (1) increased hepatic degradation of cholesterol to bile acids, (2) increased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, and (3) decreased esterification of free cholesterol. In the intestine, however, cholesterogenesis was decreased. The kernel protein also caused decreased lipogenesis in the liver and intestine. This beneficial effect of the kernel protein is attributed to its very low lysine/arginine ratio 2.13% lysine and 24.5% arginine.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of principal nutritional components of Brazilian oil palm (Eliaes guineensis) fruits.

In spite of the fact that most of the members of Palmaceae contain high concentrations of oil, its potential as a source of oil and protein for human consumption has not been exploited. The pulp and kernels of the Eliaes guineensis palm fruits grown in the Northeast region of Brazil were analyzed only for their proximate composition. The lipid content of the dried pulp and kernels was 73.2% and 32.6%, respectively. Hexane extracted oils from the pulp and kernels yielded similar refractive indices, specific gravity but different peroxide, acid, iodine and saponification values. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 24 and 18 fatty acids in pulp and kernel oils, respectively. The principal saturated acid of the pulp oil was palmitic acid (36.9% of the total), and lauric acid (53.3%) for kernel oil. Oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid in both the oils though its concentration in the pulp and kernel oils was 45.29% and 5.5%, respectively. In relation to the essential amino acids, pulp proteins presented a better profile than the kernel proteins. In comparison to the FAO reference protein, the pulp proteins were deficient in methionine, lysine and threonine (16.8%, 51.6% and 93.5% of FAO reference protein) but contained leucine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine in optimal concentrations. With exception to phenylalanine and valine (102.2% and 111.4% of reference protein, respectively), the kernel proteins were deficient in all other essential amino acids. The oils from this palm can be used as culinary oil and in margarine manufacture, while pulp could be a supplement for essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine with other protein sources that are deficient in these amino acids.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enzyme production and profile by Aspergillus niger during solid substrate fermentation using palm kernel cake as substrate.

The oil palm sector is one of the major plantation industries in Malaysia. Palm kernel cake is a byproduct of extracted palm kernel oil. Mostly palm kernel cake is wasted or is mixed with other nutrients and used as animal feed, especially for ruminant animals. Recently, palm kernel cake has been identified as an important ingredient for the formulation of animal feed, and it is also exported especially to Europe, South Korea, and Japan. It can barely be consumed by nonruminant (monogastric) animals owing to the high percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose contents. Palm kernel cake must undergo suitable pretreatment in order to decrease the percentage of hemicellulose and cellulose. One of the methods employed in this study is fermentation with microorganisms, particularly fungi, to partially degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose content. This work focused on the production of enzymes by Aspergillus niger and profiling using palm kernel cake as carbon source.

Arecaceae↗
PubMed1999

Blood cholesterol and walnut consumption: a cross-sectional survey in France.

BACKGROUND: The preventive role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease has been recognized. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the association between walnut consumption (oil and kernel) as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood lipid levels. METHODS: Seven hundred ninety-three persons, males and females, ages 18-65 years, living in a walnut production area (Dauphiné, France) attended health screening visits organized by the Agriculture Social Security. Past diet (1-year recall, including walnut and animal fat consumption) and cardiovascular risk factors were ascertained using food frequency questionnaires. For each participant a blood sample was taken to measure HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol; apo A1; and apo B. RESULTS: A high level of HDL cholesterol and apo A1 was associated with a high amount of walnut consumption (oil and kernel) in the regular diet, with a positive trend with increasing degree of walnut consumption. This association did not appear to be confounded by dietary animal fat and alcohol as measured in this study. Other blood lipids did not show significant associations with walnut consumption. CONCLUSION: The positive effect of walnut consumption on blood HDL cholesterol and apo A1 is of special interest since these lipid parameters have been shown to be negatively correlated with cardiovascular morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Dietary fat saturation and chain length modulate guinea pig hepatic cholesterol metabolism.

The effects of dietary fat saturation and saturated fatty acid composition on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic cholesterol metabolism were investigated in guinea pigs. Animals were fed semipurified diets containing 15 g fat/100 g diet, as palm kernel, palm oil, beef tallow, lard, olive oil or corn oil. Plasma lipoprotein concentrations were significantly altered by the type of dietary fat. The LDL cholesterol concentration was highest in animals fed the diet with palm kernel and lowest in animals fed the diet with corn oil, whereas HDL cholesterol was lowest in beef tallow-fed guinea pigs (P < 0.01). Hepatic cholesteryl ester concentrations were 100% higher in animals fed diets containing polyunsaturated corn oil and monounsaturated olive oil compared with animals fed any of the saturated fat diets (P < 0.01). Hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity varied in the different dietary fat groups independent of hepatic cholesterol pools or plasma LDL concentrations. In contrast, hepatic acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was significantly correlated with plasma LDL cholesterol across all dietary groups (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). These data demonstrate that regulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity is relatively independent of changes in plasma lipoprotein levels, whereas hepatic ACAT activity exhibits a positive correlation with plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing of erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea with common and uncommon oils.

The enhancing effect of various concentrations of 18 oils and a silicon antifoam agent on erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea was evaluated in a complex medium containing soybean flour and dextrin as the main substrates. The oils used consisted of sunflower, pistachio, cottonseed, melon seed, water melon seed, lard, corn, olive, soybean, hazelnut, rapeseed, sesame, shark, safflower, coconut, walnut, black cherry kernel and grape seed oils. The biomass, erythromycin, dextrin and oil concentrations and the pH value were measured. Also, the kinds and frequencies of fatty acids in the oils were determined. The productivity of erythromycin in the oil-containing media was higher than that of the control medium. However, oil was not suitable as a main carbon source for erythromycin production by S. erythraea. The highest titer of erythromycin was produced in medium containing 55 g/l black cherry kernel oil (4.5 g/l). The titers of erythromycin in the other media were also recorded, with this result: black cherry kernel > water melon seed > melon seed > walnut > rapeseed > soybean > (corn = sesame) > (olive = pistachio = lard = sunflower) > (hazelnut = cotton seed) > grape seed > (shark = safflower = coconut). In media containing various oils, the hyphae of S. erythraea were longer and remained in a vegetative form after 8 days, while in the control medium, spores were formed and hyphae were lysed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1969

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of oil "unsaturation" in single viable corn kernels.

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate the feasibility of determining iodine value and average molecular weight of oil in individual corn kernels. The procedure is rapid and nondestructive. Depending on heritability of individual fatty acids, this technique may greatly increase selection efficiency in breeding programs to alter the fatty acid composition of corn oil.

Breeding↗
PubMed1998

Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their components.

The effects of 11 plant essential oils for maize kernel protection against Aspergillus flavus were studied. Tests were conducted to determine optimal levels of dosages for maize protection, effects of combinations of essential oils, and residual effects and toxicity of essential oils to maize plants. Principal constituents of eight essential oils were tested for ability to protect maize kernels. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare (origanum), Teloxys ambrosioides (the flavoring herb epazote), Syzygium aromaticum (clove), and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) caused a total inhibition of fungal development on maize kernels. Thymol and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde significantly reduced maize grain contamination. The optimal dosage for protection of maize varied from 3 to 8%. Combinations of C. zeylanicum with the remaining oils gave efficient control. A residual effect of C. zeylanicum was detected after 4 weeks of kernel treatment. No phytotoxic effect on germination and corn growth was detected with any of these oils.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2004

The genetic architecture of response to long-term artificial selection for oil concentration in the maize kernel.

In one of the longest-running experiments in biology, researchers at the University of Illinois have selected for altered composition of the maize kernel since 1896. Here we use an association study to infer the genetic basis of dramatic changes that occurred in response to selection for changes in oil concentration. The study population was produced by a cross between the high- and low-selection lines at generation 70, followed by 10 generations of random mating and the derivation of 500 lines by selfing. These lines were genotyped for 488 genetic markers and the oil concentration was evaluated in replicated field trials. Three methods of analysis were tested in simulations for ability to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL). The most effective method was model selection in multiple regression. This method detected approximately 50 QTL accounting for approximately 50% of the genetic variance, suggesting that >50 QTL are involved. The QTL effect estimates are small and largely additive. About 20% of the QTL have negative effects (i.e., not predicted by the parental difference), which is consistent with hitchhiking and small population size during selection. The large number of QTL detected accounts for the smooth and sustained response to selection throughout the twentieth century.

Computer Simulation↗