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PubMed1996

Genetic heterogeneity of inherited cerebral cavernous malformation.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is frequently an inherited disorder showing autosomal dominant transmission. Genetic analysis has localized a gene causing CCM to a segment of the long arm of human chromosome 7 (7q). This evidence derives from investigation of a small number of families, mostly of Hispanic American descent. In this study, we have tested whether inherited CCM is always due to mutation in this 7q gene, or whether mutation in other genes can cause CCM. METHODS: We have studied subjects from two non-Hispanic families with inherited CCM. The clinical features of CCM in these families are indistinguishable from those in kindreds in which CCM is due to mutation in the 7q gene. To test whether CCM in these kindreds is caused by a mutation on 7q, we compared the inheritance of CCM to the inheritance of genetic markers on 7q. RESULTS: Genetic analysis demonstrates independent inheritance of CCM and markers on 7q in both families studied. This evidence excludes mutation in the 7q gene as the cause of CCM in these families, with odds against CCM being due to mutation in 7q in each family of more than 100,000:1 and 100:1, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that inherited CCM is not always caused by a mutant gene on 7q, indicating the presence of at least a second gene in which mutation can cause CCM. These results have implications for genetic testing and the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evidence that helping at the nest does not result in territory inheritance in the Seychelles warbler.

In an environment that has a shortage of territories, helping to rear younger siblings ('alloparenting') is proposed to facilitate territory acquisition in two ways: (i) through group augmentation that leads to an increase of the territory with subsequent partial inheritance (budding); and (ii) through site dominance that leads to greater success when competing for the natal or a nearby territory after the death of the territory owner (complete territory inheritance). Most young Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis) males either show alloparenting or budding behaviour. Future budders had significantly more aggressive interactions with neighbours and assisted their parents more with territory defence than similarly aged future alloparents or non-helpers. This led to an increase of the natal territory of future budders before actual budding took place, whereas the natal territories of future alloparents remained constant in size. Alloparents never became budders and vice versa, refuting partial inheritance as an advantage of alloparenting. Natural male breeding vacancies were never inherited by alloparents born on vacant or other territories, but were inherited by budders born on the vacant territory or, if these were absent, predominantly by budders from neighbouring territories. We offer explicit experimental evidence against the 'helping at the nest to inherit' hypothesis. Experimentally created male breeding vacancies, with both a male alloparent and a similarly aged sibling budder present simultaneously in the vacant territory, were filled by budders only. Site dominance over territory inheritance is linked to budding and not to alloparenting.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Heterogeneous pollen in Chlorophytum comosum, a species with a unique mode of plastid inheritance intermediate between the maternal and biparental modes.

The majority of angiosperms display maternal plastid inheritance. The cytological mechanisms of this mode of inheritance have been well studied, but little is known about its genetic relationship to biparental inheritance. The angiosperm Chlorophytum comosum is unusual in that different pollen grains show traits of different modes of plastid inheritance. About 50% of these pollen grains exhibit the potential for biparental plastid inheritance, whereas the rest exhibit maternal plastid inheritance. There is no morphological difference between these two types of pollen. Pollen grains from different individuals of C. comosum all exhibited this variability. Closer examination revealed that plastid polarization occurs, with plastids being excluded from the generative cell during the first pollen mitosis. However, the exclusion is incomplete in 50% of the pollen grains, and the few plastids distributed to the generative cells divide actively after mitosis. Immunoelectron microscopy using an anti-DNA antibody demonstrated that the plastids contain a large amount of DNA. As there is a considerable discrepancy between the exclusion and duplication of plastids, resulting in plastids with opposite fates occurring simultaneously in C. comosum, we propose that the species is a transitional type with a mode of plastid inheritance that is genetically intermediate between the maternal and biparental modes.

Asparagaceae↗
PubMed2002

Canine inherited retinal degenerations: update on molecular genetic research and its clinical application.

Inherited retinal degenerations in the dog include generalised progressive retinal atrophy, retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness and day blindness (hemeralopia). The clinical phenotype and pathology of these diseases closely resemble some types of human inherited retinal degeneration, in particular retinitis pigmentosa, one of the most common inherited causes of blindness in man. Molecular genetic investigations aim to identify the genetic mutations underlying the canine inherited retinal degenerations. Two major research strategies, candidate gene analysis and linkage analysis, have been used. To date, candidate gene analysis has definitively identified the genetic mutations underlying nine inherited retinal degenerations, each in a different breed of dog, and linkage studies have identified genetic markers for a further retinal degeneration which is found in at least six different breeds. This review outlines the research strategy behind candidate gene and linkage studies and summarises recent results in the search for genetic causes of canine inherited retinal degenerations. The aim is to increase awareness of this rapidly changing field and to show how the research can be used to develop genetic tests for these diseases and thereby reduce the incidence of inherited eye disease in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Inheritance of persistent foramen ovale and atrial septal defects and the relation to familial migraine with aura.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether smaller atrial shunts (large persistent foramen ovale (PFO) and small atrial septal defect (ASD)) are inherited and whether this has a role in the inheritance of migraine with aura. METHODS: Contrast echocardiography was used to detect atrial shunts in 71 relatives of 20 probands with a significantly sized atrial shunt (large PFO or ASD). Four families with three generations, 14 families with two generations, and two sibships were studied. The contrast echocardiograms were performed blind to history of migraine. A consultant neurologist, who was blinded to cardiac findings, categorised migraine symptoms in subjects. RESULTS: The occurrence of atrial shunts was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Usually shunts were large PFOs, but in some cases they were ASDs. There was also evidence that inheritance of more complex congenital heart disease may be related to the inheritance of PFOs. When the proband had migraine with aura and an atrial shunt, 15 of the 21(71.4%) first degree relatives with a significant right to left shunt also had migraine with aura compared with three of 14 (21.4%) without a significant shunt (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There is dominant inheritance of atrial shunts. This is linked to inheritance of migraine with aura in some families.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Inheritance of Alzheimer's disease: epidemiologic evidence.

The available evidence suggests that there may be two subtypes of AD-- inherited and noninherited. Inherited AD may have certain characteristics, e.g. younger age at onset and some clinical signs or symptoms, which distinguish them from noninherited cases. It is possible that the noninherited type of AD may also have a similar genetic defect as the inherited kind, the only difference being that in one case the defect is inherited from the parents and in the other the defect arises de novo during embryogenesis. An environmental factor operating during embryogenesis may be responsible for causing a genetic defect which later manifests as noninherited AD. Currently, however, there is no precise way to separate these two subtypes. The exact proportion of all cases of AD which are inherited on a genetic basis is not known, but it must be small. The mode of inheritance of genetic AD is not known. It must be emphasized that the subtypes of inherited and noninherited AD are not synonymous with the older categorization of AD into presenile and senile AD.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Inheritance of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbreds.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a diagnostic test for recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) in Thoroughbreds that relied on in vitro contracture of muscle biopsy specimens and determine whether the inheritance pattern of RER diagnosed on the basis of this contracture test was consistent with an autosomal dominant trait. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 8 adult horses with RER and 16 control adult horses for development of the contracture test; 23 foals for inheritance of RER. PROCEDURE: External intercostal muscle biopsy specimens from the 24 adult horses were tested for contracture in response to halothane and caffeine, and criteria for a positive test result were determined. These criteria were then applied to results for the 23 foals to determine whether they had RER. Simple segregation analysis was performed to determine whether results were consistent with a dominant pattern of inheritance. RESULTS: Results of the contracture test were positive for 5 of the 12 colts and 4 of the 11 fillies. Results of segregation analysis were consistent with an auto-. somal dominant pattern of inheritance. Two sires with RER produced colts with RER, supporting the hypothesis that RER had an autosomal, rather than an X-linked, inheritance pattern. In addition, in 1 instance, an unaffected colt was produced by 2 affected parents, which was not consistent with a recessive mode of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the expression of the RER trait is influenced by sex, temperament, and diet, among other factors, results from the in vitro muscle contracture test and this breeding trial suggest that RER in Thoroughbreds can be modeled as a genetic trait with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed1998

Heterogeneity of variances for carcass traits by percentage Brahman inheritance.

Heterogeneity of carcass trait variances due to level of Brahman inheritance was investigated using records from straightbred and crossbred steers produced from 1970 to 1988 (n = 1,530). Angus, Brahman, Charolais, and Hereford sires were mated to straightbred and crossbred cows to produce straightbred, F1, back-cross, three-breed cross, and two-, three-, and four-breed rotational crossbred steers in four non-overlapping generations. At weaning (mean age = 220 d), steers were randomly assigned within breed group directly to the feedlot for 200 d, or to a backgrounding and stocker phase before feeding. Stocker steers were fed from 70 to 100 d in generations 1 and 2 and from 60 to 120 d in generations 3 and 4. Carcass traits included hot carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness and longissimus muscle area at the 12-13th rib interface, carcass weight-adjusted longissimus muscle area, USDA yield grade, estimated total lean yield, marbling score, and Warner-Bratzler shear force. Steers were classified as either high Brahman (50 to 100% Brahman), moderate Brahman (25 to 49% Brahman), or low Brahman (0 to 24% Brahman) inheritance. Two types of animal models were fit with regard to level of Brahman inheritance. One model assumed similar variances between pairs of Brahman inheritance groups, and the second model assumed different variances between pairs of Brahman inheritance groups. Fixed sources of variation in both models included direct and maternal additive and nonadditive breed effects, year of birth, and slaughter age. Variances were estimated using derivative free REML procedures. Likelihood ratio tests were used to compare models. The model accounting for heterogeneous variances had a greater likelihood (P < .001) than the model assuming homogeneous variances for hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, weight-adjusted longissimus muscle area, total lean yield, and Warner-Bratzler shear force, indicating improved fit with percentage Brahman inheritance considered as a source of heterogeneity of variance. Genetic covariances estimated from the model accounting for heterogeneous variances resulted in genetic correlations of or near unity. These results suggest that different genetic values be considered for genetic evaluation of carcass yield and shear force traits from steers with different degrees of Brahman inheritance.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The BRCA1 syndrome and other inherited breast or breast-ovarian cancers in a Norwegian prospective series.

Inherited breast cancer is a heterogenous group of diseases. We examined this heterogeneity in a prospective series of inherited breast and ovarian cancers, previously demonstrated to include 84% of inherited cancers. Ninety-two tumours (65 breast and 27 ovarian) in 82 patients from 70 kindreds were prospectively diagnosed. Fifteen of the breast cancers were in situ, 50 were infiltrating. 40 (49%) of the 82 women carried a BRCA1 mutation, whereas no mutation in BRCA2 was found. Approximately, two-thirds of the BRCA1 mutation carriers had one of the four most frequent Norwegian founder mutations. Ninety-five per cent of the epithelial ovarian cancers occurred in BRCA1 mutation carrying women versus 38% of infiltrating breast cancers and 7% of carcinoma in situ of the breast. The BRCA1 syndrome was phenotypically distinct with invasive, high grade, oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancers and epithelial ovarian cancers. Non-BRCA1/2 inherited breast cancers included carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma and were frequently bilateral. Non-BRCA1/2 inherited breast cancer is not associated with epithelial ovarian cancer and in breast cancers has distinct biological characteristics, indicating that the different subgroups of inherited breast cancer may need different healthcare services.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Proposed multigenic Composite Inheritance in major depression.

Various rationale have been considered in the familial inheritance pattern of major depression ranging from simple one-gene Mendelian inheritance to pseudo-additive gene action. We instead predict broad genetic expressivity patterns in the progeny of parents where at least one parent has recurrent major depression. In keeping with this idea, we feel that recurrent major depression could involve an expression imbalance of "normal" genes either exclusively or along with allelic variation(s). The patterns of pathology are theoretically conceptualized as qualitative and quantitative, meaning that expressivity of the genetic pattern in these children may range from minimal to complete even among siblings. Thus, prediction of the particular genetic pattern expressed by a particular child might prove difficult. The complex inheritance pattern that we propose is referred to as Composite Inheritance. Composite Inheritance considers that both the up- and down-regulation of luxury genes and housekeeping genes are involved in this dichotomous qualitative inheritance pattern and also the wide quantitative expressivity. The luxury genes include such genes as those coding for the neurotransmitter transporters and receptors. The housekeeping genes found to date include those that code for proteins involved in gene transcription, secondary signaling systems, fatty acid metabolism and transport, and intracellular calcium homeostasis. Other luxury and housekeeping genes no doubt remain to be discovered. Our current research utilizes an empirical approach involving advanced genomics and specialized pattern recognition mathematics in families having at least one parent with recurrent major depression. The goal of our research is to develop a pattern recognition system of genetic expressivity in major depression to which prevention and early intervention may be tailored.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

A truncated form of the Pho80 cyclin redirects the Pho85 kinase to disrupt vacuole inheritance in S. cerevisiae.

Partitioning of the vacuole during cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae begins during early S phase and ends in late G2 phase before the yeast nucleus migrates into the bud neck. We have isolated and characterized a new mutant, vac5-1, which is defective in vacuole segregation. Cells with the vac5-1 mutation can form large buds without vacuoles. The VAC5 gene was cloned and is identical to PHO80. PHO80 encodes a cyclin which acts in a complex with a cdc-like kinase, PHO85, as a negative regulator of two transcription factors (PHO2 and PHO4) that govern the expression of metabolic phosphatases. The vacuole inheritance defect in vac5-1 cells is dependent on the presence of the Pho85 kinase and its targets Pho4p and Pho2p. As with other alleles of PHO80, phosphatase levels are elevated in vac5-1 mutants. A suppressor, the COOH-terminal half of the Gal11 transcription factor, rescues the vac5-1 phenotype of defective vacuole inheritance without altering the vac5-1 phenotype of elevated phosphatase levels. In addition, neither maximal nor minimal levels of expression of the inducible "PHO" system phosphatases causes a vacuole inheritance defect. Though vac5-1 is recessive, pho80 delta or pho85 delta strains do not show a defect in vacuole inheritance, suggesting that vac5-1 is not a complete loss-of-function allele. Sequence analysis shows that the vac5-1 allele encodes a truncated form of the Pho80 cyclin and overexpression of vac5-1 in pho80 delta cells causes a vacuole inheritance defect. We conclude that the vac5-1 allele directs the Pho85 kinase to regulate, via transcription factors Pho4 and Pho2, genes that affect vacuole inheritance but which are not known to be under normal PHO pathway control.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

The coevolution of human fertility and wealth inheritance strategies.

Life history theory concerns the scheduling of births and the level of parental investment in each offspring. In most human societies the inheritance of wealth is an important part of parental investment. Patterns of wealth inheritance and other reproductive decisions, such as family size, would be expected to influence each other. Here I present an adaptive model of human reproductive decision-making, using a state-dependent dynamic model. Two decisions made by parents are considered: when to have another baby, and thus the pattern of reproduction through life; and how to allocate resources between children at the end of the parents' life. Optimal decision rules are those that maximize the number of grandchildren. Decisions are assumed to depend on the state of the parent, which is described at any time by two variables: number of living sons, and wealth. The dynamics of the model are based on a traditional African pastoralist system, but it is general enough to approximate to any means of subsistence where an increase in the amount of wealth owned increases the capacity for future production of resources. The model is used to show that, in the unpredictable environment of a traditional pastoralist society, high fertility and a biasing of wealth inheritance to a small number of children are frequently optimal. Most such societies are now undergoing a transition to lower fertility, known as the demographic transition. The effects on fertility and wealth inheritance strategies of reducing mortality risks, reducing the unpredictability of the environment and increasing the costs of raising children are explored. Reducing mortality has little effect on completed family sizes of living children or on the wealth they inherit. Increasing the costs of raising children decreases optimal fertility and increases the inheritance left to each child at each level of wealth, and has the potential to reduce fertility to very low levels. The results offer an explanation for why wealthy families are frequently also those with the smallest number of children in heterogeneous, post-transition societies.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Divergent potentials for cytoplasmic inheritance within the genus Syringa. A new trait associated with speciogenesis.

Epifluorescence microscopic detection of organelle DNA in the mature generative cell is a rapid method for determining the potential for the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. We used this method to examine 19 of the known 22 to 27 species in the genus Syringa. Organelle DNA was undetectable in seven species, all in the subgenus Syringa, but was detected in the 12 species examined of the subgenera Syringa and Ligustrina. Therefore, species within the genus Syringa display differences in the potential cytoplasmic inheritance. Closer examination revealed that the mature generative cells of the species in which organelle DNA was detected contained both mitochondria and plastids, but cells of the species lacking detectable organelle DNA contained only mitochondria, and the epifluorescent organelle DNA signals from the mature generative cells corresponded to plastid DNA. In addition, semiquantitative analysis was used to demonstrate that, during pollen development, the amount of mitochondrial DNA decreased greatly in the generative cells of the species examined, but the amount of plastid DNA increased remarkably in the species containing plastids in the generative cell. The results suggest that all Syringa species exhibit potential maternal mitochondrial inheritance, and a number of the species exhibit potential biparental plastid inheritance. The difference between the modes of potential plastid inheritance among the species suggests different phylogenies for the species; it also supports recent conclusions of molecular, systematic studies of the Syringa. In addition, the results provide new evidence for the mechanisms of maternal mitochondrial inheritance in angiosperms.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed2006

Matrilineal fertility inheritance detected in hunter-gatherer populations using the imbalance of gene genealogies.

Fertility inheritance, a phenomenon in which an individual's number of offspring is positively correlated with his or her number of siblings, is a cultural process that can have a strong impact on genetic diversity. Until now, fertility inheritance has been detected primarily using genealogical databases. In this study, we develop a new method to infer fertility inheritance from genetic data in human populations. The method is based on the reconstruction of the gene genealogy of a sample of sequences from a given population and on the computation of the degree of imbalance in this genealogy. We show indeed that this level of imbalance increases with the level of fertility inheritance, and that other phenomena such as hidden population structure are unlikely to generate a signal of imbalance in the genealogy that would be confounded with fertility inheritance. By applying our method to mtDNA samples from 37 human populations, we show that matrilineal fertility inheritance is more frequent in hunter-gatherer populations than in food-producer populations. One possible explanation for this result is that in hunter-gatherer populations, individuals belonging to large kin networks may benefit from stronger social support and may be more likely to have a large number of offspring.

Allelic Imbalance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mode of inheritance influences behavioral expression and molecular control of cognitive deficits in female carriers of the fragile X syndrome.

The effect of mode of inheritance on expression of fragile X syndrome [fra(X)] was investigated in nonretarded female carriers. Examination included cognitive and molecular measures. A priori predictions about cognitive impairment and size of an unstable region of DNA containing a CGG repeat on the X chromosome were tested in age and education matched heterozygotes grouped according to parental inheritance. Nine carriers with a maternal fra(X) chromosome, 11 carriers with a paternal fra(X) chromosome and 15 control mothers of children with non X-linked developmental disabilities were tested. Inheritance was established through DNA linkage analysis. Cognitive skills were assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Benton Visual Retention Test. Molecular status was assessed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA digested with Eco RI and Eag I, and probed with StB 12.3. Results supported the inheritance models' predictions. Heterozygotes who inherited the fra(X) from their fathers appeared to be a homogeneous group. They were indistinguishable from controls on cognitive measures and all had genomic insertions of less than 500 base pairs. In contrast, heterozygotes who inherited the fra(X) chromosome from their mothers appeared to be made up of 2 sub-populations. They were as a group deficient in measures of attention and visual memory, but not other measures, with scores of some women consistently below the other subjects. Further, they had some members with greater than 500 base pair inserts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Stability with Inheritance in the Conditional Strategy.

The conditional strategy is a theoretical framework that explains the existence within populations of individuals that express alternative behavioral, physical or life history tactics (phenotypes). An example is fighters and sneakers in many animal mating systems. In the conditional strategy the alternative tactics are chosen by individuals based on their state, for example large or small bodied. Since state is often heritable, due for example to additive genetic variance, the alternative tactics may also have inheritance. As the tactics do not have equal fitnesses, it is generally believed that any such inheritance would prevent the evolutionary stability of the conditional strategy. However, in previous work we introduced an Inheritance Theorem and were able to prove that a conditional strategy with tactic inheritances can have a unique equilibrium proportion of the tactics. We now prove a second property of our Inheritance Theorem, namely the stability of the equilibrium. This means that if the tactics are perturbed from their equilibrium proportions, they will return across generations to their equilibrium proportions. An example is provided in mites. We have therefore established an Inheritance Theorem which includes both the existence of an equilibrium and its stability for alternative tactics in a conditional strategy.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Autosomal-dominantly inherited forms of Parkinson's disease.

Today, a genetic contribution to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is generally accepted, based on the demonstration of a familial aggregation of the disease, as demonstrated by several case-control and twin-studies. However, most cases of PD appear to be sporadic, and in the majority of those with a positive family history, no clear mendelian mode of inheritance can be established. Therefore, a polygenic mode of inheritance or a multifactorial etiology is likely in these cases. On the other hand, a number of families have been identified, in whom parkinsonism is inherited as an apparently monogenic mendelian trait with high penetrance. In several of these families, the disease genes have been mapped and mutations have been identified in some of them. The first gene locus has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4 in a small number of families with autosomal-dominant inheritance and typical Lewy-body pathology (PARK 1), and mutations have been identified in the gene for alpha-synuclein in these kindreds. Two other loci in families with dominant inheritance have been mapped, to chromosome 2p13 (PARK 3) and to chromosome 4p, respectively. A gene causing autosomal recessive parkinsonism of juvenile onset has been mapped to chromosome 6 (PARK 2), and the causative gene has been identified and named parkin. Each of these genetically defined familial disorders share clinical characteristics that fulfill the criteria accepted for idiopathic Parkinson's disease but, as in sporadic PD, also show a variability of clinical expressions, both within and between families. At present, there is no direct evidence that any of these genes for familial Parkinsonian syndromes have a direct role in the etiology of the common sporadic form of PD. However, the elucidation of the molecular sequence of events leading to nigral degeneration in these inherited cases is likely to shed light also on the molecular pathogenesis of the common sporadic form of this disorder.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2↗
PubMed1994

Inheritance of polymorphic markers generated by DNA amplification fingerprinting and their use as genetic markers in soybean.

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) using a high primer-to-template ratio and single, very short arbitrary primers, was used to generate amplified fragment length polymorphic markers (AFLP) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The inheritance of AFLPs was studied using a cross between the ancestral Glycine soja PI468.397 and Glycine max (L.) Merr. line nts382, F1 and F2 progeny. The amplification reaction was carried out with soybean genomic DNA and 8 base long oligonucleotide primers. Silver-stained 5% polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea detected from 11 to 28 DAF products with primers of varying GC content (ranging from 50 to 100% GC). Depending on their intensity, AFLPs were classified into three classes. DAF profiles were reproducible for different DNA extractions and gels. Forty AFLPs were detected by 26 primers when comparing G. soja and G. max. Most AFLPs were inherited as dominant Mendelian markers in F1 and F2 populations. However, abnormal inheritance occurred with about 25% of polymorphisms. One marker was inherited as a maternal marker, presumably originating from organelle DNA while another showed apparent paternal inheritance. To confirm the nuclear origin and utility of dominant Mendelian markers, three DAF polymorphisms were mapped using a F11 mapping population of recombinant inbred lines from soybean cultivars Minsoy x Noir 1. The study showed that DAF-generated polymorphic markers occur frequently and reliably, that they are inherited as Mendelian dominant loci and that they can be used in genome mapping.

Base Composition↗