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PubMed2000

Effects of bilateral striatal 6-OHDA lesions on circadian rhythms in the rat: a radiotelemetric study.

The present work aims to document, in a previously described animal model of Parkinson (double bilateral striatal injection of 6-OHDA), the possible modifications of circadian markers rhythms i.e. temperature (T), heart rate (H) and locomotor activity (A) registered continuously by telemetry, in order to evaluate a possible perturbation of the circadian rythmicity. H, T and A were measured by radiotelemetry after surgical implantation of the transmitters (Data Sciences). After a recovery period, the study was divided into a control period (C) for baseline measurements of T, H and A daily rhythms. Then, the stereotaxic 6-OHDA striatal lesion was done to a group of 4 rats while the control rats were injected into striata with saline; a second period of four registration weeks was observed [D 1-7 (W1), D 8-14 (W2), D 15-21 (W3), D 22-28 (W4)]. Finally, at the end of this period the seven rats were decapited in order to determine their striatal dopamine (DA) content. Our data document that the circadian rhythms of H, T and A were differently affected according to time. Thus, a temporary loss of circadian periodicity was observed particularly for heart rate. 6-OHDA-induced modifications of H, T and A circadian rhythm characteristics were also observed: a significant decrease of the mesor was observed for the three rhythms as well as a phase advance. Concerning the amplitude of these rhythms, only H was significantly decreased. These perturbations were observed during the four weeks following the intervention, never reaching the initial control levels. Such observed perturbations would supply a basis for the future study of the chronopharmacology of antiparkinsonian drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Public perceptions of criminal justice policy: does victimization make a difference?

In this paper we examine public perceptions of criminal justice policy and public attitudes toward victims. We are particularly interested in exploring the relationship between the use of social science data and the adoption of public policy affecting victims of crime. To do this we analyze a representative sample of over 450 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area in 1983. The specific issues examined include attitudes toward rape (e.g., whether caused by victim's behavior), prosecution of marital rape, plea bargaining, sentencing of predatory offenders, and the relative importance and efficacy of rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution as goals of punishment. Overall, the results suggest that age and education have the most important influence on public attitudes regarding these criminal justice policies. Surprisingly, victimization status does not emerge as a salient predictor of criminal justice perceptions. We conclude with a call for greater use of social science surveys as information input into local and federal decision making on criminal justice policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ecological determinants of distribution decline and risk of extinction in moths.

For successful conservation of species it is important to identify traits that predispose species to the risk of extinction. By identifying such traits conservation efforts can be directed toward species that are most at risk of becoming threatened. We used data derived from the literature to determine ecological traits that affect distribution, distribution change, and the risk of extinction in Finnish noctuid moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). The ecological traits we examined included body size, larval specificity, length of the flight period, and overwintering stage. In addition, in monophagous species we examined the effects of resource distribution. Larval specificity, length of the flight period, and the overwintering stage each had an independent effect on the risk of extinction when the effects of other traits were controlled by entering all traits into the same regression model. Not a single trait predicted the risk of extinction when analysis was conducted without controlling for the other traits. This discrepancy among the results suggests that a single trait may not be enough to allow prediction of the risk of extinction. Instead, it seems that for successful, predictive conservation science data on several ecological characteristics are needed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Land-use and land-cover change in montane mainland southeast Asia.

This paper summarizes land-cover and land-use change at eight sites in Thailand, Yunnan (China), Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos over the last 50 years. Project methodology included incorporating information collected from a combination of semiformal, key informant, and formal household interviews with the development of spatial databases based on aerial photographs, satellite images, topographic maps, and GPS data. Results suggest that land use (e.g. swidden cultivation) and land cover (e.g. secondary vegetation) have remained stable and the minor amount of land-use change that has occurred has been a change from swidden to monocultural cash crops. Results suggest that two forces will increasingly determine land-use systems in this region. First, national land tenure policies-the nationalization of forest lands and efforts to increase control over upland resources by central governments-will provide a push factor making it increasingly difficult for farmers to maintain their traditional swidden land-use practices. Second, market pressures-the commercialization of subsistence resources and the substitution of commercial crops for subsistence crops-will provide a pull factor encouraging farmers to engage in new and different forms of commercial agriculture. These results appear to be robust as they come from eight studies conducted over the last decade. But important questions remain in terms of what research protocols are needed, if any, when linking social science data with remotely sensed data for understanding human-environment interactions.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Is expression of some behaviours associated with de-arousal in restricted-fed chickens?

Broiler breeder chickens show apparently abnormal behaviours when subjected to routine quantitative food restriction during rearing. By using a combination of videorecording and radiotelemetry, this experiment addressed the question of whether such behaviours are associated with de-arousal. In each of 2 years, 3 female chickens had radiotelemetry devices (Data Sciences) implanted surgically at 12 weeks of age, for measuring putative physiological indices of arousal (heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, telencephalic EEG). Subsequently, when caged individually and moving freely, they were monitored over 2 days when their daily food ration (60 g pellets provided at 0900 h) was all eaten in <10 min. Their behaviour (nine categories) and arousal indices were recorded in every minute during the photoperiod (0700 to 1900 h), using special computer software for videorecording (Noldus) and radiotelemetry (Dataquest LabPRO) analyses. Most time was spent in behaviour categories stand, push bar and feeder directed. Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and relative powers in delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) frequency bands of the EEG power spectrum were all highest during feeder directed, whereas heart rate, temperature and delta EEG were all lowest during stand. Judging from significant correlation coefficients between times spent in different behaviours and corresponding physiological variables, across the day, and between ranked mean values of the 6 birds, other trends were also evident. For example, total time spent in all (non-food directed) oral behaviours was related positively to an index of de-arousal (slow wave EEG) and negatively to an index of arousal (heart rate). Collectively, however, these results provide apparently conflicting evidence of both arousal and de-arousal being associated with every behaviour analysed. This conclusion is explicable if abnormal behaviours are related to arousal in a homeostatic way [Savory, C.J., Kostal, L. Temporal patterning of oral stereotypies in restricted-fed fowls: 1. Investigations with a single daily meal. Int. J. Comp. Psychol. 1996, 9:117-139.], being both stimulated by it and reducing it.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children and adolescents: changing trends.

OBJECTIVE: To identify current trends in antibiotic sensitivity patterns of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA MRSA) infections of the head and neck in children and adolescents and evaluate outcomes after therapy. DESIGN: Retrospective review of cases consisting of a medical record review with telephone follow-up. SETTING: Two tertiary university medical referral centers. PATIENTS: Pediatric patients (age <18 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of cases, sensitivities of cultured organisms, treatments used, and outcome of treatments. RESULTS: Seven patients were identified with CA MRSA in a 4-month period. Superficial abscesses (3 patients [43%]) and suppurative lymphadenitis (3 patients [43%]) were the most common causes. An erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-sensitive pattern was observed in 6 (86%) of the 7 isolates. All infections resolved with prescribed treatments; there were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of erythromycin-resistant, clindamycin-sensitive CA MRSA was noted. This new resistance pattern is indicative of inducible macrolide-lincomycin-streptogramin-B resistance. Basic science data suggest that these strains of bacteria could develop resistance to clindamycin during therapy despite appearing susceptible on initial laboratory testing. In our small series, clindamycin was used alone and effectively in 2 such cases. This appears to support its continued use as initial, empiric therapy in suspected cases of CA MRSA.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel.

OBJECTIVE: To update recommendations for antiretroviral therapy for adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, based on new information and drugs that are available. PARTICIPANTS: A 17-member international physician panel with antiretroviral research and HIV patient care experience initially convened by the International AIDS Society-USA in December 1995. EVIDENCE: Available clinical and basic science data including phase 3 controlled trials; data on clinical, virologic, and immunologic end points; research conference reports; HIV pathogenesis data; and panel expert opinion. Recommendations were limited to therapies available (US Food and Drug Administration approved) in 1999. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel assesses new research reports and interim results and regularly meets to consider how the new data affect therapy recommendations. Recommendations are updated via full-panel consensus. Guidelines are presented as recommendations if the supporting evidence warrants routine use in the particular situation and as considerations if data are preliminary or incomplete but suggestive. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of new antiretroviral drugs has expanded treatment choices. The importance of adherence, emerging long-term complications of therapy, recognition and management of antiretroviral failure, and new monitoring tools are addressed. Optimal care requires individualized management and ongoing attention to relevant scientific and clinical information in the field.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Telemetric monitoring of tracheal pressure after tracheal occlusion for treatment of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

INTRODUCTION: Prenatal tracheal occlusion using endoscopic techniques obstructs the normal egress of lung fluid during pulmonary development and stimulates lung growth in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Although FETO might be an effective strategy for treatment of CDH, the mechanism especially due to the supposed increasing transpulmonary pressure is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to monitor the pressure below the attached balloon in the fetal lamb telemetrically. METHODS: Four time-dated pregnant Merino ewes underwent fetal and maternal surgery. A special prepared silicone catheter was placed below the epiglottis by laryngoscopy on day 110 or 140 of gestation. The tracheal pressure below the fixed catheter could be monitored telemetrically using the Data Sciences TA11-PA-C40 pressure device. Hundred and twenty measurement points were recorded over a period of 2 min. RESULTS: A maximum of lung pressure rate was found immediately after implantation (23.7 +/- 4.6 mm Hg). During the first hour, the pressure decreased to an average value of 16.9 mmHg. About 70 h after the block, this value decreased to a minimum level of 8.3 +/- 0.4 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Decreasing pressure variation might indicate that lung growth has stopped and that the ideal point of time to remove the balloon is achieved. Increasing pressure has to be related to the morphometric analysis of the lung's structural development and maturation, comparing the efficacy of FETO in preventing or reversing pulmonary hypoplasia. Further investigation of continuous telemetric monitoring of tracheal pressure in the fetal lamb is required.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Pitfalls in bone mineral density measurements.

Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements have been the single greatest advancement for osteoporosis. BMD measurements have helped define a prefracture diagnosis of osteoporosis, predict fracture risk in postmenopausal women and elderly men, and monitor the course of disease processes that negatively affect bone or therapeutic agents that can improve bone strength. Despite the large amount of clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science data that has advanced our understanding of BMD performance and interpretation, many pitfalls in BMD performance and interpretation pervade the practice of bone densitometry. However, all of these pitfalls can be overcome. Proper quality control and clinical interpretation of BMD computer printout reports are paramount for correct diagnosis, risk assessment, and serial BMD measurements. Though BMD application(s) are a clinical tool that can and should be used by many different primary care and specialty physicians, the performances and interpretations are not simple processes. Proper education and training in the use of BMD technologies provides the means of achieving the great intent that BMD measurements are capable of providing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1992

Limbic seizures induce a differential regulation of the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3, in the rat hippocampus.

Small unilateral electrolytic lesions placed in the hilus of the dentate gyrus produce limbic seizures. We have investigated the effects of these hilar lesions on the levels of the mRNAs encoding for 3 neurotrophic factors (NTF): nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3). 'In situ' hybridization histochemistry with synthetic oligonucleotides was used to analyze their mRNA distribution and levels. In agreement with previously published data (Science, 245 (1989) 758-761), NGF mRNA was found bilaterally, quickly and transiently increased in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Only 2 h after the onset of limbic seizures, mRNA levels for BDNF were also found to be dramatically elevated in both sides of the hippocampus, reaching a maximum 30-fold increase in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus 5 h after the lesion. Moreover, increased levels of this mRNA were also been found in the pyramidal layer of the CA3 (5-fold) and CA1 (15-fold) hippocampal fields. In contrast, NT3 mRNA was found to be clearly and bilaterally decreased in dentate gyrus granule cells, reaching 5- to 6-fold decreased levels at 12 h after lesion. Taken together, these results clearly show a different regulation of neurotrophic factors genes (NGF, BDNF and NT3) expression in the different hippocampal fields, as a consequence of seizure-producing hilar lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dopamine and norepinephrine activity in schizophrenia. An integrative perspective.

The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia stated that increased DA activity is the primary cause of schizophrenia. Recently, even though increased DA activity is in fact involved in psychotic symptoms and antipsychotic drug response, it has become clear that decreased DA activity is present in remitted and chronic states and may relate to deficit symptoms and cortical lesions. In addition, the norepinephrine (NE) system seems to be involved in symptomatology, antipsychotic drug response, course, and outcome in schizophrenia. This review supports the hypothesis that a disturbance in DA and NE activity regulates schizophrenic behavior. A plethora of DA- and NE-related findings in schizophrenic patients are reviewed in relationship to each other according to basic science data and to presently entertained hypotheses, with emphasis on a neural developmental disturbance interacting with a genetic predisposition shaped by environmental factors.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Can phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors cure erectile dysfunction?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To systematically analyze and review the available evidence about the potential role of chronic administration of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for the cure of erectile dysfunction (ED) based on clinical and basic science data. METHODS: Analysis of published full-length papers that were identified with Medline and Cancerlit from January 1993 to September 2005. Abstracts published in the journals European Urology, the Journal of Urology, the International Journal of Impotence Research, and the Journal of Sexual Medicine as official proceedings of internationally known scientific societies held in the same time period were also assessed. RESULTS: Chronic administration of PDE-5 inhibitors have reportedly been associated with increased persistent vascular and endothelial function--which represents a key factor in maintaining vascular tone and inducing vasodilation--by increasing the level of endothelial cGMP generated by activation of endothelial nitric oxide. Clinical studies have revealed a potential protective role of these compounds on endothelial function in short- and long-term assessments. Several studies based on animal models have provided direct experimental support for the role of PDE-5 inhibitors in improving the structure and function of the cavernosal tissue and have suggested potential molecular mechanisms involved. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence increasingly supports the potential role of chronic administration of PDE-5 inhibitors for improving erectile function in patients affected by ED, long-term data are lacking. However, data available from animal models support the evidence of potential benefits induced on endothelial function by chronic exposure to PDE-5 inhibitors.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference.

Since its introduction as a clinical entity in 1992, the Brugada syndrome has progressed from being a rare disease to one that is second only to automobile accidents as a cause of death among young adults in some countries. Electrocardiographically characterized by a distinct ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads, the syndrome is associated with a high risk for sudden cardiac death in young and otherwise healthy adults, and less frequently in infants and children. Patients with a spontaneously appearing Brugada ECG have a high risk for sudden arrhythmic death secondary to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. The ECG manifestations of Brugada syndrome are often dynamic or concealed and may be unmasked or modulated by sodium channel blockers, a febrile state, vagotonic agents, alpha-adrenergic agonists, beta-adrenergic blockers, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants, a combination of glucose and insulin, hypo- and hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and alcohol and cocaine toxicity. In recent years, an exponential rise in the number of reported cases and a striking proliferation of articles defining the clinical, genetic, cellular, ionic, and molecular aspects of the disease have occurred. The report of the first consensus conference, published in 2002, focused on diagnostic criteria. The present report, which emanated from the second consensus conference held in September 2003, elaborates further on the diagnostic criteria and examines risk stratification schemes and device and pharmacological approaches to therapy on the basis of the available clinical and basic science data.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia↗
PubMed2006

Circadian variations of stellate ganglion nerve activity in ambulatory dogs.

BACKGROUND: The presence of circadian variations in sympathetic outflow from the stellate ganglia is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to continuously record stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA) in ambulatory dogs. METHODS: We performed continuous 24-hour left (N = 3) or bilateral (N = 3) SGNA recordings in normal ambulatory dogs using implanted Data Sciences International transmitters. We also performed simultaneous ECG recording (n = 5) or simultaneous ECG and blood pressure recordings (n = 1). RESULTS: The total duration of continuous ambulatory recording averaged 41.5 +/- 16.6 days. Five dogs had persistent stable recording, and one dog developed hardware malfunction in week 3. SGNA was followed immediately (<1 second) by heart rate and blood pressure elevation and a reduced standard deviation of consecutive activation cycle length (SDNN) from 236 +/- 93 ms to 121 +/- 51 ms (P = 0.007). Heart rate correlated significantly with SGNA. When there was a sudden increase of SGNA, the sudden increase occurred bilaterally in 90% of the episodes. Both heart rate and SGNA showed statistically significant (P <.01) circadian variation. Nadolol (20 mg/day for 5 days) reduced average heart rate from 99 +/- 8 bpm at baseline to 88 +/- 9 bpm (N = 6, P = .001) but did not significantly alter SGNA. Immunohistochemical staining of the stellate ganglia showed tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ganglion cells and nerves at the recording site. CONCLUSION: There is a circadian variation in sympathetic outflow from canine stellate ganglia. Circadian variation of SGNA is an important cause of circadian variations of cardiac sympathetic tone.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Bioinformatics integration and agent technology.

Vast amounts of life sciences data are scattered around the world in the form of a variety of heterogeneous data sources. The need to be able to co-relate relevant information is fundamental to increase the overall knowledge and understanding of a specific subject. Bioinformaticians aspire to find ways to integrate biological data sources for this purpose and system integration is a very important research topic. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of important integration issues that should be considered when designing a bioinformatics integration system. The currently prevailing approach for integration is presented with examples of bioinformatics information systems together with their main characteristics. Here, we introduce agent technology and we argue why it provides an appropriate solution for designing bioinformatics integration systems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Concepts for developing a collaborative in silico model of the acute inflammatory response using agent-based modeling.

The complexity of the acute inflammatory response (AIR) is, by now, generally recognized. The primary manifestation of this property has been the difficulty in translating the information derived from reductionist, basic science research into effective clinical treatment regimens for sepsis. However, the recognition of the "complexity" of the AIR is not without its pitfalls. Despite its limitations, reductionism remains the primary means of obtaining scientific information. Furthermore, a functional shortcoming of use of the term complex has been to make it equivalent to "essentially unsolvable." Therefore, a mechanism is needed to integrate the apparatus of reductionist analysis into a complex synthetic methodology that overcomes the current limitations of both. Toward this end, I propose a structure for a class of collaborative, community-wide in silico models that use the framework of agent-based modeling. Agent-based modeling is a type of mathematical modeling that focuses on the behaviors of the components of complex systems and is well suited for translating the results of basic science experiments. I will also introduce a preliminary version of a syntactical "grammar" that can potentially be used to facilitate the transfer of basic science data into computer code. It is hoped that when a mature version of this framework is implemented, the resulting models will provide a functional, synthetic data base on the AIR that could be used for directing research, testing hypotheses, teaching and training, and drug discovery/testing.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Twenty-five years of research on medicinal plants in Latin America: a personal view.

In this short article, I have discussed (on the base of the Web of Science data base search), the expressive progress of Latin American scientific production in peer review journals in the field of plants over the last 25 years. In addition, some effort has been made towards discussing the relevance of medicinal plants for the development of standardized phytomedicines with proof of quality, safety and efficacy, and a few examples of success have been briefly mentioned.

Ethnopharmacology↗
PubMed2026

Effects of phytosterols supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to synthesize and quantitatively assess the available evidence on the effects of phytosterol supplementation on hepatic lipid metabolism and obesity-related metabolic outcomes in obese rodent models, integrating biochemical, histological, and molecular evidence. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Data on study design, population, intervention, outcomes, and risk of bias were extracted and analyzed. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed. Meta-analysis showed reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, glucose, liver weight, hepatic cholesterol, hepatic triglycerides, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. No significant changes were observed for adiposity index, HDL-C, insulin, or hepatic expression of PPAR&#x3b1;, FAS, and SREBP1c. Conversely, CPT1A expression was significantly increased following PS supplementation. Subgroup analyses indicated that the beneficial effects on lipid and hepatic outcomes were generally consistent across rodent species (mice, rats, and hamsters), obesity induction models, and routes of administration, although the magnitude of responses varied between strains, with C57BL/6 mice showing more pronounced metabolic improvements. Additional analyses suggested that treatment duration and phytosterol composition may modulate specific outcomes, whereas dose-response meta-regression identified dose-dependent associations for serum and hepatic cholesterol, and PPAR&#x3b1; expression in dietary supplementation studies. Overall, the available preclinical evidence suggests that phytosterol supplementation may improve several metabolic and hepatic outcomes in rodent models of obesity. However, the substantial heterogeneity across studies highlights the need for standardized experimental protocols and future clinical studies before these findings can be translated to human health.

Animals↗