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PubMed1996

Toward a model for nursing informatics.

PURPOSE: To propose a new model for the development of nursing informatics based on historical precedent. SIGNIFICANCE: Nursing informatics is expanding rapidly. The proposed model aids in understanding the areas of research, relating them to each other, and it shows areas where work is missing or should be extended. ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK: Nursing informatics as the interaction of cognitive science, computer science, and information science resting on a base of nursing science. IMPLICATIONS: As this model is tested, it can act as an organizing framework to understand and relate studies of nursing informatics and give organization for future research, education, and development.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

Curriculum of medical informatics and medical technology in the medical faculty.

1. CURRICULUM DESCRIPTION. Twenty years ago, our faculty organized several lessons in a physiology course to inform students about computers. Recently, new courses in informatics were established. In their first year, students take a compulsory course (15 hours=h) of basic computer science (computers databases, networking, and basic non-medical computer software). A special elective course in medical informatics (30h) can be taken in the 4th year (about 20% of students pass tis course). This course includes the following lessons: computers in medicine (2h), scientific information (4h), classification in medicine (2h- including ICD, SNOMED etc.), computer support of clinical decision (2h-calculation principles with demonstration), artificial intelligence (2h), statistical software (2h), hospital information systems (2h), software for practitioners (2h), biosignal and image analysis (4th), computers in pharmacology (2h), computer simulation (2h), support of metabolic care (2h-consultations, risk calculations), and laboratory information systems (2h). The same course, though slightly differences, is used for paramedical students (occupational therapy, health education, and nursing). Medical technology was established in a three year curriculum courses in the 1st year include common courses in electronic devices (60 h), computers and programming (120 h), biophysics (90 h), biomechanics (30 h), and different medical courses (500 h). For the 2nd and 3rd year, 75% of the courses (700 h per year) are technical e.g., medical devices, information systems, signal and picture analysis, laboratory technique, and data protection. 2. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES. Students of medicine, and some paramedical studies, are able to use computer in their profession after having taken these courses. Bachelors of medical technology find application in biomedical research, hospitals, and medical technology firms.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1994

Information revolution in nursing and health care: educating for tomorrow's challenge.

Current emphasis on the national electronic highway and a national health database for comparative health care reporting demonstrates society's increasing reliance on information technology. The efficient electronic processing and managing of data, information, and knowledge are critical for survival in tomorrow's health care organization. To take a leadership role in this information revolution, informatics nurse specialists must possess competencies that incorporate information science, computer science, and nursing science for successful information system development. In selecting an appropriate informatics educational program or to hire an individual capable of meeting this challenge, nurse administrators must look for the following technical knowledge and skill set: information management principles, system development life cycle, programming languages, file design and access, hardware and network architecture, project management skills, and leadership abilities.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2002

Expectancy and risk for alcoholism: the unfortunate exploitation of a fundamental characteristic of neurobehavioral adaptation.

Psychological investigations of alcohol expectancies over the last 20 years, using primarily verbal techniques, have strongly supported expectancies as an important mediator of biological and environmental antecedent variables that influence risk for alcohol use and abuse. At the same time, rapid developments in neuroscience, cognitive science, affective science, computer science, and genetics proved to be compatible with the concept of expectancy and, in some cases, used this concept directly. By using four principles that bear on the integration of knowledge in the biological and behavioral sciences-consilience, conservation, contingency, and emergence-these developments are merged into an integrated explanation of alcoholism and other addictions. In this framework, expectancy is seen as a functional approach to adaptation and survival that has been manifested in multiple biological systems with different structures and processes. Understood in this context, addiction is not a unique behavioral problem or special pathology distinct from the neurobehavioral substrate that governs all behavior, but is rather a natural (albeit unfortunate) consequence of these same processes. The ultimate intent is to weave a working heuristic that ties together findings from molecular and molar levels of inquiry and thereby might help direct future research. Such integration is critical in the multifaceted study of addictions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Dispelling the "mystery" of computational cognitive science.

H. Crowther-Heyck (1999) argued that early advocates of computational cognitive science, especially George Miller, aimed to bring about a revival of traditional mentalism, including the issues of consciousness and free will. He therefore found it inexplicable, and even "ironic," that they selected the computer as their main research tool because computers seem no more conscious and no more free than, for instance, the telephone switchboard that was one of the behaviorists' key metaphors. I argue, by contrast, that this misunderstands the main thrust of cognitive science, which was not to bring back all of traditional mentalism, but was rather only to give a rigorous account of intentionality. Once this is recognized, Crowther-Heyck's "mystery" of cognitive science is dispelled because, as is well known, computers use symbolic representations, and thus were seen by the early cognitive scientists as being prime mechanical models of intentional processes.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishing a nursing informatics program.

Nursing informatics is the synthesis of nursing science, information management science, and computer science to enhance the input, retrieval, manipulation, and/or distribution of nursing data. The literature abounds with articles stressing the unmet computer needs of nurses. Nurses must go beyond knowing computer terms and following basic program commands; they must be informatics competent. This article proposes five courses in nursing informatics to enhance all areas of nursing: practice, administration, education, and research.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Informatics at the National Institutes of Health: a call to action.

Biomedical informatics, imaging, and engineering are major forces driving the knowledge revolutions that are shaping the agendas for biomedical research and clinical medicine in the 21st century. These disciplines produce the tools and techniques to advance biomedical research, and continually feed new technologies and procedures into clinical medicine. To sustain this force, an increased investment is needed in the physics, biomedical science, engineering, mathematics, information science, and computer science undergirding biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging. This investment should be made primarily through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). However, the NIH is not structured to support such disciplines as biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging that cross boundaries between disease- and organ-oriented institutes. The solution to this dilemma is the creation of a new institute or center at the NIH devoted to biomedical imaging, engineering, and informatics. Bills are being introduced into the 106th Congress to authorize such an entity. The pathway is long and arduous, from the introduction of bills in the House and Senate to the realization of new opportunities for biomedical informatics, engineering, and imaging at the NIH. There are many opportunities for medical informaticians to contribute to this realization.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1997

Greedy Algorithms for Finding a Small Set of Primers Satisfying Cover and Length Resolution Conditions in PCR Experiments.

Selecting a good collection of primers is very important for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments. Most existing algorithms for primer selection are concerned with computing a primer pair for each DNA sequence. In generalizing the arbitrarily primed PCR, etc., to the case that all DNA sequences of target objects are already known, like about 6000 ORFs of yeast, we may design a small set of primers so that all the targets are PCR amplified and resolved electrophoretically in a series of experiments. This is quite useful because deceasing the number of primers greatly reduces the cost of experiments. Pearson et al. (ISMB 1995: 285-291, 1995; Discrete Appl. Math. 71: 231-246, 1996) consider finding a minimum set of primers covering all given DNA sequences, but their method does not meet necessary biological conditions such as primer amplification and electrophoresis resolution. In this paper, based on the modeling and computational complexity analysis by Doi, we propose algorithms for this primer selection problem. These algorithms do not necessarily minimize the number of primers, but, since basic versions of these problems are shown to be computationally intractable, especially even for approximability with the length resolution condition, this is inevitable. In the algorithms, the amplification condition by a primer pair and the length resolution condition by electrophoresis are incorporated. These algorithms are based on the theoretically well-founded greedy algorithm for the set cover in computer science. Preliminary computational results are presented to show the validity of this approach. The number of computed primers is much less than a half of the number of targets, and hence is less than one forth of the number needed in the multiplex PCR.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

[Problems of the training of medical personnel in computer technology].

The author discusses the article by Gavrilenko A. F. et al (Soviet Public Health, 1987, N 10, p. 9-12) and tackles the problems of training medical staff in computer science and computing machinery. In is proposed to direct the curriculum at job control, fundamentals of economics, mathematics, algorithmics, programming. The proposal to pay special attention to medical automated management systems, primarily used in medico-sanitary units of industrial enterprises, is argued.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

A naturalistic study of the word frequency effect in episodic recognition.

In order to separate the effects of experience from other characteristics of word frequency (e.g., orthographic distinctiveness), computer science and psychology students rated their experience with computer science technical items and nontechnical items from a wide range of word frequencies prior to being tested for recognition memory of the rated items. For nontechnical items, there was a curvilinear relationship between recognition accuracy and word frequency for both groups of students. The usual superiority of low-frequency words was demonstrated and high-frequency words were recognized least well. For technical items, a similar curvilinear relationship was evident for the psychology students, but for the computer science students, recognition accuracy was inversely related to word frequency. The ratings data showed that subjective experience rather than background word frequency was the better predictor of recognition accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Understanding computers or some of the things you always wanted to know about computers ... but were afraid to ask.

Criteria for computer systems evaluation are changing. No longer can we rely on an evaluation based solely on what the combination of hardware and software does for the user (functional criteria). Significant improvements in software productivity have occurred in recent years as a result of the availability of tools such as relational database management systems and fourth-generation languages. Meanwhile new technologies such as image processing and graphical user interfaces, e.g. MS-Windows and X Window, are coming onstream. Most of these technologies and capabilities require substantially more computing resources than traditional character-based systems. Fortunately, the open systems revolution is creating a more competitive marketplace and computer price/performance ratios are soaring, making the additional computing resources readily available at reasonable prices. But the opportunities of the future will not be for everyone. They will exist only for those medical record practitioners who recognize that a shift away from purely functional evaluation is necessary. Those that make the shift successfully will not become computer technicians, but they will understand the few technical criteria that are truly essential in systems evaluation. They will, in short, apply the 80/20 principle successfully to make future system selections. Medical record professionals must take steps to upgrade their computer system knowledge in order to accommodate the needs of technical criteria evaluation. For the active practitioner this means taking the time to learn from the many sources available in print, educational programs, and knowledgeable persons. Students should seek out courses that will give them a balanced view of the computer sciences, without being overloaded with specifics. AMRA should look for ways to augment the computer sciences requirements in the student's curriculum. Development of study tracks that concentrate on combining standard curricula with computer science would both create a new breed of practitioner and expand the horizons of the profession. The medical record profession must actively work to keep pace with the ever-changing information management environment in order to maintain its position of healthcare information management leadership.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed2000

Ethics in the classroom: a reflection on integrating ethical discussions in an introductory course in computer programming.

In this paper, we describe our recent approaches to introducing students in a beginning computer science class to the study of ethical issues related to computer science and technology. This consists of three components: lectures on ethics and technology, in-class discussion of ethical scenarios, and a reflective paper on a topic related to ethics or the impact of technology on society. We give both student reactions to these aspects, and instructor perspective on the difficulties and benefits in exposing students to these ideas.

California↗