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PubMed1994

Evolutionary relationships among bean common mosaic virus strains and closely related potyviruses.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) consists of a large number of strains with complex and controversial relationships among them and with other potyviruses that infect legumes. In order to elucidate the BCMV taxonomic pattern and its evolutionary implications, a phylogenetic analysis has been carried out. The analysis of the coat protein gene and 3' non-coding region (NCR) sequences recently obtained by us and other currently available potyviral sequences confirms the clustering of viruses comprised in BCMV strains with other closely related potyviruses and reveals the great informative content of 3' NCR, suggesting a more relevant role for this region in phylogenetic analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

[Relation between the digestibility and protein value of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)].

The main nutritional limitations of common beans are the low digestibility of their protein and the deficiency of the latter in sulfur amino acids. Analysis of the information presented indicates that with 57 samples of different color (23 red, 21 black, 10 white and 3 brown), no relationship was found between protein digestibility and its quality as measured by NPR. Nevertheless, white beans have a higher protein digestibility than black, red and brown. The greater digestibility of white beans, however, does not increase the protein quality when mixed with cereal grains above that observed with black and red, probably because the protein that gives the higher digestibility is highly deficient in its sulfur amino acids content. These aspects require further research for programs aimed at increasing the nutritive value of food grain legumes.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1999

Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum strains from common bean fields in Spain.

Fusarium wilt is an endemic disease in El Barco de Avila (Castilla y León, west-central Spain), where high-quality common bean cultivars have been cultured for the last century. We used intergenic spacer (IGS) region polymorphism of ribosomal DNA, electrophoretic karyotype patterns, and vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity analyses to assess the genetic diversity within Fusarium oxysporum isolates recovered from common bean plants growing in fields around El Barco de Avila. Ninety-six vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were found among 128 isolates analyzed; most of these VCGs contained only a single isolate. The strains belonging to pathogenic VCGs and the most abundant nonpathogenic VCGs were further examined for polymorphisms in the IGS region and electrophoretic karyotype patterns. Isolates belonging to the same VCG exhibited the same IGS haplotype and very similar electrophoretic karyotype patterns. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that VCGs represent clonal lineages that rarely, if ever, reproduce sexually. The F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli strains recovered had the same IGS haplotype and similar electrophoretic karyotype patterns, different from those found for F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli from the Americas, and were assigned to three new VCGs (VCGs 0166, 0167, and 0168). Based on our results, we do not consider the strains belonging to F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli to be a monophyletic group within F. oxysporum, as there is no correlation between pathogenicity and VCG, IGS restriction fragment length polymorphism, or electrophoretic karyotype.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Genotypes of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Lacking the Nodule-Enhanced Isoform of Glutamine Synthetase.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an octameric enzyme. The nodule cytosol of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has two major types of GS subunit polypeptides ([beta] and [gamma]). As a result, nine different isozymes containing varied proportions of [beta] and [gamma] can be generated. The isozymes are resolvable by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Staining the gel for GS activity reveals two isoforms, GSn1, which is nodule enhanced and is composed of the eight [gamma] polypeptide-containing isozymes, and GSn2, which is the isozyme [beta]8. We screened 104 cultivars and genotypes of common beans for variations in isozyme formation and found two, PI317350 and PI326054, that had no GSn1. The PI beans appeared to nodulate normally and had cytosolic protein concentrations and total GS activities similar to those of the cultivar UI-111, which has GSn1. They accumulated the [gamma] polypeptide, which had the same molecular weight (46,000) and isoelectric point (6.3) as the [gamma] polypeptide of UI-111. Experiments with extracts prepared by mixing UI-111 and the PI bean nodules suggested that the PI bean nodule extracts did not have an inhibitor or a proteolytic system that specifically inhibited or degraded GSn1. Nodules from UI-111 and the PI beans were dissected into cortex and central infection zone tissue fractions. GSn2 was found in the cortex and the central infection zone tissue of all beans. Our results suggested that the reason we were unable to detect GSn1 from the PI beans was not because their GSn1 and GSn2 had an identical electrophoretic mobility, nor was it due to an inhibited or unstable GSn1. Our results suggested that either their [gamma] gene had mutated in the region that is essential for the [gamma] polypeptide to assemble or the assembly of GS may require a chaperone. In the two PI beans, the chaperone accumulated to a lower level than it did in UI-111. This lower amount limited the assembly of the [gamma] polypeptide into GS.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Sequence data to settle the taxonomic position of bean common mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus isolates.

The nucleotide sequences of the coat protein genes and 3' non-translated regions (3'-NTRs) of three isolates of bean common mosaic virus (NL1, NL3 and NY15) and one isolate of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (W) were determined. Comparison of these sequences revealed that the coat proteins of NL1, NY15 and W were identical in size (287 amino acids) and exhibited an overall sequence similarity (94 to 97%), and 84 to 98% in their N-terminal regions. Furthermore, their 3'-NTRs were very similar in length [253 to 256 nucleotides (nt)] and sequence (93 to 96% similarity). In contrast, the coat protein of NL3 had only 261 amino acids and showed 87 to 89% similarity with NL1, NY15 and W whereas its N-terminal region revealed only 46 to 61% similarity. The 3'-NTR of NL3 also displayed appreciable differences, both in length (240 nt) and sequence (56 to 63% similarity). These results, in combination with earlier serological findings, justify the conclusion that NL1, NY15 and W should be considered strains of the same virus, i.e. bean common mosaic virus, and that NL3 is a strain of a different potyvirus for which the name 'bean black root virus' is proposed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Protein digestibility and protein quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) fed alone and with maize, in adult humans using a short-term nitrogen balance assay.

Various experiments using young human adults were carried out to measure the protein digestibility of common beans, fed alone and in different forms and fed together with maize as tortillas. In all, 36 young men were used. Common bean protein digestibility was significantly lower than that observed from meat, and similar to the digestibility of a textured vegetable protein soy protein product. It was also observed that forms of consumption may affect protein digestibility of beans. Using a short-term multiple intake protein quality assay method, it was found that feeding beans alone, N equilibrium was reached with an intake of 114 mg N/kg/day, while when fed with maize in a 87:13 ratio, N equilibrium was reached with 98 mg N/kg/day. This was attributed to both a complementary protein effect and an increase in protein digestibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effect of alkali treatments on the nutritive value of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

The effect of alkali treatments of common bean seeds with red seed coat on the stability of antinutritional factors such as tannins, phytates and trypsim inhibitors, vitamins such as niacin and riboflavin and on protein quality has been studied. The samples were processed by soaking and pressure cooking in alkalies such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. At low temperature sodium carbonate and at high temperature sodium bicarbonate were found to be most effective in the extraction of tannins. At both low and high temperatures sodium carbonate was found to be more efficient in destruction of phytates. In the case of trypsin inhibitors, extraction at both low and high temperatures with sodium bicarbonate was most effective. Sodium hydroxide treatment was found to be better as far as the retention of niacin and riboflavin was considered.

Alkalies↗
PubMed2006

Race structure within the Mesoamerican gene pool of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as determined by microsatellite markers.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars are distinguished morphologically, agronomically and ecologically into specific races within each of the two gene pools found for the species (Andean and Mesoamerican). The objective of this study was to describe the race structure of the Mesoamerican gene pool using microsatellite markers. A total of 60 genotypes previously described as pertaining to specific Mesoamerican races as well as two Andean control genotypes were analyzed with 52 markers. A total of 267 bands were generated with an average of 5.1 alleles per marker and 0.297 heterozygosity across all microsatellites. Correspondence analysis identified two major groups equivalent to the Mesoamerica race and a group containing both Durango and Jalisco race genotypes. Two outlying individuals were classified as potentially of the Guatemala race although this race does not have a defined structure and previously classified members of this race were classified with other races. Population structure analysis with K = 1-4 agreed with this classification. The genetic diversity based on Nei's index for the entire set of genotypes was 0.468 while this was highest for the Durango-Jalisco group (0.414), intermediate for race Mesoamerica (0.340) and low for race Guatemala (0.262). Genetic differentiation (G (ST)) between the Mesoamerican races was 0.27 while genetic distance and identity showed race Durango and Jalisco individuals to be closely related with high gene flow (N (m)) both between these two races (1.67) and between races Durango and Mesoamerica (1.58). Observed heterozygosity was low in all the races as would be expected for an inbreeding species. The analysis with microsatellite markers identified subgroups, which agreed well with commercial class divisions, and seed size was the main distinguishing factor between the two major groups identified.

Genes, Plant↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of AC electronic monitoring and field data for estimating tolerance to Empoasca kraemeri (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in common bean genotypes.

Two methods for estimating the tolerance of common bean genotypes to Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore were compared, using a yield trial carried out at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, versus stylet penetration tactics measured by AC electronic feeding monitors. A stylet penetration index was devised based on principal component scores of three penetration tactics identified (pulsing laceration, cell rupturing, and lancing sap ingestion), combined with knowledge of the hopperburn symptoms caused by each tactic. Tolerant genotypes, as classified by the CIAT yield index, showed significantly more unprotected yield and lower hopperburn scores than the susceptible control. They also induced performance of less pulsing laceration (the tactic considered most damaging to the plant), and more of the other two, mitigating tactics, especially cell rupturing. When index values were calculated for each genotype, stylet penetration index values matched those of the yield index for three out of five genotypes: two EMP-coded tolerant lines ('EMP 385' and 'EMP 392') and the susceptible control 'BAT 41'. Thus, for these three genotypes, all subsequent hoppereburn symptoms are predictable by the type of feeding behavior performed on them. 'Porrillo Sintético' and 'EMP 84', considered borderline genotypes by the yield index, were overestimated and underestimated respectively, by the stylet penetration index. We postulate that, for these two genotypes, plant physiological responses to feeding (either compensatory or heightened sensitivity, respectively) synergize with type of feeding performed to generate the overall hopperburn condition. This multivariate analysis of electronic monitoring data was successfully used to devise an index of resistance. The implications of using the stylet penetration index and the advantages of using electronic monitoring in a bean-breeding program are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Integration of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) linkage and chromosomal maps.

Fluorescent in situ hybridisation of pooled, closely linked RFLP markers was used to integrate the genetic linkage map and the mitotic chromosome map of the common bean. Pooled RFLP probes showed clear and reproducible signals and allowed the assignment of all linkage groups to the chromosomes of two Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars, Saxa and Calima. Low extension values for signals originating from clustered RFLPs suggest that these clones are physically close to each other and that clusters in the genetic map are not a result of suppression of recombination due to the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements. For linkage group K, clustering of markers could be associated with proximity to centromeres. High variation in the number of 45S rDNA loci was observed among cultivars, suggesting that these terminal sites are highly recombinogenic in common bean.

DNA, Ribosomal↗
PubMed2002

Soaking the common bean in a domestic preparation reduced the contents of raffinose-type oligosaccharides but did not interfere with nutritive value.

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of soaking on the factors causing flatulence in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) cv. IAC-Carioca during domestic preparation. A biological assay using recently weaned (21 days) male Wistar rats provided the Food Conversion Efficiency (FCE) and the Net Protein Ratio (NPR). Five treatments were carried out with isocaloric (350.9 +/- 37.9 kcal/100 g) and isoprotein (12.0 +/- 0.5%) experimental diets, with the following protein sources: beans cooked without soaking (BNS), beans soaked and cooked with the soaking water (BSWW), beans soaked and cooked without the residual soaking water (BSNW), control diet (casein) (CC), casein plus the total soluble solids found in the soaking water (CSS) for comparative purposes, and an aproteic diet (AP) for corrective purposes, all diets offered ad libitum. The contents of raffinose-type oligosaccharides were determined in the different domestic preparations of the beans. Significant reductions were observed in the contents of the oligosaccharides raffinose (25.0%), stachyose (24.8%), and verbascose (41.7%), and in the contents of total sugars (80.6%), reducing sugars (58.2%), nonreducing sugars (90.3%), and starch (26.8%) when soaking took place before cooking and elimination of the soaking water not absorbed by the beans (BSNW) was used. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the values for FCE and NPR of the control diet (casein) and control diet plus soaking water soluble solids. Neither was any significant difference between the values for the different bean treatments found, though the values for FCE and NPR were lower than those obtained for casein treatments. Thus it was verified that although the domestic preparation of the common bean significantly reduced the contents of raffinose-type oligosaccharides, total reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch, it did not interfere with its nutritive value.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The domestic processing of the common bean resulted in a reduction in the phytates and tannins antinutritional factors, in the starch content and in the raffinose, stachiose and verbascose flatulence factors].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the soaking step and the domestic processing of the common bean, on the chemical composition, the levels of phytate, tannin, starch and flatulence factors by utilizing the follows treatments: raw bean (FC), freeze-dried cooked unsoaked bean (FCSM), freeze-dried cooked bean without the non-absorbed soaking water (FCSAM), freeze-dried cooked bean with the non-absorbed soaking water (FCCAM) and the soaking water (AM). The beans were soaking for a period for 16 hours in the proportion 3:1 (water:beans) at room temperature. The effect of the phytates and tannins on the net protein efficiency ratio (NPR) and protein digestibility using male Wistar rats were studied. A decrease in the phytate content of the beans (85%) with use of soaking was observed. In the case of the tannin content, only the cooking of the beans promoted high decomposition (84%). In the (FCSAM) treatment a decrease in the raffinose (25.0%), stachiose (24.8%), verbascose (41.7%) and starch (26.8%) contents was observed. Diets containing casein (control), casein plus the soluble solids obtain from the soaking water showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) for the NPR, as well as for the different bean treatments, although these showing lower values. The treatment (FCSM) showed the higher digestibility (74.3 +/- 5.8%) of the bean treatments, the casein diets showing 94.6 +/- 0.9%. The reduction of the phytates, tannin, starch contents and flatulence factors in the common bean was most effective when the soaking water not absorbed was discarded (FCSAM).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

RT-PCR cloning, characterization and mRNA expression analysis of a cDNA encoding a type II asparagine synthetase in common bean.

Following a RT-PCR strategy based on the design of degenerate oligonucleotides resembling conserved domains of asparagine synthetase (AS; EC 6.3.5.4), we isolated a 2 kb cDNA clone (PVAS2) from root tissue of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). PVAS2 encodes a protein of 584 amino acids with a predicted relative molecular mass of 65810 Da, an isoelectric point of 6.4, and a net charge of -7.2 at pH 7.0. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by PVAS2 is very similar to that encoded by the soybean SAS2 asparagine synthetase gene. The amino-terminal residues of the predicted PVAS2 protein are identical to the amino acids that constitute the glutamine-binding (GAT) domain of AS from other plant species, which suggests that the PVAS2 cDNA encodes a type II glutamine-dependent form of asparagine synthetase. Southern blot analysis indicates that the common bean AS is part of a small family composed of at least two genes. Expression analysis by Northern blot revealed that the PVAS2 transcript accumulates to a high level in roots and, to a lesser extent, in nodules and developing pods. Accumulation of the PVAS2 transcript in the root seems to be negatively regulated by light and sucrose, and positively regulated by nitrate.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Strains of bean common mosaic virus consist of at least two distinct potyviruses.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) consists of a large number of pathotypes and strains which have largely been identified by their characteristic interactions with a selected number of differential bean cultivars. The relationships among these strains and other potyviruses that infect legumes are complex, with indications that BCMV, blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and azuki bean mosaic virus (AzMV) may be strains of the one virus. Using high performance liquid chromatographic peptide profiles of coat-protein digests, the NL3 and NY15 strains of BCMV were compared with each other, with the Type and W strains of BlCMV and with the mild mottle strain of peanut stripe virus (PStV). The results suggest that BCMV-NL3 and BCMV-NY15 are distinct potyviruses, not strains of the one virus, and that BCMV-NY15 is a strain of the same potyvirus that includes BlCMV, PStV, AzMV and three potyvirus isolates (74, PM, PN) from soybeans.

Capsid↗
PubMed2006

Nitrogen from senescing lower leaves of common bean is re-translocated to nodules and might be involved in a N-feedback regulation of nitrogen fixation.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate whether remobilized N from lower leaves is involved in causing the drop in N(2) fixation during pod-filling in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Moreover, we addressed the question of whether remobilized N from lower leaves would reach the nodules. Nodulated common bean plants were grown in a growth chamber in quartz sand. During a 2-week period, at vegetative and at reproductive growth, 50% of the leaves (lower part) were either excised or individually darkened, thereby removing the same photosynthetic capacity yet allowing N to be remobilized from the darkened leaves. Moreover, at the vegetative growth period, three lower leaves per plants were (15)N labelled by applying (15)NH(4)NO(3) prior to imposing the darkening treatment. Leaf darkening at vegetative growth induced N remobilization as well as reduced N(2)-fixation rates and growth. Leaf excision at reproductive growth enhanced N(2) fixation. Changes in N(2)-fixation rates were in all cases the result of altered growth rates, while the % N in the whole plant and in various plant parts remained conserved. Directly after leaf labelling, but also at the end of the vegetative growth period, substantial amounts of (15)N from the leaves could be recovered in nodules in the control, and in higher amounts in the leaf-darkening treatment. It is proposed that nitrogen from leaves circulates within the plant via nodules, and that the strength or composition of this circular flow may be the signal for a putative N-feedback effect.

Feedback, Physiological↗
PubMed1993

Toward an integrated linkage map of common bean. III. Mapping genetic factors controlling host-bacteria interactions.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based genetic linkage maps allow us to dissect the genetic control of quantitative traits (QT) by locating individual quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on the linkage map and determining their type of gene action and the magnitude of their contribution to the phenotype of the QT. We have performed such an analysis for two traits in common bean, involving interactions between the plant host and bacteria, namely Rhizobium nodule number (NN) and resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. Analyses were conducted in the progeny of a cross between BAT93 (fewer nodules; moderately resistant to CBB) and Jalo EEP558 (more nodules; susceptible to CBB). An RFLP-based linkage map for common bean based on 152 markers had previously been derived in the F2 of this cross. Seventy F2-derived F3 families were inoculated in separate greenhouse experiments with Rhizobium tropici strain UMR1899 or X. c. pv. phaseoli isolate isolate W18. Regression and interval mapping analyses were used to identify genomic regions involved in the genetic control of these traits. These two methods identified the same genomic regions for each trait, with a few exceptions. For each trait, at least four putative QTLs were identified, which accounted for approximately 50% and 75% of the phenotypic variation in NN and CBB resistance, respectively. A chromosome region on linkage group D7 carried factor(s) influencing both traits. In all other cases, the putative QTLs affecting NN and CBB were located in different linkage groups or in the same linkage group, but far apart (more than 50 cM). Both BAT93 and Jalo EEP558 contributed alleles associated with higher NN, whereas CBB resistance was always associated with BAT93 alleles. Further investigations are needed to determine whether the QTLs for NN and CBB on linkage group D7 represent linked genes or the same gene with pleiotropic effects. Identification of the QTLs raises the possibility of initiating map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection for these traits.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of expressed NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates from common bean.

A complex ancestral resistance (R) gene cluster, localized at the end of linkage group B4, and referred to as the B4 R gene cluster, has been previously genetically characterized. The B4 R gene cluster existed prior to the separation of the two major gene pools of cultivated common bean and contains several resistance specificities effective against the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In this paper we report the molecular analysis of four expressed resistance gene candidates (RGCs) that map at the B4 R-cluster and co-localize with R-specificities or R-QTLs effective against C. lindemuthianum. These RGCs have been isolated from two genotypes that are representative of the two major gene pools of common bean: the BA8 and BA11 RGCs originating from the Mesoamerican BAT93 genotype, and the JA71 and JA78 RGCs originating from the Andean JaloEEP558 genotype. These RGCs encode NBS-LRR resistance-like proteins that are closely similar to the tomato I2 R-protein. Based upon sequence comparisons and genetic localization, we established that these four bean RGCs belong to two different subfamilies of R-sequences independently of their gene pool of origin. No feature discriminating the four RGCs according to their gene pool of origin has been observed yet. Comparative sequence analyses of the full-length RGCs and their flanking genomic sequences confirmed the ancestral origin of the B4 R-cluster.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Nutritive value evaluated on rats of new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) released in Chile.

Five new cultivars of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) recently released were analyzed for their proximate chemical composition and protein biological quality. The crude protein content in these cultivars ranged from 21.9 percent in cultivar Arroz 3 to 26.9 percent in cultivar Tórtola Diana (dry matter basis). Rats fed cultivar Tórtola INIA gained more weight, had a higher protein intake and registered higher PER and NPR than Tórtola corriente. On the other hand, rats consuming cultivars Arroz 3 and Fleetwood had lower weight gain, lower protein intake and lower PER and NPR than cultivar Coscorrón corriente. However, all these cultivars have a relatively good protein value as compared to other plant protein sources.

Analysis of Variance↗