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Computer aid vaccine design (CAVD) is a new area of biomedical engineering. This article reviewed the background of the coming of CAVD and its main research contents, methods and applications. Free tools of the trade in CAVD are listed; the implication and the perspective of CAVD are also suggested.
Biomedical/Clinical Engineering Departments with expertise in engineering and technology management have a vital role to play in determining the potential for implementation and cost effectiveness of new medical technologies through technology assessment. Technology assessment offers the essential bridge between basic research and development and the prudent practical applications of medical technology. Because of the recent explosion of healthcare technologies, it is almost impossible for any single individual to stay abreast of these new technologies, much less provide an adequate assessment. To meet this need for comprehensive technology assessment, a multidisciplinary team approach is desirable. This paper deals with the assessment of medical technologies in a hospital environment and explores the possible roles biomedical engineering departments can play in the technology assessment process. It shares the experiences of the Biomedical Engineering Department of William Beaumont Hospital, a major, tertiary-care teaching institution currently involved in the technology assessment process utilizing a multidisciplinary team approach.
The Journal of Clinical Engineering has conducted its fourth survey of the salaries paid to Clinical Engineers and Biomedical Equipment Technicians in U.S. hospitals. This paper reports the salary and work responsibility data obtained from 1,350 professionals in relationship to: Certification; Region of the U.S.; Teaching Versus Nonteaching Facilities; Years of Experience; Education; Union Membership; and Gender. Data are included on Wage Increases and Job Responsibilities. All data are as of 12/31/88. The average BMET I has 2.8 years of experience and earns $19,494 +/- $4,069 (Std. Dev.). The average BMET II has 6.1 years of experience and earns $25,743 +/- $5,176. The average BMET III has 10.5 years of experience and earns $30,434 +/- $5,432. The average BMET Supervisor has 13.0 years of experience and earns $34,339 +/- $5,896. The average Clinical Engineer has 9.8 years of experience and earns $35,605 +/- $4,345. CE Supervisors are the highest paid in the field with an average 12.9 years of experience and an average salary of $45,461 +/- $11,831. Wages remain the highest on the West Coast and lowest in the Southeast. From 1987 to 1988, the wages ranges for all job types increased: BMET Is, +.52%; BMET IIs, +5.3%; BMET IIIs, +3.8%; BMET Supervisors, +2.1%; CEs, +6.3%; and CE Supervisors, +3.6%. The highest quartile of CE Supervisors now earns between $52,200 and $117,700 per year. While certified individuals earn $1,108 to $4,619 more than noncertified, this is attributable in part to years of experience.
The Journal of Clinical Engineering has conducted its fifth survey of the salaries paid to Clinical Engineers and Biomedical Equipment Technicians in U.S. hospitals. This paper reports the salary and work responsibility data obtained from 1,453 professionals in relationship to: Certification; Region of the U.S.; Teaching Versus Nonteaching Facilities; Years of Experience; Education; Union Membership; and Gender. Data are included on Wage Increases and Job Responsibilities. All data are as of 12/31/89. The average BMET I has 3.3 years of experience and earns $19,394 +/- $4,144 (Std. Dev.). The average BMET II has 6.4 years of experience and earns $26,166 +/- $4,900. The average BMET III has 11.7 years of experience and earns $31,334 +/- $4,977. The average BMET Supervisor has 12.9 years of experience and earns $35,371 +/- $6,416. The average Clinical Engineer has 9.5 years of experience and earns $36,971 +/- $7,515. CE Supervisors are the highest paid in the field with an average 13.3 years of experience and an average salary of $46,265 +/- $11,115. Wages remain the highest on the West Coast and lowest in the Southeast. From 1988 to 1989, the wage ranges for all job types except BMET Is increased: BMET IIs, +1.9%; BMET IIIs, +3.0%; BMET Supervisors, +3.2%; CEs, +3.9%; and CE Supervisors, +1.8%. The highest quartile of CE Supervisors now earns between $52,000 and $95,000 per year. While certified individuals earn $521 to $4,953 more than noncertified, this is attributable in part to years of experience.
The Journal of Clinical Engineering has conducted its sixth survey of the salaries paid to Clinical Engineers and Biomedical Equipment Technicians in U.S. hospitals. This paper reports the salary and work responsibility data obtained from 1,316 professionals in relationship to: Certification; Region of the U.S.; Teaching Versus Nonteaching Facilities; Years of Experience; Education; Union Membership; and Gender. Data are included on Wage Increases and Job Responsibilities. Data are as of 12/31/90 and are compared to 12/31/89. The average BMET I has 2.2 years of experience and earns $22,043 +/- $4,212 (Std. Dev.). The average BMET II has 6.5 years of experience and earns $27,627 +/- $5,466. The average BMET III has 11.6 years of experience and earns $33,843 +/- $6,099. The average BMET Supervisor has 13.5 years of experience and earns $38,159 +/- $7,701. The average Clinical Engineer has 8.5 years of experience and earns $39,127 +/- $7,884. CE Supervisors are the highest paid in the field with an average 13.9 years of experience and an average salary of $51,050 +/- $12,465. Wages are the highest on the West Coast. This year, the lowest wages were in the Southwest. From 1989 to 1990, the wage ranges for all job types increased substantially: BMET Is, +13.4%; BMET IIs, +5.3%; BMET IIIs, +8.0%; BMET Supervisors, +7.9%; CEs, +5.7%; CE Supervisors, +10.4%; and Supervisor, Other, +6.0%. The highest quartile of CE Supervisors now earns between $56,700 and $100,000 per year. While certified individuals earn $158 to $5,702 more than noncertified, this is attributable, in part, to additional years of experience.
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Artificial neural network (ANN) technology is finding increasing application in medicine and biomedical engineering. This paper supplies necessary background in ANN technology for researchers unfamiliar with this rapidly emerging discipline. This introduction to ANN application is cast in the context of epileptic seizure epicenter location. This is a very real problem faced by neurosurgeons every day. Precise location of the area of excision is currently determined with a network of surgically implanted subdural electrodes. This means that the cure entails two surgical procedures: one to implant the electrode array that precisely locates the epicenter, and another to remove the epicenter. This paper outlines an experimental diagnostic software system (DSS) that uses artificial neural network (ANN) analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data to eliminate the first of these surgical procedures. The MEG recording is a quick and painless process that requires no surgery. This approach has the potential to save time, reduce patient discomfort, and eliminate a painful and potentially dangerous surgical step in the treatment procedure.
This paper explicated the present application of poly- vinyl alcohol (PVA) in the field of biomedical engineering, such as artificial cartilage, drug delivery systems, microorganism enwrapping, cell micro-capsulation, anti-thrombin materials, and biomedical sponges. And a preliminary study of the good dispersion of PVA as a surfactant on nano-particles of hydroxyapatite was presented.
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