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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Conflict of Interest Disclosure Policies and Practices in Peer-reviewed Biomedical Journals.

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this investigation to characterize conflict of interest (COI) policies of biomedical journals with respect to authors, peer-reviewers, and editors, and to ascertain what information about COI disclosures is publicly available. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 135 editors of peer-reviewed biomedical journals that publish original research. We chose an international selection of general and specialty medical journals that publish in English. Selection was based on journal impact factor, and the recommendations of experts in the field. We developed and pilot tested a 3-part web-based survey. The survey included questions about the presence of specific policies for authors, peer-reviewers, and editors, specific restrictions on authors, peer-reviewers, and editors based on COI, and the public availability of these disclosures. Editors were contacted a minimum of 3 times. RESULTS: The response rate for the survey was 91 (67%) of 135, and 85 (93%) of 91 journals reported having an author COI policy. Ten (11%) journals reported that they restrict author submissions based on COI (e.g., drug company authors' papers on their products are not accepted). While 77% report collecting COI information on all author submissions, only 57% publish all author disclosures. A minority of journals report having a specific policy on peer-reviewer 46% (42/91) or editor COI 40% (36/91); among these, 25% and 31% of journals state that they require recusal of peer-reviewers and editors if they report a COI. Only 3% of respondents publish COI disclosures of peer-reviewers, and 12% publish editor COI disclosures, while 11% and 24%, respectively, reported that this information is available upon request. CONCLUSION: Many more journals have a policy regarding COI for authors than they do for peer-reviewers or editors. Even author COI policies are variable, depending on the type of manuscript submitted. The COI information that is collected by journals is often not published; the extent to which such "secret disclosure" may impact the integrity of the journal or the published work is not known.

Conflict of Interest↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kave: a tool for knowledge acquisition to support artificial ventilation.

A decision support system for artificial ventilation is being developed. One of the fundamental goals for this system is the application of the system when a domain expert is not present. Such a system requires a rich knowledge base. The knowledge acquisition process is often considered to be the bottleneck in acquiring such a complete knowledge base. Since no single available method, for example interviewing domain experts, is sufficient for removing this bottleneck, we have chosen a combination of different methods. The different backgrounds of knowledge engineers and domain experts could cause communication restrictions and difficulties between them, e.g. they might not understand each others knowledge domain and this will affect formulation of the knowledge. To solve this problem we needed a tool which supports both the knowledge engineer and the domain expert already from the initial phase of developing the knowledge base. We have developed a knowledge acquisition system called KAVE to elicit knowledge from domain experts and storing it in the knowledge base. KAVE is based on a domain specific conceptual model which is a result of cooperation between knowledge engineers and domain experts during identification, design and structuring of knowledge for this domain. KAVE includes a patient simulator to help validate knowledge in the knowledge base and a knowledge editor to facilitate refinement and maintenance of the knowledge base.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

[Message from editors to authors: review articles. How can the scientific and educational results be improved?].

Most biomedical journals include review articles that pretend to provide the readers with an updated, synthetic and critical appraisal of some important topic. These articles are usually written by experts in the topics reviewed. There are no conventional or universally accepted requisites for the formal organization of contents in a review article. This is in contrast with other kinds of original articles. Therefore, to guide the authors on how to improve the review articles to be submitted to Revista Medica de Chile, some recommendations are proposed. These recommendations were based in the editors' experience and in other pertinent publications: 1) The scope and purpose of the review article should be established in the introductory paragraphs; 2) The methodology used in the selection of the literature reviewed and the time span covered by the search, should also be specified; 3) The author of the review article should systematically appraise the validity of the methods employed in the papers reviewed. A similar attitude should be observed with regards to the results, discussions and conclusions. The limitations and inconsistencies found should be pointed out; 4) The author of the review article should state his (her) own conclusions, identifying the solid as well as the weakly established facts; 5) Whenever feasible, a proposal of future lines of research envisioned after reviewing the literature, is commendable; 6) The literary style of the article should be kept as interesting as possible, to motivate the prospective readers; 7) The scope of the specific journal where the author intends to submit the review article, should always be kept in mind.

Publishing↗
PubMed1994

Simulator for neural networks and action potentials: description and application.

1. We describe a simulator for neural networks and action potentials (SNNAP) that can simulate up to 30 neurons, each with up to 30 voltage-dependent conductances, 30 electrical synapses, and 30 multicomponent chemical synapses. Voltage-dependent conductances are described by Hodgkin-Huxley type equations, and the contributions of time-dependent synaptic conductances are described by second-order differential equations. The program also incorporates equations for simulating different types of neural modulation and synaptic plasticity. 2. Parameters, initial conditions, and output options for SNNAP are passed to the program through a number of modular ASCII files. These modules can be modified by commonly available text editors that use a conventional (i.e., character based) interface or by an editor incorporated into SNNAP that uses a graphical interface. The modular design facilitates the incorporation of existing modules into new simulations. Thus libraries can be developed of files describing distinctive cell types and files describing distinctive neural networks. 3. Several different types of neurons with distinct biophysical properties and firing properties were simulated by incorporating different combinations of voltage-dependent Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels as well as Ca(2+)-activated and Ca(2+)-inactivated channels. Simulated cells included those that respond to depolarization with tonic firing, adaptive firing, or plateau potentials as well as endogenous pacemaker and bursting cells. 4. Several types of simple neural networks were simulated that included feed-forward excitatory and inhibitory chemical synaptic connections, a network of electrically coupled cells, and a network with feedback chemical synaptic connections that simulated rhythmic neural activity. In addition, with the use of the equations describing electrical coupling, current flow in a branched neuron with 18 compartments was simulated. 5. Enhancement of excitability and enhancement of transmitter release, produced by modulatory transmitters, were simulated by second-messenger-induced modulation of K+ currents. A depletion model for synaptic depression was also simulated. 6. We also attempted to simulate the features of a more complicated central pattern generator, inspired by the properties of neurons in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia. Dynamic changes in the activity of this central pattern generator were produced by a second-messenger-induced modulation of a slow inward current in one of the neurons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

[New international networks in radiology graduate and continuing education: www.eurorad.org--a EAR Project for online publication of radiological data].

Eurorad (www.eurorad.org) is a joint project of EAR and has support of 27 national and 8 subspeciality radiology societies. Eurorad is the first noncommercial radiological publication that is exclusively based on the internet as a communication line with all steps of submission, reviewing and publication being performed online. Eurorad wants to build up a huge and exhaustive case file of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Like all scientific publications, Eurorad bases on an editor in chief and 13 section editors who are responsible for organizing each section of Eurorad. Each section has a number of peer reviewer with an overall total of more than 100. For submission and publication, all cases are structured in the same manner with case report, method and discussion. For the time being, Eurorad hosts 779 cases, of whom 346 are free available on the net. The actual rejection rate is 4.5%, other cases are under review.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1983

RETRACTED: Effects of methylphenidate on the fixed-ratio performance of mentally retarded children.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief based on the outcome of a report conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 1987 that was recently brought to the attention of the journal by R.T. Warne. Based on allegations of scientific fraud against Stephen Breuning, the NIMH conducted a full investigation into the alleged scientific misconducted on two grants, which funded multiple publications, one of which was this article. The NIMH report concluded that “all of these review publications relied heavily on Dr. Breuning's own work which the Panel concluded was not carried out as reported. The publications, therefore, must be regarded as scientifically unsound and seriously misleading.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour are therefore retracting this article on the grounds of scientifically unsound and misleading data and conclusions. The full NIMH investigatory report can be located here: NIMH-Breuning-Investigation-final-report.pdf (kindly provided by R.T. Warne)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) levels in jaundiced neonates in Calabar.

BACKGROUND: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) is an enzyme in the first step of the hexose-monophosphate shunt required for the generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Red blood cells of neonates with deficient G-6-PD are potentially susceptible to acute severe haemolysis and may result in haemolytic jaundice. This study was to determine the association between neonatal jaundice and G-6-PD activity and the degree of deficiency of this enzyme among the affected neonates. METHODS: G-6-PD levels in jaundiced neonates admitted into the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were assayed between May 2000 and April 2001 using Biotic (London) diagnostic assay kit method. Data was analyzed using SPSS (base 705) data Editor (Microsoft Windows 95). RESULTS: A total of 102 jaundiced neonates between ages 1 and 10 days were studied. Out of the 102 jaundiced neonates, 39 (38.2%) were G-6-PD deficient with G-6-PD concentration of 48.89 +/- 72 mU/10(12) erythrocyte compared to 129.51 +/- 0.92 mU/10(12) erythrocyte in the remaining 63 subjects. The prevalence rate of G-6-PD deficiency among jaundiced neonates was 38% which is significantly high (p < 0.05) considering the study sample size. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in G-6-PD level in the males and females. CONCLUSION: G-6-PD activity is low in a number of jaundiced patients. Routine assay of G-6-PD in jaundiced patients is recommended.

Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1991

A trace display and editing program for data from fluorescence based sequencing machines.

'Ted' (Trace editor) is a graphical editor for sequence and trace data from automated fluorescence sequencing machines. It provides facilities for viewing sequence and trace data (in top or bottom strand orientation), for editing the base sequence, for automated or manual trimming of the head (vector) and tail (uncertain data) from the sequence, for vertical and horizontal trace scaling, for keeping a history of sequence editing, and for output of the edited sequence. Ted has been used extensively in the C.elegans genome sequencing project, both as a stand-alone program and integrated into the Staden sequence assembly package, and has greatly aided in the efficiency and accuracy of sequence editing. It runs in the X windows environment on Sun workstations and is available from the authors. Ted currently supports sequence and trace data from the ABI 373A and Pharmacia A.L.F. sequencers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence-based medicine, opinion-based medicine, and real-world medicine.

The freedom of a doctor to treat an individual patient in the way he believes best has been markedly limited by the concept of evidence-based medicine. Clearly all would wish to practice according to the best available evidence, but it has become accepted that "evidence-based" means that which is derived from randomized, and preferably double-blind, clinical trials. The history of clinical trial development, which can be traced to the use of oranges and lemons for the treatment of scurvy in 1747, has reflected a progressive need to establish whether smaller and smaller effects of treatment are real. It has led to difficult concepts such as "equivalence" and aberrations such as "meta-analysis." An examination of evidence-based practice shows that it has usually been filtered through the opinions of experts and journal editors, and "opinion-based medicine" would be a more appropriate term. In the real world of individual patients with multiple diseases who are receiving a number of different drugs, the practice of evidence-based (or even opinion-based) medicine is extremely difficult. For each patient a judgment has to be made by the clinician of the likely balance of risks and benefits of any therapy. Good practice still requires clinical freedom for doctors.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Developing effective editorial boards for hospital-based newsletters and magazines.

Editorial boards can be of tremendous help to a busy editor of a hospital-based newsletter or magazine. This article shows you how to develop the role of the editorial board member, make certain all members know and can achieve the editor's expectations, and chair a board that shares with you a commitment to excellence in publishing. These strategies apply to other in-house publications, such as school of nursing and association newsletters as well.

Hospitals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence-based practice in action.

As Associate Editor for Journal of Pediatric Nursing (JPN), I will be assisting with evidence-based practice (EBP) submissions or other clinically based articles. I welcome questions, works-in-progress for constructive criticism, and finished submissions for review. This article comprises an overview of the EBP process, an EBP submission format for JPN, and 4 examples of EBP in a variety of pediatric clinical settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

PSG-EXPERT. An expert system for the diagnosis of sleep disorders.

This paper describes PSG-EXPERT, an expert system in the domain of sleep disorders exploring polysomnographic data. The developed software tool is addressed from two points of view: (1)--as an integrated environment for the development of diagnosis-oriented expert systems; (2)--as an auxiliary diagnosis tool in the particular domain of sleep disorders. Developed over a Windows platform, this software tool extends one of the most popular shells--CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) with the following features: backward chaining engine; graph-based explanation facilities; knowledge editor including a fuzzy fact editor and a rules editor, with facts-rules integrity checking; belief revision mechanism; built-in case generator and validation module. It therefore provides graphical support for knowledge acquisition, edition, explanation and validation. From an application domain point of view, PSG-Expert is an auxiliary diagnosis system for sleep disorders based on polysomnographic data, that aims at assisting the medical expert in his diagnosis task by providing automatic analysis of polysomnographic data, summarising the results of this analysis in terms of a report of major findings and possible diagnosis consistent with the polysomnographic data. Sleep disorders classification follows the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Major features of the system include: browsing on patients data records; structured navigation on Sleep Disorders descriptions according to ASDA definitions; internet links to related pages; diagnosis consistent with polysomnographic data; graphical user-interface including graph-based explanatory facilities; uncertainty modelling and belief revision; production of reports; connection to remote databases.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2006

A synoptic reporting system for bone marrow aspiration and core biopsy specimens.

CONTEXT: Advances in information technology have made electronic systems productive tools for pathology report generation. Structured data formats are recommended for better understanding of pathology reports by clinicians and for retrieval of pathology reports. Suitable formats need to be developed to include structured data elements for report generation in electronic systems. OBJECTIVE: To conform to the requirement of protocol-based reporting and to provide uniform and standardized data entry and retrieval, we developed a synoptic reporting system for generation of bone marrow cytology and histology reports for incorporation into our hospital information system. DESIGN: A combination of macro text, short preformatted templates of tabular data entry sheets, and canned files was developed using a text editor enabling protocol-based input. The system is flexible and has facility for appending free text entry. It also incorporates SNOMED coding and codes for teaching, research, and internal auditing. RESULTS: This synoptic reporting system is easy to use and adaptable. Features and advantages include pick-up text with defined choices, flexibility for appending free text, facility for data entry for protocol-based reports for research use, standardized and uniform format of reporting, comparable follow-up reports, minimized typographical and transcription errors, and saving on reporting time, thus helping shorten the turnaround time. CONCLUSIONS: Simple structured pathology report templates are a powerful means for supporting uniformity in reporting as well as subsequent data viewing and extraction, particularly suitable to computerized reporting.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗
PubMed2025

A quick guide to evaluating prime editing efficiency in mammalian cells.

According to the Clinvar database, modeling the diseases associated with pathogenic mutations requires the installation of base substitutions, small insertions or deletions. Prime editor (PE) was recently developed to precisely install any base substitutions and/or small insertions/deletions (indels) in mammalian cells and animals without requiring DSBs or donor DNA templates. PE also offers greater editing and targeting flexibility compared to other precision CRISPR editing methods because the versatile editing information is encoded in the reverse-transcription template of its prime editing guide RNA. However, optimal PE system selection and experimental design can be complex, and there are various factors that can affect PE efficiency. This chapter serves as a rapid entry-level guideline for the application of PE, providing an experimental framework for using PE at a specific genomic locus. RUNX1 was selected as a representative target site to illustrate the detailed methodology for constructing PE plasmids and the process of transfecting these plasmids into 293FT cells. We further examined the efficiency of PE-mediated genome editing in mammalian cells by using next-generation sequencing.

Gene Editing↗
PubMed2006

Physical environment and crime and misconduct in Kentucky schools.

Drawing upon ecological theories of crime control, aspects of the physical environment such as building design, street layout, and land use are thought to indicate territoriality and natural surveillance, thereby affecting the ability of residents to supervise and intervene in crime. To date, ecological models have been tested primarily at community levels of analysis (i.e., neighborhood, block). In contrast, this paper tests the applicability of this theoretical approach to crime in school settings. More specifically, we estimate random-intercept models using survey data from 3682 7th-grade students and 1351 teachers, nested within 65 Kentucky schools linked to school-level measures of the physical environment to determine how they affect various measures of school-based crime and misconduct. Editors' Strategic Implications:How one measures school violence may have profound effects on what contributing causal factors are identified and strategies for prevention are developed. Student reports of school violence appear linked to more normative daily behaviors, whereas teacher reports-though limited to officially observed behaviors-are typically more serious. Thus, measurement implications abound. Nevertheless, territoriality, surveillance, and a sense of order, particularly in the immediate school context more so than the larger community context, appear linked to school violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

MAMBAs: a real-time graphics environment for QSAR.

MAMBAs (Multivariate Analysis Methods in Biomechanistic Activity Studies) is an integrated workstation-based graphics program designed for the investigation of quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR). It combines many of the commonly used statistical techniques with an extensive database of substituent constants, a variety of molecular and substituent property calculations and detailed graphics-based table and graph editors. Graphical representations of standard substituent generation and optimization techniques are also included. These are all utilized within a state-of-the-art real-time graphics environment.

Computer Graphics↗