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PubMed1981

Antibody determination in the diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in man.

The levels of IgG and IgE antibodies reacting with somatic antigens of adult Setaria digitata and Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae were determined in sera of 90 patients with Bancroftian filariasis and 379 non-filarial subjects. Antibodies reacting with adult antigens and with soluble microfilarial antigens were seen in both microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic patients. Antibodies reacting with surface antigens of W. bancrofti microfilariae were seen only in amicrofilaraemic subjects. IgE antibodies were detected with the adult antigen only in both microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic patients. The absolute levels of IgG antibodies were significantly higher than those of IgE antibodies. It is concluded that the determination of serum antibodies reacting with adult antigens is suitable for the diagnosis of both the microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic phases of infection, and the determination of antibody to microfilarial surface antigens is applicable in patients with clinically evident disease.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1982

The examination--time/dose interval in the provocation of nocturnally periodic microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti with diethylcarbamazine and the practical uses of the test.

The administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in the daytime in areas where microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi exhibit nocturnal periodicity provokes mf to enter the peripheral blood. The importance of relating the dose of DEC and time when the blood specimen is taken is emphasized. The main practical uses of this provocative day test are as a routine diagnostic tool, in estimating prevalence and density of mf in a community, as a preliminary screening method for assessing potential filaricides nd in evaluating the parasitological response to mass chemotherapy.

Blood↗
PubMed2002

Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in cyst fluid of tumors of the brain: a report of three cases.

Microfilariae of various nematodes, including Loa loa, Dirofilariae, and Onchocerca volvulus, have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS, however, is a rare site for the isolation of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti. To the best of our knowledge, the presence of microfilariae of W. bancrofti in tumor cyst fluids or cerebrospinal fluid has not been reported to date. We report three cases in which microfilariae were identified in the cyst fluid of tumors of the brain. Cyst fluid aspirated from space-occupying lesions in the thalamus and C6-D1 spinal segments in a 46-yr-old man and a 35-yr-old man, respectively, showed numerous microfilariae of W. bancrofti, along with fragments of tumor suggestive of glioma. In the third case, in a 12-yr-old boy, the fluid from the space-occupying lesion in the third ventricle showed microfilariae in a necrotic dirty background with a few squames and cholesteral crystals. Histopathologic examination of the tumor showed an anaplastic astrocytoma and a low-grade astrocytoma in the first two cases, respectively, and a craniopharyngioma in the third case. No microfilariae were identified on the histology sections.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Wuchereria bancrofti: freeze-fracture study of the epicuticle of microfilariae.

The freeze-fracture technique was used to analyze the surface of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti. The examination of thin sections showed that the epicuticle is formed by two closely apposed membrane-like structures, appearing as hepta-laminated structures. Freeze-fracture replicas revealed the presence of two fracture faces. The outer one is smooth but presents rosette-like structures. The inner face, which is in contact with the hypodermal cells, presents a large number of particles.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Experimental transmission of nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti to Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus).

Successful experimental transmission of the human lymphatic dwelling nocturnal periodic strain of Wuchereria bancrofti has been achieved from man to Indian leaf monkey (Presbytis entellus) through a susceptible strain of Aedes aegypti. The prepatent period varied between 195 and 240 days. Microfilaria (mf) levels were in general low and the peak count was attained at 1800 hr. Of the adult worms 5-12.5% were recovered from male langur while females revealed poor (2.54%) recovery. This host--parasite model thus makes available the target parasite material in substantial quantity to work on chemotherapeutic and immunological investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti infected blood samples using multiplex PCR.

A rapid and sensitive multiplex PCR has been developed for the diagnosis of multiple parasitic infection in human blood. Infection is detected by a single multiplex PCR reaction containing two pairs of oligonucleotide primers whereby each primer is specific for each parasite species. These primer sets amplified 400 and 450-bp fragments for Wuchereria bancrofti and 208-bp fragment for Plasmodium falciparum. The PCR products derived from each parasite species were visualized in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels, therefore allowing the rapid identification of any, or all, of the two human parasites, if present, in a single amplification reaction. This multiplex PCR was very sensitive with the ability to detect the presence of as little as 10 pg of parasite DNA. The primers used in this multiplex PCR also showed highly specific amplification of each respective parasite DNA without the presence of non-specific and non-target PCR products. This multiplex PCR system was used to analyse 36 human blood samples of Myanmar workers in the endemic area at Tak Province, Thailand. Two samples showed the multiple infection, 27 samples were either infected with W. bancrofti or P. falciparum and seven samples were negative for both methods. The high sensitivity, specificity and rapidity of this multiplex PCR method make it suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies and following of drug treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production.

Chemotherapy of onchocerciasis by doxycycline, which targets symbiotic Wolbachia endobacteria, has been shown to result in a long-term sterility of adult female worms and corresponding absence of microfilariae. It represents an additional chemotherapeutic approach. The aim of this study was to determine whether a similar regimen would also show efficacy against Wuchereria bancrofti. Ghanaian individuals ( n=93) with lymphatic filariasis and a minimum microfilaremia of 40 microfilariae/ml were included in a treatment study consisting of four arms: (1) doxycycline 200 mg/day for 6 weeks; (2) doxycycline as in (1), followed by a single dose of ivermectin after 4 months; (3) ivermectin only; or (4) no treatment during observation period of 1 year (ivermectin at the end of the study). Doxycycline treatment resulted in a 96% loss of Wolbachia, as determined by real time PCR from microfilariae. After 12 months, doxycycline had led to a 99% reduction of microfilaremia when given alone, and to a complete amicrofilaremia together with ivermectin. In contrast, after ivermectin treatment alone a significant presence of microfilariae remained (9% compared to pretreatment), as known from other studies. This study shows that doxycycline is also effective in depleting Wolbachia from W. bancrofti. It is likely that the mechanism of doxycycline is similar to that in other filarial species, i.e., a predominant blockade of embryogenesis, leading to a decline of microfilariae according to their half-life. This could render doxycycline treatment an additional tool for the treatment of microfilaria-associated diseases in bancroftian filariasis, such as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and microfiluria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effects of diethylcarbamazine on the ultrastructure of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in vivo and in vitro.

An ultrastructural study of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti was performed after treatment in vitro and in vivo with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). The morphological alterations produced by treatment in vitro with 5 micro g/ml of DEC were the loss of microfilarial sheaths and lysis of the cytoplasm, with the destruction of all organelles and the formation of several vacuoles, the contents of which presented various degrees of electron-density, or showed an empty appearance. Some of these vacuoles seemed to be extruding from the cytoplasm as apoptotic bodies and others presented organelles inside. Similar alterations were observed after in vivo treatment. At 40 min after treatment of a microfilaremic individual with DEC, almost all microfilariae observed had lost their sheaths; and, in some of them, remains of the microfilarial sheath on the larval surface could be detected. Numerous vacuoles were observed, mainly in the hypodermis and somatic cells, showing organelles inside or an empty appearance. Condensed chromatin was also observed in some somatic cells. At 1 h after treatment of a microfilemic individual with DEC, microfilariae presented drastic morphological alterations, with large vacuoles within somatic cell cytoplasm and complete lysis of all cellular organelles. Therefore, both treatments with DEC in vitro and in vivo had a direct mechanism of action on the microfilariae of W. bancrofti, including organelle damage and apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cytochemical characterization of the third-stage larva of Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea).

In the present paper, we report the results we obtained using several cytochemical techniques to analyze the infective larva of Wuchereria bancrofti. An imidazole osmium tetroxide solution was used to visualize unsaturated fatty acids. A highly contrasted material forming a continuous structure was observed on the larval surface and over the epicuticle. A strong reaction was observed on the esophagus and also on the inner secreted material. Carbohydrates containing vic-glycol groups were not observed on the cuticle of the third-stage larva of W. bancrofti submitted to the Thiéry technique. Using a panel of eight gold-labeled lectins, we found that the cuticle exhibited slight labeling with all lectins used, indicating residues of N-acetyl-D: -glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, D: -galactose, D: -manose, and L: -fucose. Surface anionic sites were visualized by using cationized ferritin particles. Treatment with trypsin partially inhibited the reaction, whereas the treatment with chondroitinase ABC, a specific enzyme for glycosaminoglycans, completely abolished the labeling with cationic particles.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunocytochemical localization of antigens recognized by asymptomatic microfilaremic patient's antisera in microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti.

Ultrathin sections of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti embedded in hydrophilic resin were incubated with sera from patients, using antisera from asymptomatic microfilaremic patients with different microfilarial densities [1-100 microfilariae (mf)/ml, 101-500 mf/ml, > 1,000 mf/ml]. All groups studied showed reactivity against relevant epitopes in all tissues of microfilariae of W. bancrofti, instead of being localized in a specific nematode region, although the number of colloidal per square micron was inversely proportional to the microfilaremia. Such results confirm data obtained by other authors and indicate a possible role for the humoral response in the mechanism for the destruction of circulating microfilariae.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Structure of glutathione S-transferase of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti: a target for drug development against adult worm.

A three dimensional structural model of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) of the lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti (wb) was constructed by homology modeling. The three dimensional X-ray crystal structure of porcine pi-class GST with PDB ID: 2gsr-A chain protein with 42% sequential and functional homology was used as the template. The model of wbGST built by MODELLER6v2 was analyzed by the PROCHECK programs. Ramachandran plot analysis showed that 93.5% of the residues are in the core region followed by 5.4 and 1.1% residues in the allowed and generously allowed regions, respectively. None of the non-glycine residues is in disallowed regions. The PROSA II z-score and the energy graph for the final model further confirmed the quality of the modeled structure. The computationally modeled three-dimensional (3D) structure of wbGST has been submitted to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (PDB ID: 1SFM and RCSB ID: RCSB021668). 1SFM was used for docking with GST inhibitors by Hex4.2 macromolecular docking using spherical polar Fourier correlations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with cuticular antigens of filarial parasites, Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been prepared against excretory-secretory-metabolic (ESM) antigens of microfilariae (mf) of Wuchereria bancrofti (WbmfESM) and against third stage larvae (L3) of Brugia malayi (BmL3), and purified from ascites fluids with ammonium sulphate. Both antibodies were of the IgM type and did not react with phosphorycholine. The mAb against BmL3 (F46) reacted in ELISA with antigens of L3 of B. malayi, B. pahangi and W. bancrofti and of adults of B. malayi. The mAb raised against wbmfESM (F32) resembled F46 in this respect, though with a lower titer towards the antigens, and in addition reacted with the ESM-antigens of mf and of L3 of W. bancrofti. F46 was able to detect L3 antigens of filarial parasites in spiked serum samples with a detection limit of 8-16 ng in absolute amount. The antibody was found to label the cuticular portion of L3 and adults of the lymphatic parasites, and not the epicuticular surface, in immunoelectron microscopic studies. The antibody recognized a 36 kDa component of the beta-mercaptoethanol extracts of B. pahangi-adults in Western blot analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Risk of infection of Wuchereria bancrofti to humans by Culex quinquefasciatus in Pondicherry and its relationship with microfilaria prevalence.

The risk of infection (RI) with Wuchereria bancrofti by vector mosquitoes has been conventionally estimated from the biting population of all age classes. This estimate of RI had no correlation with microfilaria (mf) prevalence and intensity of infection in humans. A new method for estimating RI from a resting population of Culex quinquefasciatus is proposed based on a longitudinal study in seventeen sites in Pondicherry, India. Unlike previous estimates, RI calculated by the present method considering the density of parous mosquitoes collected per man-hour and the mean number of infective stage larvae per parous mosquito significantly correlated with mf prevalence in humans during both early (r = 0.559; P = 0.038) and late in the control operation (r = 0.572; P = 0.033). RI varied significantly between the early and late in the control operation and different sites. On average, RI was reduced significantly during the control operation. Further epidemiological implications are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in French Polynesia: age-specific patterns of microfilaremia, circulating antigen, and specific IgG and IgG4 responses according to transmission level.

The age-specific patterns of microfilaremia, Og4C3 antigenemia, anti-Brugia malayi IgG and IgG4 were assessed in 3 villages of low, medium and high transmission level for Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. The prevalence rates for each of the 4 markers were clearly age dependent and their patterns strongly associated with the transmission level. The antigenemia prevalence rate was consistently higher than the microfilaremia prevalence rate, in all age groups. The prevalences of anti-B. malayi IgG and IgG4 responses were very similar and much higher than those of microfilaremia or antigenemia. Antibody responses reached the plateau at an earlier age and at a higher prevalence with increased intensity of transmission. For all the markers, the prevalence rates were significantly higher in males than in females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the cuticle of adult Wuchereria bancrofti (Nematoda: Filarioidea).

Because of the practical limitations of obtaining viable adult forms of the Wuchereria bancrofti, the major species responsible for human lymphatic filariasis, only few ultrastructural studies were carried out. Adult worms present the cuticle as the interface structure between host and parasite. Cuticle structure and the demonstration of the presence of basic proteins, lipids, small amounts of terminal carbohydrate residues, phospholipids and collagen in the cuticle was undertaken on thin sections of embedded parasites. Using immunocytochemical methods, antigenic epitopes similar to those found in the extra cellular matrix of vertebrates were localized on thin sections of the Lowicryl embedded adult filariae.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Failure of diethylcarbamazine as a provocative test in subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis.

The effect of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on levels of microfilaraemia in 70 patients with subperiodic, Pacific-variant Wuchereria bancrofti infection was studied one hour after oral administration of 5 mg/kg of drug. In contrast to the immediate DEC-induced increase in microfilaraemia which had been previously described in patients with nocturnally periodic filariasis, diethylcarbamazine failed to elicit such a response in patients with subperiodic bancrofti infection. Indeed, one hour after oral DEC the number of circulating microfilariae was reduced to about 8% of pre-treatment values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E as well as complement components C3c and C4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia and also in filariasis patients. High immunoglobulin levels were seen. In the microfilarial-negative group IgG was 2009 mg% while IgE was 3967 I.U./ml. In the filariasis group, Wuchereria bancrofti patients had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM and IgE, namely, 3314 mg%, 804 mg% and 18400 I.U./ml respectively. The significance of these levels is discussed.

Adolescent↗