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Economy of effort in electron microscope morphometry.

Statistical techniques known as the analysis of variance make it possible for the electron microscopist to plan work in such a way as to get quantitative data with the greatest possible economy of effort. This paper explains how to decide how many measurements to make per micrograph, how many micrographs per tissue block, how many blocks per experimentally treated organ, and how many organs per experimental treatment group.

Analysis of Variance

Work organization of heavy load handling in India.

The physical work rate, the energy and the cardiac costs of twenty-seven young male workers from the eastern part of India in five groups handling loads of about 30, 60, 75, 90, and 125 kg, respectively, were ascertained with the objective to rationalize the rate of work based on the physiological responses of the workers. The mean rate of usual work of the groups (I to V) was 4,715, 8,020, 7,350, 6,100, and 7,600 kg-m/min, respectively, which was considered to be extremely heavy. From the mean values of all the groups for the average work pulse rate of 143.1 beats/min, the recovery-pulse-sum of 119 beats for the first five minutes of recovery, the first and third minute recovery pulses of 127 and 114, respectively, the oxygen-pulse of 0.25 ml/pulse/kg, and the energy cost of 9.1 kcal/min, it was suggested that excepting the first group, the workers were working at a level much higher than the 50% level of their maximal working capacity. The simple and multiple linear correlation coefficients between the rate of work and the various physiological parameters were significant and different linear regression equations were suggested. In conclusion, for extremely heavy types of work in India, 1,200 kcal as the net optimal energy output in an 8-hr working day is suggested.

Adult

[The working place of the disabled as a social, ergonomic and safety problem (author's transl)].

Considering the disabled's role from the societal point of view and the necessity to re-integrate him to the fullest possible extent into the working process, the author raises the question in how far the (see article) 90/91 of the Works Constitution Act is also relevant for this group of employees. The results of these considerations is the initiation of a work science focusing on the disabled, or the resolute application of work scientific findings to the disability sector. Some ergonomic and safety related considerations strengthen the claim for social integration of the disabled. They should be included - together with a number of systematic job analyses in part already carried out by the author of this article - in the training programmes of job analysists for industrial firms.

Persons with Disabilities

Time is money.

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Efficiency

[Study of the factors of health promotion at an industrial plant].

Using special survey questionnaires industrial problems were identified which directly or indirectly determine healthy lifestyle of workers at the Leningrad spinning factory "Red Thread". Difficulties, efforts and potential opportunities to solve these problems were determined with the assistance of administration and public, and also the reasons for ++shrinking of different authorities from the solution of some problems. The apparent divergences in the assessment of problems by different authorities and the necessary attribution of responsibility for their solution require special instructions for the practice of healthy lifestyle formation.

Health Promotion

[Ergonomic evaluation of working conditions and the possibilities of their optimal improvement in small slaughterhouses].

Assessment of working conditions in small slaughter-butcher workshops was based on the measurements of microclimate, illumination intensity, noise level, physical work, load, health risk factors and of other parameters which increased the work strenuousness. The analysis showed that the working conditions were harmful, mainly due to unfavourable microclimate, too poor illumination and the magnitude of physical load which reached mid-heavy and heavy levels. Based on performed analysis of occupational hazards a list of simple technical procedures which could improve working conditions was established by the authors.

Abattoirs