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PubMed1998

On the importance of public choice in migration models.

"Recent general equilibrium Tiebout models that use single-crossing indifference curves to establish a migration equilibrium incorporate both voting and migration decisions. These models have concentrated on the important question of the existence of an equilibrium, but the incorporation of both voting and migration has important efficiency consequences as well. This paper demonstrates the important effect of the interaction of voting and migration on efficiency conditions by showing that head taxes (which are generally considered to provide efficient migration incentives with constant marginal congestion costs) do not provide incentives for efficient migration decisions unless the public choice mechanism results in optimal public service provision within jurisdictions."

Attitude↗
PubMed1986

U.S. Senate voting on health and safety regulation: the effects of ideology and interest-group orientations.

Ideological and interest-group influences attempt to influence policy formulation during the legislative process. In health and safety policy-making these interest-group influences, which are some of the best organized groups, are related to ideological and interest-group orientations of the legislators themselves. The authors analyzed Senate health care voting in the 95th U.S. Congress. General ideology, structured along the left-right dimension was important, but it was not the overriding factor. The senators voted as supporters or opponents of environmentalism as much or even more than as adherents of either liberal or conservative beliefs.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2003

Separation of health, state. Recent legislation has providers caught in the debate over government involvement in personal medical decisions.

Providers are concerned over three initiatives--a ban on partial-birth abortion, Florida's measure granting Gov. Jeb Bush (left) executive power in a right-to-die case and the Senate vote prohibiting genetic testing. These developments have focused more attention on the debate over when government's intervention becomes intrusion, and when lawmakers should overrule the wishes of patients and providers.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1997

The lesbian and gay liberation movement in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), 1974-1996.

Since its founding in 1974, Presbyterians for Lesbian & Gay Concerns (PLGC) has led the movement toward full participation and membership for lesbian and gay people in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). This is a story of that movement, told by a participant. It traces the development of current antigay policies in the church in 1976-78 in response to the first openly gay candidate for the ministry, PLGC's efforts to overturn these policies at annual General Assemblies, the growth of the pro-gay More Light Churches movement among Presbyterian congregations, the increasing number of antigay ecclesiastical court cases, study and dialogue on lesbian and gay issues across the denomination, and controversies over same-gender marriage, all culminating in the 1996 General Assembly, which endorsed civil rights for lesbian and gay couples, but also voted to send the controversial issue of lesbian and gay ordination to the 171 regional presbyteries of the church for an up or down vote. The battle for lesbian and gay equity in the church may well continue decades longer. Equity for gays and lesbians in society will not be fully won until the religious establishment learns how to apply its most basic principles of love, nurture, inclusive welcome, and support to lesbian and gay people.

Christianity↗
PubMed2006

Sustainable rangeland management using a multi-fuzzy model: how to deal with heterogeneous experts' knowledge.

While fuzzy specialists commonly use homogeneous experts' knowledge to construct fuzzy models, it is much more difficult to deal with knowledge elicited from a heterogeneous group of experts. This issue is exemplified in the area of sustainable rangeland management (SRM). One way to deal with the diversity of opinions is to develop a fuzzy system for all experts and to combine all these, the so-called primary systems, into one multi-fuzzy model. To derive each of the primary fuzzy systems, several semi-structured interviews were held in three different areas of the Fars province in Southwest Iran using the knowledge of a group of administrative experts. To obtain the final output of the multi-fuzzy model, we applied different 'voting' methods. The first method simply uses the arithmetic average of the primary outputs as the final output of the multi-fuzzy model. This final output represents an estimation of the right rate of stocking (RRS). We also propose other (un)supervised voting methods. Most importantly, by harmonising the primary outputs such that outliers get less emphasis, we introduce an unsupervised voting method for calculating a weighted estimate of the RRS. This harmonising method is expected to provide a new useful tool for policymakers dealing with heterogenity in experts' opinions: it is especially useful where limited field data are available and one is forced to rely on experts' knowledge only. By constructing the three fuzzy models based on the elicitation of heterogeneous experts' knowledge, our study shows the multidimensional vaguenesses that exist in SRM. Finally, by comparing the final RRS with its common values, this study strongly points to the existence of overgrazing in pastures in the three regions of the Fars province in Southwest Iran.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helping patients to vote.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

A multicenter Italian study of patients' relatives' beliefs about schizophrenia.

This study explored patients' relatives' beliefs about schizophrenia in Italy, a country with a long history of community-based psychiatry. The study was conducted among 709 key relatives of patients with schizophrenia who were recruited in 30 mental health departments. Relatives seemed to believe that mental hospitals are not appropriate places in which to treat their loved ones, even though most of them felt that they were alone in coping with the burden of their ill relative's disease. Most of the relatives agreed that people who have schizophrenia should be allowed to vote, but they appeared to have a stricter attitude toward affective rights, such as the patient's right to get married and have children, and tended to perceive their loved ones as being subject to social discrimination. The findings of this study may be useful for developing psychoeducational intervention and sensitization campaigns for the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The legislation of active voluntary euthanasia in Australia: will the slippery slope prove fatal?

At 2.00 am on the morning of May 24, 1995 the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly Australia passed the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act by the narrow margin of 15 votes to 10. The act permits a terminally ill patient of sound mind and over the age of 18 years, and who is either in pain or suffering, or distress, to request a medical practitioner to assist the patient to terminate his or her life. Thus, Australia can lay claim to being the first country in the world to legalise voluntary active euthanasia. The Northern Territory's act has prompted Australia-wide community reaction, particularly in South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory where proposals to legalise euthanasia have already been defeated on the floor of parliament. In New South Wales (NSW) the AIDS Council of NSW has prepared draft euthanasia legislation to be introduced into the Upper House as a Private Member's Bill some time in 1996. In this paper, we focus on a brief description of events as they occurred and on the arguments for and against the legalisation of euthanasia which have appeared in the media.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Registration and voting participation of four faculty groups.

This study compared registration and voting behavior of nursing faculty, male medical school faculty, female education school faculty, female music school faculty, and the general population of the voting area in the 1972 general election and all 1974 elections. The faculty groups voted in higher proportions than the general population. Nursing faculty registered at a higher rate than the other three faculty groups; nursing faculty voted more than music and education faculty and less or at the same rate as medical school faculty. The male medical faculty registered less frequently than the female faculty, but generally voted in larger percentages. The medical faculty were found to be more consistent voters. The fact that nursing faculty were largely of lower rank and younger age than the other three faculty groups was suggested as a factor in their lower voting consistency.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A challenge to examine the meaning of living and dying.

The case of Paul Brophy, decided by a four-to-three vote of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, focused on the patient's right to terminate artificial nutrition and hydration. According to the majority opinion, artificial feeding is an "intrusive" procedure that one should be able to refuse without being accused of committing suicide. The court based its reasoning on the right to privacy and, in relation to that right, the state's interests in preserving life, protecting innocent third parties, preventing suicide, and maintaining the medical profession's ethical integrity. The majority could have been more persuasive, however, if it had considered Catholic moral tradition in developing its argument, especially the importance of judging a treatment's outcome and burden in relation to the individual patient's life. The Brophy opinion probably will leave many people dissatisfied because it fails to explore the values of the parties involved and the meaning of Catholic teaching. It should serve as a challenge, however, to the Catholic community to more fully articulate for a technologically oriented culture the meaning of living and dying.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2000

Respecting, protecting, persons, humans, and conceptual muddles in the bioethics convention.

The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine confuses respect for a person's right to self-determination with concern about protecting human beings generally. In a legal document, this mixture of deontological with utilitarian considerations undermines what it should preserve: respect for human dignity as the foundation of modern rights-based democracies. Falling prey to the ambiguity of freedom, the Convention blurs the dividing line between morality and the law. The document should be remedied through distinguishing fundamental rights from social 'rights', persons as entitled to the right to self-determination from born humans as entitled to the right to life and from members of the human species as entitled to the morally responsible care of voting majorities. For the cultivating of the required responsibility, the conditions for an adequate public debate should be secured.

Bioethics↗