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PubMed1983

Radiation exposures in Utah from Nevada Nuclear Tests.

The exposure of the population of Utah to external gamma-radiation from the fallout from nuclear weapons tests carried out between 1951 and 1958 at the Nevada Test Site has been reconstructed from recent measurements of residual cesium-137 and plutonium in soil. Although the highest exposures were found in the extreme southwest part of Utah, as expected, the residents of the populous northern valleys around Provo, Salt Lake City, and Ogden received a higher mean dose and a significantly greater population dose (person-rads) than did the residents of most counties closer to the test site. However, population doses from external exposure throughout Utah were far too low to result in any statistically observable health effects.

Environmental Exposure↗

PubMed1993

Breastfeeding promotion in the Utah WIC program.

The Utah WIC program has implemented a variety of breastfeeding promotion activities and programs designed to encourage more mothers to initiate and continue breastfeeding. These activities include training WIC staff in breastfeeding management and support, updating educational materials, implementing peer counseling programs, meeting to coordinate breastfeeding promotion, purchasing breastfeeding equipment, and coordinating a statewide breastfeeding coalition. Since 1989, the breastfeeding initiation rate in the Utah WIC program has improved 17 percent, and breastfeeding at six months has increased nine percent. Breastfeeding promotion activities will continue to promote breastfeeding among WIC mothers in Utah.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2003

Toward a better understanding of the comparatively high prostate cancer incidence rates in Utah.

BACKGROUND: This study assesses whether comparatively high prostate cancer incidence rates among white men in Utah represent higher rates among members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS or Mormons), who comprise about 70% of the state's male population, and considers the potential influence screening has on these rates. METHODS: Analyses are based on 14,693 histologically confirmed invasive prostate cancer cases among men aged 50 years and older identified through the Utah Cancer Registry between 1985 and 1999. Cancer records were linked to LDS Church membership records to determine LDS status. Poisson regression was used to derive rate ratios of LDS to nonLDS prostate cancer incidence, adjusted for age, disease stage, calendar time, and incidental detection. RESULTS: LDS men had a 31% (95% confidence interval, 26%-36%) higher incidence rate of prostate cancer than nonLDS men during the study period. Rates were consistently higher among LDS men over time (118% in 1985-88, 20% in 1989-92, 15% in 1993-1996, and 13% in 1997-99); age (13% in ages 50-59, 48% in ages 60-69, 28% in ages 70-79, and 16% in ages 80 and older); and stage (36% in local/regional and 17% in unstaged). An age- and stage-shift was observed for both LDS and nonLDS men, although more pronounced among LDS men. CONCLUSIONS: Comparatively high prostate cancer incidence rates among LDS men in Utah are explained, at least in part, by more aggressive screening among these men.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Particulate air pollution and daily mortality on Utah's Wasatch Front.

Reviews of daily time-series mortality studies from many cities throughout the world suggest that daily mortality counts are associated with short-term changes in particulate matter (PM) air pollution. One U.S. city, however, with conspicuously weak PM-mortality associations was Salt Lake City, Utah; however, relatively robust PM-mortality associations have been observed in a neighboring metropolitan area (Provo/Orem, Utah). The present study explored this apparent discrepancy by collecting, comparing, and analyzing mortality, pollution, and weather data for all three metropolitan areas on Utah's Wasatch Front region of the Wasatch Mountain Range (Ogden, Salt Lake City, and Provo/Orem) for approximately 10 years (1985-1995). Generalized additive Poisson regression models were used to estimate PM-mortality associations while controlling for seasonality, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Salt Lake City experienced substantially more episodes of high PM that were dominated by windblown dust. When the data were screened to exclude obvious windblown dust episodes and when PM data from multiple monitors were used to construct an estimate of mean exposure for the area, comparable PM-mortality effects were estimated. After screening and by using constructed mean PM [less than/equal to] 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) data, the estimated percent change in mortality associated with a 10-mg/m3 increase in PM10 (and 95% confidence intervals) for the three Wasatch Front metropolitan areas equaled approximately 1. 6% (0.3-2.9), 0.8% (0.3-1.3), and 1.0% (0.2-1.8) for the Ogden, Salt Lake City, and Provo/Orem areas, respectively. We conclude that stagnant air pollution episodes with higher concentrations of primary and secondary combustion-source particles were more associated with elevated mortality than windblown dust episodes with relatively higher concentrations of coarse crustal-derived particles.

Air Pollution↗

PubMed2000

Bacteria and nematodes in the conjunctiva of mule deer from Wyoming and Utah.

Swabs of conjunctiva were collected from 44 live and 226 hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Wyoming and Utah (USA). We identified 29 gram negative and 22 gram positive bacterial taxonomic categories, but many isolates from hunter-harvested animals were environmental contaminants. Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. were the most common gram positive bacteria isolated, and Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas spp. were common gram negative bacteria isolated. Thelazia californiensis were found in 15% of hunter-harvested deer in Utah in 1994 and in 8% in 1995. Nematodes were found in 40% of live deer in 1995 and 66% in 1996. Three live animals showed clinical signs of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in 1996, but pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from these individuals. Hemolytic, non-piliated Moraxella ovis was isolated from two clinically normal live deer in 1996 and isolates were similar to those cultured from IKC cases from Wyoming and Utah.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Skin and colon cancer media campaigns in Utah.

The mission of the Utah Cancer Action Network is to reduce cancer incidence and mortality in Utah. Established in 2003, the network selected skin and colon cancers as the first priorities in its comprehensive plan. In its first year of operation, the network planned and implemented a cancer awareness campaign that was organized along two tracks: 1) marketing research, consisting of two telephone surveys, and 2) two advertising/awareness campaigns, one for colon cancer and one for skin cancer. The first telephone survey was conducted in January 2003 to obtain a baseline measurement of the Utah population's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The advertising campaigns were launched in April 2003, and the second telephone survey was conducted in May. In January 2003, 18% of survey respondents reported seeing or hearing skin cancer prevention or sun protection announcements; in May, this percentage increased to 76%. In January, 36% indicated they had seen, read, or heard colorectal cancer early detection announcements; in May, this percentage increased to 79%.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Western equine encephalitis surveillance in Utah.

The history of WEE surveillance in Utah is reviewed, beginning with the 1933 outbreak involving 3,958 horses. The step by step formation of the Utah Mosquito Abatement Associations surveillance program from 1957 to the present is discussed. Results of an enlarged sentinel chicken flock surveillance program in Utah during 1983 (3 sero-conversions in September), 1984 and 1985 (no sero-conversion) show the lack of WEE activity in the surveillance area.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Cancer incidence in Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah during 1967--75.

Data from the Utah Cancer Registry were used to compare cancer incidence in Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah for the period 1967--75. Church membership was identified for 97.8% of the 20,379 cases in Utah by a search of the central membership files of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (or Mormon Church). Sites associated with smoking (lung, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, and urinary bladder) showed an incidence in Mormons at about one-half that of non-Mormons. Rates of cancers of the breast, cervix, and ovary were low in Mormon women; the rate for cervical cancer was about one-half of that observed in non-Mormons. Cancers of the stomach, colon-rectum, and pancreas were about one-third lower in Mormons than in others who are not members of this religious group. Most of the differences seen in cancer incidence can be explained by Mormon teachings regarding sexual activity and alcohol and tobacco use, but some differences (e.g., colon and stomach) remain unexplained.

Christianity↗

PubMed1995

Cardiovascular disease risk factors and related preventive health practices among adults with and without diabetes--Utah, 1988-1993.

The risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among persons with diabetes is two to three times higher than among persons without diabetes, and CVD accounts for 48% of all deaths among persons with diabetes (1,2). To estimate the prevalence of CVD risk factors among and related preventive health practices of the adult population with diabetes in Utah, the Utah Diabetes Control Program (UDCP) previously had relied primarily on data from national surveys. To guide in planning and decision-making about future activities of the UDCP and to assess CVD-related behaviors and health practices among persons with diabetes, UDCP analyzed data from Utah's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 1988-1993. This report presents the findings of this analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

A 20-year population-based study of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in Utah.

OBJECTIVE: To determine epidemiologic features, trends in frequency, and predictors of clinical outcome of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Utah. DESIGN: A 20-year population-based study of HUS with a review of the HUS registry, hospital records, transplant registry, and a survey of pediatricians and pediatric nephrologists to ensure completeness of ascertainment. POPULATION: All Utah residents under 18 years of age with HUS occurring after a diarrheal prodrome between 1971 and 1990. OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of HUS, severity, complications, and long-term sequelae. RESULTS: There were 157 cases during 20 years; 140 (89%) occurred after a diarrheal prodrome. The mean annual incidence was 1.42/100,000 children (range 0.2 to 3.4/100,000 children/year). Periods of high incidence occurred; however, there was no overall sustained increase in incidence. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated from the stool of 62% of children who had specimens submitted. There were no differences between the first and second decade in the proportion with diarrheal prodrome, bloody diarrhea, most abnormal laboratory values, hospital course, or outcome. However, admission laboratory abnormalities were more severe during the first decade suggesting a delay in diagnosis. Age < 2 years, anuria before admission, and higher white blood cell counts on admission predicted severe disease. Bad outcome (death, end-stage renal disease, or stroke) occurred in 11%; 5% died. Chronic renal sequelae, usually mild, were found on follow-up (median 6.5 years) in 51% of survivors. CONCLUSIONS: HUS has been an important clinical and public health problem in Utah for 20 years. The consistency of the clinical and epidemiologic features over 2 decades suggests that a common etiologic agent has accounted for most cases of HUS in this region since 1971.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Measles outbreak--Southwestern Utah, 1996.

During April 9-July 7, 1996, a total of 107 confirmed measles cases were reported from Washington County, Utah--one of five counties in the Utah Southwest Health District (USHD). Fourteen cases associated with this outbreak were reported from other counties in Utah and from Arizona, California, and Nevada. This report summarizes the epidemiologic investigation of the outbreak in Washington County (1995 population: 65,885) and demonstrates the potential for measles to spread in a school-aged population despite a high coverage rate for at least one dose of measles vaccine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Risk factors for short interpregnancy interval--Utah, June 1996-June 1997.

The Utah Medicaid program provides pregnancy-related coverage for women whose household incomes are < or =133% of the federal poverty level. For women who are not otherwise eligible, Medicaid coverage of family-planning and other services ends after the second calendar month following delivery. To assess whether increased access to family-planning services would benefit Medicaid recipients, the interpregnancy intervals (IPIs) of Utah residents whose most recent pregnancies were covered by Medicaid (Medicaid-recipient mothers) were compared with those of all other Utah resident mothers. This report summarizes the results of that study, which indicate that Medicaid-recipient mothers aged > or =20 years were at increased risk for having short IPIs, and may therefore benefit from extended Medicaid coverage or other means of assuring access to family-planning services.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Vitamin D receptor genotype and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly women of Utah: an effect modified by parity.

INTRODUCTION: The associations between vitamin D receptor (VDR) Bsm I and Fok I genotypes, parity, and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture were evaluated in a statewide population-based case-control study in Utah. METHODS: Women age 50-89 years with hip fracture (n=882) were ascertained via surveillance of 18 Utah hospitals from 1997 to 2001. Age-matched controls were randomly selected (n=897). Participants were interviewed in their homes, and blood samples were collected for genotyping. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses that controlled for multiple confounders, Bsm I VDR genotype but not Fok I genotype was associated with risk of osteoporotic hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB genotype: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95). In similar analyses, no overall association was observed between parity status and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture. However, the effect of VDR genotype was modified by parity status. Among nulliparous women (n=140), Bsm I genotype was not associated with risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.28, 2.4); among primiparous women (n=133), bb genotype was associated with increased risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 3.30; 95% CI: 0.96, 11.29); among multiparous women (n=1,400), bb genotype was associated with decreased risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.84). CONCLUSION: VDR Bsm I genotype was associated with risk of hip fracture in Utah women, and this effect was modified by parity status. Hormonal or lifestyle factors related to parity may underlie this interaction.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical failures of the pneumatic Utah-100 and Jarvik total artificial hearts. A comparative study.

Jarvik-5 and Jarvik-7 total artificial hearts (TAHs) and Utah-100 TAHs were fabricated and implanted in calves and sheep. In the Jarvik series, 30.7% had mechanical failures (16.1% catastrophic). In the Utah-100 TAH series, 11.1% had mechanical failures (3.7% catastrophic). Failures were classified as: 1) diaphragm failures; 2) valve-holding ring failures; 3) air-leak failures; and 4) prosthetic valve failures. Marked reduction in mechanical failure for the Utah-100 TAH is attributed to progressive component redesign, material selection, and more stringent quality control criteria.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Muscle, bone, and the Utah paradigm: a 1999 overview.

The still-evolving Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology supplements former ideas about the control of postnatal bone strength and "mass" in health and disease, on earth and in orbit, and as functions of physical activities including sports. In its view, peak muscle forces on bone dominate control of the biologic mechanisms that control changes in our postnatal whole-bone strength and mass. This contrasts with former ideas that chiefly nonmechanical factors dominate that control and mechanical factors have little influence on it. The newer view begs the question of how such a bone-muscle relationship would work, and the Utah paradigm offers plausible explanations for that. Whereas many biomechanicians, orthopedists, and sports medicine experts might find the newer view sensible, some people in other disciplines may not. This article summarizes some evidence that support the Utah paradigm and the above-stated view and explores some of the paradigm's features and implications.

Bone Diseases, Metabolic↗

PubMed2001

Why should many skeletal scientists and clinicians learn the Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology?

Adding later facts and ideas to a universally accepted "1960 paradigm" of skeletal physiology led to the still-evolving "Utah paradigm". The ASBMR's William Neuman award in 2001 to one of the latter paradigm's architects (HMF) suggested that physiologists began to view it as a valid supplement to its predecessor. Nevertheless it diffused poorly among most SSCs (Skeletal Scientists and Clinicians, plus all others who work in any way on skeletal matters), even though success in the quest for knowledge and recognition by many of them could depend on learning that paradigm's insights. Those insights can help to minimize serious errors in some experimental designs and in interpreting some kinds of data. To explain how success in that quest could depend on the Utah paradigm requires explaining the nature of the above errors, some features of both paradigms, some implications of the newer one, and when that quest's success might not require knowing the Utah paradigm. A three-part message distilled from the past for present and future SSCs concludes the article. It took decades to understand such things and find effective ways to explain them, and both matters probably need improvement (to paraphrase Pogo, "We met the enemy and perhaps it was us more than them"). During those decades the author changed from an active SSC hunter-player to a spectator, known to some as a feisty eccentric old dinosaur (FEOD) (Note A). So here a voice from the past would speak to present and future SSCs.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Wender++-Utah Scale of retrospective evaluation of ADHD].

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among adolescents and adults, when they were not diagnosed during childhood, requires retrospective evaluation of the disorder. Parents are usually the best source of information about childhood conduct, but sometimes it is impossible to get them. The Wender-Utah Rating scale was developed as an aid in the retrospective evaluation of symptoms of attention-deficit, hyperactivity e impulsivity. The objective of this study was to determine the consistency and the validity of this questionnaire in Spanish. METHOD: We evaluated medical students of the Universidad Autónoma de Puebla in Mexico with the Wender-Utah Questionnaire-Spanish. Some of them were evaluated again fifteen days later. We gave them the parents Rating Scale. We calculated the internal and the test-retest consistency and also the correlation between this Questionnaire and the Parents Rating Scale. RESULTS: We evaluated 946 students, 400 had the test-retest procedure and 532 returned the Parents Rating Scale. The internal consistency was superior to .80. The correlation symptoms of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The test-retest consistency was at least .80, for the evaluation of with the Parents Rating Scale were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish translation of the Wender-Utah Questionnaire has adequate consistency and reproducibility so it can be used as a screening tool, also the validity of the different versions suggested can be evaluated.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1994

Epidemiology of congenital hydrocephalus in Utah, 1940-1979: report of an iatrogenically related "epidemic".

As part of an epidemiological study of congenital hydrocephalus in Utah, we focused on the effect of ascertainment sources and temporal variability to further delineate the causes of this relatively common, handicapping birth defect. The incidence and distribution of 934 reported cases diagnosed prior to age 6 months, and born to Utah residents from 1940 to 1979, were analyzed. Data were ascertained by examination of multiple sources, e.g., 982,066 birth, 11,161 fetal death, and 248,208 death certificates, and selected hospital and clinic records. Of the 934 reported cases, 700 met our selection criteria for congenital hydrocephalus, which results in a crude incidence of 0.70 per 1,000 live and stillbirths. Seventy-one cases (10.1%) had additional, multiple congenital anomalies. The male/female sex ratios of the 619 cases of isolated congenital hydrocephalus (occurring as a single entity or in the absence of other reported or known birth defects) and those with multiple congenital anomalies (71 cases) were virtually identical, being 1.45 and 1.48, respectively. A significant 85% increase in the rate of reported cases was observed for the period 1966 to 1970. However, examination of patients' records from 1966 to 1975 in the hospital responsible for almost all of this increase suggests that this was an iatrogenically related "epidemic" caused by several factors: the introduction and possible misinterpretation of pneumoencephalograms (PEG) in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus (PEG was replaced by CAT scanning in the early 1970s), inappropriate diagnosis, and incorrect recording of age at time of diagnosis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗