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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Comparison of urinary albumin excretion rate in overnight urine and albumin creatinine ratio in spot urine in diabetic patients in general practice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether measurement of albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) on a spot urine specimen can replace a timed overnight collection of urine albumin excretion rate (UAER) in patients with diabetes in primary care. DESIGN: Patients with diabetes attending Rønvik Health Centre were asked to bring a timed overnight collection of urine for measurement of UAER. They were also asked to void a urine specimen for measurement of albumin creatinine ratio. SETTING: Primary health care. SUBJECTS: One-hundred-and-six persons with diabetes (47 women, 59 men) aged 13 to 78 years. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of ACR with cut-off values of 2.5 mg/mmol for men and 3.5 mg/mmol for women compared to UAER with cut-off value of 20 mg/24 h was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Spot urine ACR analysed on a DCA 2000 can replace a timed (overnight) collection of urine and measurement of UAER when diabetic patients are reviewed in general practice. This simplifies procedures for the patient as a timed urine collection is no longer necessary. Another advantage is that the results are available after 7 min.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of methylene blue and leucomethylene blue in male and female Fischer 344 rat urine and B6C3F1 mouse urine.

A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of methylene blue and leucomethylene blue in male and female Fischer 344 rat urine and male and female B6C3F1 mouse urine was developed for use in supporting toxicokinetic studies, validated, and used to analyze urine samples for a preliminary dose level range-finding study. The method was validated for a concentration range of 10.0 to 20,000 ng/mL in urine. Samples up to 75,000 ng/mL demonstrated good recoveries when diluted into the range of the calibration curve. Six sets of calibration standards were prepared in F344 male rat urine for analysis to demonstrate reproducibility and ruggedness. The stability of sample extracts was determined under various storage conditions. During the course of analyses of the animal samples, a possible metabolic process was observed. Although Azure B is a significant impurity in methylene blue trihydrate, the amount of Azure B seen in urine samples collected from rodents dosed with methylene blue trihydrate is significantly greater than the amount seen in rodent urine spiked directly with methylene blue. This observation suggests possible N-demethylation of the methylene blue as a metabolic transformation to Azure B.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of quantitative enzymuria in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis using urine enzyme/creatinine ratios from spot urine samples.

The correlation between 24-hour urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) with urine NAG and GGT/creatinine ratios was assessed in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis. Eighteen 6-month-old male Beagles with normal renal function were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6. Each group was fed a different concentration of protein (high protein, 27.3%; medium protein, 13.7%; and low protein, 9.4%) for 21 days. After dietary conditioning, gentamicin was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg IM tid for 8 days and each group was continued on its respective diet. Endogenous creatinine clearance and 24-hour urinary excretion of NAG and GGT were determined after dietary conditioning (day 0) and on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 of gentamicin administration. In addition, urine NAG and GGT/creatinine ratios (IU/L divided by mg/dL) were determined from catheterized spot urine samples obtained between 7 and 10 AM on the same days. The correlation between 24-hour urinary enzyme excretion and urine enzyme/creatinine ratio in the spot urine samples was evaluated by simple linear regression analysis. Spot sample urine enzyme/creatinine ratios were significantly correlated with 24-hour urinary enzyme excretion through day 4 for dogs on low dietary protein, through day 6 for those on medium protein, and through day 8 for those on high dietary protein. Mean +/- SD baseline values for urine NAG/creatinine ratio and 24-hour urinary NAG excretion were 0.06 +/- 0.04 and 0.19 +/- 0.14 IU/kg/24 hr, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the Binax Legionella urinary antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the Biotest Legionella Urin antigen EIA for detection of Legionella antigen in both concentrated and nonconcentrated urine samples.

We evaluated a newly commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Biotest Legionella Urin Antigen EIA; Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany) for detection of antigens of all Legionella pneumophila serogroups with a relatively wide spectrum of cross-reactivity as well as antigens of other Legionella spp. by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with those of an EIA for detection of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen (Legionella urinary antigen EIA; Binax, Portland, Maine). Both tests were performed with both concentrated and nonconcentrated urine samples. We also evaluated the capabilities of both EIAs to detect extracted soluble antigens of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Legionella strains (L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14, L. bozemanii, and L. longbeachae). The sensitivity of the Biotest EIA was 66.66% in nonconcentrated urine and 86.66% in concentrated urine. The sensitivity of the Binax EIA was 63.76% and 88.88% in nonconcentrated and concentrated urine, respectively. The specificity was 100% in nonconcentrated and concentrated urine for both assays. The Binax EIA and Biotest EIA detected extracted soluble antigens of L. pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14 and L. bozemanii ATCC strains. The cross-reactions observed with the Binax EIA were probably due to common epitopes directly related to lipopolysaccharide. Further studies are required to determine the usefulness of the Binax EIA for detection of urinary antigens from Legionella species and serogroups other than L. pneumophila serogroup 1. The Biotest EIA proved to be as rapid, sensitive, and specific as the Binax EIA for the diagnosis of legionellosis. Concentration of antigen present in urine increased the sensitivities of both techniques with no reduction in specificity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Differentiation of kinin fractions in ureter urine and bladder urine of normal and kininogen-deficient rats.

Like human kininogens-deficiency, the ureter urine of Brown Norway (B/N) Katholiek rat, a congenitally deficient strain in plasma high molecular weight (HMW)- and low molecular weight (LMW)-kininogen, showed no detectable kinin in the peptide fraction of gel chromatography, whereas normal ureter urine (B/N-Kitasato rat) expressed kinin in the peptide fraction, when assayed by bradykinin enzyme immunoassay (EIA). However there was immunoreactive substance in the higher molecular weight fraction in both strains of rat. The nature of this substance is not known, but it may give rise to a wrong estimate for kinin if rat urine is allowed to immunoassay directly, and peptide fraction of urine is not resolved into its components by gel chromatography. Kinin degrading activity in rat urine is so potent that kinin could be mostly degraded when stored in the bladder, since kinin was found in the peptide fraction of fresh ureter urine but not in that of bladder urine of the normal strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The relationship of blood- and urine-boron to boron exposure in borax-workers and usefulness of urine-boron as an exposure marker.

Daily dietary-boron intake and on-the-job inspired boron were compared with blood- and urine-boron concentrations in workers engaged in packaging and shipping borax. Fourteen workers handling borax at jobs of low, medium, and high dust exposures were sampled throughout full shifts for 5 consecutive days each. Airborne borax concentrations ranged from means of 3.3 mg/m3 to 18 mg/m3, measured gravimetrically. End-of-shift mean blood-boron concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.26 microgram/g; end-of-shift mean urine concentrations ranged from 3.16 to 10.72 micrograms/mg creatinine. Creatinine measures were used to adjust for differences in urine-specific gravity such that 1 ml of urine contains approximately 1 mg creatinine. There was no progressive increase in end-of-shift blood- or urine-boron concentrations across the days of the week. Urine testing done at the end of the work shift gave a somewhat better estimate of borate exposure than did blood testing, was sampled more easily, and was analytically less difficult to perform. Personal air samplers of two types were used: one, the 37-mm closed-face, two-piece cassette to estimate total dust and the other, the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) sampler to estimate inspirable particulate mass. Under the conditions of this study, the IOM air sampler more nearly estimated human exposure as measured by blood- and urine-boron levels than did the sampler that measured total dust.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between single voided urine protein/creatinine ratio and 24-hour urine protein excretion rate among children and adolescents in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: As there have been few studies conducted on children or adolescents, the purpose of this study was evaluate the relationship between single voided urine protein/creatinine (Up/Ucr) ratio and 24-hour urine protein excretion rate (PER), especially among children and adolescents in Taiwan. METHODS: After multistage random sampling, we collected 1,072 fasting single voided urine samples and 125 24-hour urine samples from seven- to 18-year-old students in Taiwan. We calculated the Up/Ucr of single voided urine samples and the 24-hour PER in urine. RESULTS: The mean value and the 95th percentile of the fasting single voided urine Up/Ucr ratio were 0.118 and 0.235, respectively. The mean value and the 95th percentile of the 24-hour PER were 3.61 and 5.66 mg/h/m2, respectively. There was no significant difference in Up/Ucr ratio between boys and girls. Up/Ucr ratio decreased significantly as age increased. The fasting single voided Up/Ucr ratio was highly correlated with 24-hour PER, with r2 = 0.95 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting single voided Up/Ucr ratio is a good marker of 24-hour PER. It is also a simple, easy, convenient and speedy method to measure Up excretion. The single voided Up/Ucr ratio may also serve as a reference for the clinical diagnosis of Up excretion among normal subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The urine osmolal gap: a clue to estimate urine ammonium in "hybrid" types of metabolic acidosis.

The urine osmolal gap is defined as the difference between measured urine osmolality and the sum of the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea and glucose. Normally, this gap is 80-100 mosmol/kg H2O. A determination of the urine osmolal gap may be useful to ascertain the etiology of metabolic acidosis which is of the mixed wide and normal plasma anion gap type ("hybrid" metabolic acidosis). For example, with "hybrid" metabolic acidosis, a low urine osmolal gap will suggest the absence of excessive organic aciduria (ketoacidosis) and the basis of the normal anion gap type of acidosis will be determined by the urine anion gap or "net charge". Where "hybrid" metabolic acidosis has occurred due to wide anion gap metabolic acidosis with loss of organic acid anion in the urine, the urine osmolal gap will be high and can be used in a semi-quantitative fashion to estimate the sum of urinary ammonium plus ketone body anion concentrations.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1993

[Clinical usefulness of newly developed urine protein dipstick (URINE-TP)].

We assessed the clinical usefulness of a newly developed urine protein dipstick (URINE-TP; U-TP) which can detect gamma-globulin and other proteins as well as albumin. Semiquantitative values of urine protein evaluated with U-TP were compared with those evaluated with ordinary urine protein dipsticks (BM-TEST) in 966 urine samples. The two tests showed the same semiquantitative values in 572 of 966 samples (59.2%; Group A). However, U-TP showed a more positive reaction two gradations higher in 89 samples (9.2%; Group B), and showed a more positive value with one gradation higher in 283 samples (29.3%; Group C) compared with BM-TEST. We then measured total protein, alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-M), NAG and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) in urine, and serum beta 2-M, urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine (CRE) in both Group A and Group B. In BM-TEST negative patients, urinary total protein, tubular proteins (alpha 1-M, beta 2-M) and NAG were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in Group B than in Group A. Moreover, among patients who had trace or positive results by BM-TEST, serum UN was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in Group B than in Group A. These results suggest that U-TP, a newly developed urine protein dipstick, can detect tubular proteins which cannot be detected by ordinary dipsticks. U-TP may be useful for early detection of renal tubular damage, especially when use is the combined with conventional dipsticks.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of meconium, maternal urine and neonatal urine for detection of maternal drug use during pregnancy.

A large scale drug screening study was done to determine the prevalence of drug use in a large metropolitan, obstetric population. Meconium and first voided urine, as well as maternal urine were collected from 423 consecutive deliveries. Urine samples and methanolic extracts of meconium were initially screened by Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) and then confirmed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Analysis of cocaine metabolite as benzoylecogonine, cannabinoid as carboxy-THC, codeine, morphine and methadone were included in the study. The positive rate for benzoylecgonine was virtually identical for meconium, maternal urine and neonatal urine (12%). Analysis of meconium was found to be more reliable than analysis of maternal or neonatal urine for the detection of benzoylecgonine. Meconium did not appear to offer an advantage over maternal or neonatal urine for detection of cannabinoid, codeine, morphine, or methadone.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Activity of cathepsin B and collagenase in urine and excretion of fibronectin and TGF-beta 1 in urine of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis].

In 30% cases nephrotic syndrome is due to membranous glomerulonephritis (MG). Fifty percent of patients reveal end stage renal disease in 15 years follow-up. The another 50% gain persistent remission. The pathogenesis of disease is not known. Protein accumulation in glomeruli leads to progressive loss of kidney structure and function in MG. Also the role of tissue proteolytic systems and growth factors in this process is not known. We aimed to estimate urine cathepsin B, collagenase activity and urine excretion of TGF-beta 1 and fibronectin in MG. MG patients revealed increased urine cathepsin B activity (10.58 +/- 8.73 pmol AMC/mg creatinine/min. vs. control 7.11 +/- 2.05 pmol AMC/mg creatinine/min. [p < 0.05]), urine collagenase activity (8.59 +/- 4.26 pmol AMC/mg creatinine/min. vs. control 3.84 +/- 2.09 pmol AMC/mg creatinine/min. [p > 0.02]) and increased urine excretion of fibronectin (214 +/- 335 ng/mg creatinine vs. control 12.7 +/- 6.7 ng/mg creatinine [p < 0.05]) and increased urine excretion of TGF-beta 1 (283.55 +/- 248.13 pg/ml vs. control 36.11 +/- 48.01 pg/ml [p < 0.05]). The results indicates on glomerular overproduction of TGF-beta 1 and urinary leak of proteolytic enzymes which may exacerbate glomerular proteolytic activity in MG. This may lead to glomerular protein accumulation and progressive loss of kidney function and structure in MG. Increased urine fibronectin excretion in MG patients seems to confirm the hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Use of the Becton-Dickinson urine culture tube with the Abbott MS-2 urine screening system.

Urine specimens were obtained from 312 obstetric outpatients by sterile midstream technique and aliquots placed in both Becton-Dickinson urine culture tubes and sterile conventional tubes. Quantitative cultures were made from each tube, and each tube was screened for bacteria with the Abbott MS-2 urine screening system. The time required to detect bacteriuria was recorded for both specimens. Isolates from specimens containing greater than or equal to 50,000/ml gram-positive cocci or greater than or equal to 100,000/ml gram-negative bacilli were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility tests performed. Delayed (24 hr) quantitative cultures were done from Becton-Dickinson tubes. By these criteria, 124 urine specimens were positive in both conventional and Becton-Dickinson tubes. Escherichia coli (n = 72), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 20), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 8), Proteus mirabilis (n = 4), group B streptococcus (n = 12), and enterococcus (n = 8) were isolated. Time for detection of positive urine samples was similar in both types of tubes. Delayed cultures had significant numbers of false-positive results. Antimicrobial susceptibility results did not appear to be influenced greatly by Becton-Dickinson tube transport. The MS-2 cannot adequately discriminate cultures containing less than 50,000 colony-forming units/ml of urine. The Becton-Dickinson tube appears to be compatible for use with the MS-2 for purposes of screening for bacteriuria.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Urination assessment after the removal of bladder catheter using a novel urination chart.

We investigated the difficulties involved in assessing post prostatectomy voiding according to 20 nurses working in urology and dermatology wards. Problems they encountered included completing a urination (frequency/volume) chart and performing an assessment. We constructed a hourly urination chart for basic nursing education in urinary incontinence. This was used for a 76-year-old male patient with hypertension and diabetes mellitus who underwent a prostatectomy. Urination was recorded for 17 consecutive days after catheter removal. Detailed pathological findings were more distinct in the hourly rather than daily recordings of voluntary micturition. Voluntary micturition appeared 12 h after catheter removal, but it was very scanty. After the onset of urination, frequency and amount of daily voluntary micturition was inversely related to incontinence during the 17 days after catheter removal. We drafted a set of urination recovery stages to enable the analysis of a patient's urination status. Nurses understood its importance and were able to reach a consensus on how to manage patients with postoperative incontinence. We have constructed a practical system for use by specialist urology nurses.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

A clinical study of urine basic fetoprotein and urine polyamine as tumor markers in epithelial cancer of the urinary tract.

BACKGROUND: The reliability of a new screening test for epithelial cancer of the urinary tract was evaluated and the results were compared with those obtained employing urinary cytology in routine use. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 187 cases selected randomly from among the patients who attended Toho University Ohashi Hospital during a period of 1 year from January 1998. The values for urine basic fetoprotein (BFP) and polyamine and urinary cytology were examined. RESULTS: Urine BFP is considered useful for screening and monitoring urinary tract epithelial cancer as is urinary cytology. Urine BFP showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) for G1 compared with urinary cytology and a significantly high level compared with urinary cytology as to the positive rate in the low stage group (P < 0.05). The positive rate of urine BFP was high in patients with urinary tract infection. CONCLUSION: Determining urine BFP, when combined with urinary cytology, is considered very useful for diagnosing patients with urinary tract epithelial cancer. This study suggests the possibility of urine BFP being superior to urinary cytology for screening early cancer and also as an indicator for observations on the clinical course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine.

A method is described for concentrating mutagens/carcinogens from human urine about 200-fold for subsequent assay in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The method is also applicable for other aqueous liquids and for other in vitro tests for mutagens/carcinogens. The urine (up to 500 ml) is put through a column with a 1.5-cm3 bed volume of XAD-2 (styrene-divinylbenzene polymer) and the adsorbed material is then eluted with a few milliliters of acetone. The acetone is taken to dryness and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. This is the urine concentrate that is assayed for mutagenicity. Various mutagens/carcinogens have been added to human urine and the recoveries have been measured after adsorption on XAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax GC (diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer). We propose that this method be used in monitoring the urine of human populations and of experimental animals in toxicological studies. It is shown with this procedure that cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine while nonsmokers do not.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1985

The osmoprotective properties of urine for bacteria: the protective effect of betaine and human urine against low pH and high concentrations of electrolytes, sugars, and urea.

Growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited in a defined minimal medium by high concentrations of electrolytes and sugars in direct relation to their osmotic strength. Choline, betaine, proline, and human urine increased resistance to these substances. In contrast, the toxic effect of urea was not altered directly by betaine or urine, but was reduced in the presence of other osmolytes. The osmolyte protective effect was augmented by betaine. The osmoprotective effect of betaine and urine was confirmed with 40 strains of enteric bacteria. Urine from 19 healthy subjects contained osmoprotective activity greater than that observed with betaine. A methanol extract of urine was found to be highly protective. Although betaine was present in the extract, it could not account for all the protective activity. Urine contains additional low-molecular-weight osmoprotective agents.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

A novel midstream urine-collection device reduces contamination rates in urine cultures amongst women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a novel urine-collection device (UCD) that automatically collects a midstream urine (MSU) sample, and compare contamination rates to those of the conventional MSU sampling method, as the contamination of urine samples for microbiological analysis in women leads to diagnostic ambiguity and unnecessary costs, and may result in part from an incorrect collection procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 2823 women from four centres, most from antenatal clinics, were randomized to two urine-collection methods: conventional MSU collection and collection with a novel MSU UCD (the Whiz, JBOL Ltd, Oxford, UK). Semi-quantitative growth and user acceptability were compared between the collection methods. RESULTS: MSU samples collected with the UCD had significantly fewer mixed growth samples (9% vs 14%, P = 0.001; 36% relative reduction), significantly fewer heavy mixed growth samples (1.2% vs 3.0%, P = 0.004; 60% relative reduction) and required significantly fewer re-tests (11% vs 16%, P = 0.002; 31% relative reduction). There were more samples with clinically insignificant growth than the conventional MSU group (86% vs 82%, P = 0.005). Those using the UCD preferred it to the conventional method (67.5%) and experienced significantly less spillage during sample collection (27% vs 46%, P = 0.001; relative reduction 41%). CONCLUSION: The UCD reduced contamination rates in urine samples and improved the predictive value of the urine culture in a manner acceptable to patients and staff.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Microsatellite analysis of urine sediment versus urine cytology for diagnosing transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder.

The aim was to evaluate microsatellite analysis of urine sediment (MAUS) as an alternative method to urine cytology for routine diagnosis of patients with transitional cell tumors (TCT) of the urinary bladder. Urine cytology has the advantage of being non-invasive, fast and cheap, but is of limited value because of its low sensitivity. MAUS has previously been found to be a successful alternative method. However, the experimental set-up of such investigations implied exclusion of samples with unfavorable characteristics and use of a large number of markers. In the present study, MAUS was tested on all samples routinely available and a small panel of markers was selected. The urine sediments of 66 TCT patients and 24 controls were analyzed by MAUS with 16 fluorescent markers and by urine cytology. All samples were analyzed, including the ones of later micturition, with gross hematuria, leukocyturia or absence of visible sediment. In patients with tumors of low grade (grades I-II), MAUS was significantly more sensitive than urine cytology. The two methods were of equivalent diagnostic power in high-grade (grades III-IV), high-stage (pT1-pT4) tumors. A panel of the six most informative markers for MAUS was selected. Although MAUS has an advantage over routine cytology in low-grade, low-stage tumors, an overall sensitivity of 45% is not sufficient for routine clinical use.

Adult↗