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PubMedDate not supplied

Origin of nondisjunction in trisomy 8 and trisomy 8 mosaicism.

Causes of chromosomal nondisjunction is one of the remaining unanswered questions in human genetics. In order to increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nondisjunction we have performed a molecular study on trisomy 8 and trisomy 8 mosaicism. We report the results on analyses of 26 probands (and parents) using 19 microsatellite DNA markers mapping along the length of chromosome 8. The 26 cases represented 20 live births, four spontaneous abortions, and two prenatal diagnoses (CVS). The results of the nondisjunction studies show that 20 cases (13 maternal, 7 paternal) were probably due to mitotic (postzygotic) duplication as reduction to homozygosity of all informative markers was observed and as no third allele was ever detected. Only two cases from spontaneous abortions were due to maternal meiotic nondisjunction. In four cases we were not able to detect the extra chromosome due to a low level of mosaicism. These results are in contrast to the common autosomal trisomies (including mosaics), where the majority of cases are due to errors in maternal meiosis.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Abnormal amniotic fetal antigen 2 concentrations in trisomy 18 and trisomy 21.

Fetal antigen 2 (FA-2) is a human protein, first identified in amniotic fluid, and shown to be identical to the aminopropeptide of the alpha 1 chain of collagen type I. It exists in several different size and charge forms. In the present study, FA-2 was measured in amniotic fluid using two different assays: a rocket line immunoelectrophoretic assay which measured total FA-2, and a radioimmunoassay which was specific for the high molecular mass forms of FA-2. Both assays gave similar results. FA-2 concentrations were measured in amniotic fluid samples collected from normal pregnancies at 10-23 weeks gestation; they were shown to rise steeply from 10-14 weeks, peak at 17 weeks and then fall slightly by 23 weeks. Comparison between amniotic fluid from normal pregnancies and pregnancies affected by trisomy, showed significantly higher FA-2 concentrations in trisomy 21 and significantly lower concentrations in trisomy 18.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1992

Trisomy 18 mosaicism with complete peripheral lymphocyte trisomy and normal intelligence.

We report a patient with trisomy 18 in all peripheral lymphocytes, mosaicism in cultured fibroblasts, mild nonspecific dysmorphic features, and normal intelligence. Trisomy 18 mosaicism with complete peripheral lymphocytic trisomy has not been previously described. The karyotype of lymphocytes is not diagnostic in the absence of congruent morphologic features.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo trisomy 6q22.2-->6qter and monosomy 1pter-->1p36.3. Case report with a 2-year follow-up and a brief review of other prenatal cases of partial trisomy 6q.

We report a de novo trisom 6q22.2-->6qter and monosomy 1pter-->1p36.3 identified in amniocytes by GTG banding and FISH. While ultrasonography demonstrated malformations that did not suggest a specific chromosomal syndrome, a male infant with features consistent with trisomy 6q was born. He was followed up until 23 months, when he died after cardiac surgery. The only two other prenatal cases of trisomy 6q were compared with our patient. A literature review showed that trisomy 6q has not been reported in association with the anomalies seen by ultrasound in this case.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1977

Partial trisomy 8 (trisomy 8q2106 leads to 8qter).

A case of trisomy for part of the long arm of chromosome 8, confirmed by G-banding analysis, in a white male infant is described. The mother carried a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 8 and chromosome 13 (46,XX,t(8;13),(q21:q34). The patient had inherited the translocated chromosome 13 and was thus trisomic for the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 8. He had many of the clinical features of the full trisomy 8 syndrome. As compared with previously reported cases with trisomy of the distal end of chromosome 8, he was more dysmorphic and showed greater developmental retardation.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1990

Trisomy 7, trisomy 10, and loss of the Y chromosome in short-term cultures of normal kidney tissue.

Numerical chromosome aberrations are common in several types of malignant tumors. Recently, trisomy 7 and loss of the Y chromosome were described in cultures from nonneoplastic tissue, making the significance of these aberrations as cancer-associated changes doubtful. We herein report the mosaic occurrence of trisomy 7 in four consecutive short-term cultures initiated from normal kidney tissue. Smaller clones with trisomy 10 were present in three cases, and the only culture established from a male also showed mosaic loss of the Y chromosome.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome with trisomy 8 (group-C trisomy 8 [47, XX, 8+]).

A supernumerary autosomal syndrome in the C group of submetacentric autosomes has not yet been delineated phenotypically, although cases of an extra C-group autosome have been reported. Recent technical advances (fluorescence and Giemsa banding) now permit positive identification of each autosome. The present case reports the presence of schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome in association with trisomy 8. It is the sixth case of trisomy 8 reported to date. A stress-diathesis model is used to explain the development of the psychiatric disturbances. The patient's autosomal aberration is regarded as diathetic, and the multiple congenital anomalies, surgical interventions, infections, familial, and other environmental responses as stress. This report provides further data for the phenotypic delineation of a trisomy 8 syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2000

Overexpression of mSim2 gene in the zona limitans of the diencephalon of segmental trisomy 16 Ts1Cje fetuses, a mouse model for trisomy 21: a novel whole-mount based RNA hybridization study.

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with mental retardation in humans. Sim2, a human homologue of Drosophila sim gene, which acts as a master regulator of the early development of the fly central nervous system midline, is located on chromosome 21, in the Down syndrome critical region, and might therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of some of the morphological features and brain anomalies observed in Down syndrome. We report here the detailed expression pattern of murine mSim2 gene in Ts1Cje mice fetuses, a segmental trisomy 16 mouse model for trisomy 21, and its overexpression in the zona limitans of the diencephalon using a new quantitative method based on the whole-mount RNA hybridization technique.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Molecular analysis of the parental origin of trisomy in two families with two children having regular trisomy 21].

In order to investigate the parental origin of the trisomy in two families with two free trisomy 21 affected siblings, cytogenetic and molecular analyses were performed. In each case the parental origin was the same for both patients. In one of the families an association between the concordance of the paternal origin of the trisomy and the existence of mosaicism in the blood was established. The various etiologies which may account for recurrence are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Partial trisomy of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads to qter) owing to 3q/18p translocation. A trisomy 3q syndrome.

In four previously reported patients with partial 3q trisomy, only a small portion of 3q was trisomic (3q21 leads to qter or 3q25 leads to qter). Clinical features in these cases have included the following: low-set ears, mongoloid slant of eyes, hypertelorism, cleft palate, webbed neck, simian creases, short finger, clinodactyly, hypotonia, and low-set hairline. Cytogenetic studies of a premature, 1,680-g female infant with with these clinical features showed this extra material to be part of the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q12 leads qter), which resulted in partial trisomy for this segment, ie, 46,XX,-18, +t (3;18) (q12;p11). Although a larger portion of 3q was involved in this case, the clinical picture was similar to other cases of 3q duplication with or without 3p deletion.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Partial trisomy 17q22-qter and partial monosomy Xq27-qter in a girl with a de novo unbalanced translocation due to a postzygotic error: case report and review of the literature on partial trisomy 17qter.

Partial trisomy 17q22-qter is a rare but well-recognized clinical entity. We present a case of partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 17, which was detected in a female infant with severe psychomotor and somatic retardation, Stargardt disease, short limbs, and numerous minor anomalies. Differential chromosomal staining demonstrated an excess of genetic material on the long arm of the late replicating X chromosome. FISH and DNA polymorphism analysis showed that the extra material belonged to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 17 and that there was a partial monosomy of the distal part of the long arm of the derivative X chromosome. The breakpoint regions of this translocation were identified by molecular analysis using polymorphic microsatellite markers on human chromosomes 17 and X. The origin of the abnormal X chromosome was found to be paternal, whereas the origin of the duplicated part of chromosome 17 was maternal. The unbalanced translocation between the paternal X and the maternal chromosome 17 is, therefore, suggested to be due to a postzygotic error.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1995

Trisomy 1q42 --> qter in a sister and brother: further delineation of the "trisomy 1q42 --> qter syndrome".

We report on a 22-year-old woman and her 21-year-old brother with mild mental retardation, long face, prominent forehead, retrognathia, and (relative) macrocephaly. At birth they were small for date, their length is now below the 10th centile. Chromosome analysis demonstrated a nearly pure trisomy 1q42 --> qter in both patients due to unbalanced segregation of a paternal reciprocal balanced translocation 46,XY,t(1;15) (q42;p11). This is the second report of a nearly pure trisomy 1q42 --> qter. When comparing the manifestations of our patients with those of other reported cases we conclude that the most characteristic clinical manifestations of this syndrome are macrocephaly, prominent forehead, micro/retrognathia, large fontanelle, intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth retardation, and mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Balanced translocation (10;13) in a father, ascertained through the study of meiosis in semen, and partial trisomy 10q in his son. Characterization of the region responsible for the partial trisomy 10q syndrome.

We describe a reciprocal translocation (10;13) in a man, ascertained through the study of meiosis in semen, and a partial trisomy 10q in his abnormal son. The phenotypic anomalies of the partial 10q trisomy syndrome are probably due to the presence in triplicate of the region q25 = to qter of chromosome 10.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1977

Partial trisomy 21. Further evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is essential for Down's phenotype.

Cytogenetic analysis of a 6-year-old girl with moderate mental retardation revealed 46 chromosomes with a tandem translocation (21;21) resulting in a partial trisomy 21. Only the terminal band 21q22 was not in triplicate. G-, Q-, R-, and C-banding techniques and silver nitrate staining of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were used to identify this chromosome fully. The phenotype of the patient was not typical for Down's syndrome, providing additional evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is pathogenetic for the phenotype of Down's syndrome. This is also a new example in human pathology of a stable 'dicentric' chromosome in which one of the centromeric constrictions appears to be nonfunctional.

Centromere↗
PubMed1994

Long-term intracerebral transplants of fetal hippocampus from mouse trisomy 16, a model for Down's syndrome (trisomy 21), do not exhibit Alzheimer's disease neuropathology by ultrastructural criteria .

Murine trisomy 16 (Ts16) is an animal model for Down's syndrome (human trisomy 21), because mouse chromosome 16 is genetically homologous to human chromosome 21. Down's syndrome patients, older than 35 years, demonstrate the neuropathological and neurochemical defects characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and Ts16 mouse fetuses exhibit phenotypic abnormalities similar to those in Down's syndrome fetuses. Trisomic mouse fetuses, however, die in utero, and so do not survive long enough for their brains to develop the degenerative changes of aging. This can be overcome by grafting the fetal Ts16 hippocampus (an early site for the development of the pathological features characteristic of Alzheimer's disease), into the cerebral ventricle or striatum of a normal adult mouse host. We have made such transplants, which have survived for up to 12 months. Examining these grafts ultrastructurally at various stages from 1 to 12 months, and comparing them with normal control grafts, reveals no structural difference that could be deemed characteristic of Alzheimer disease; no neurofibrillary tangle or senile plaque was observed. These observations, together with the normal structure of the neuronal organelles in trisomic hippocampal tissue, suggest that trisomic mouse grafts are not a useful model for Alzheimer's disease, despite earlier reports to the contrary.

Alzheimer Disease↗