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PubMed2006

[Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

Randomized clinical trial carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and nicotine replacement therapy with nicotine patches for smoking cessation. Participated 1,199 adults, volunteers, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, randomly assigned to 10 different groups: intensive brief counseling group (GB), with 1 or 2 sessions (G1-G2), and with 3 or 4 sessions (G3-G4), with/without nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Abstinence proportions were estimated during 12 months. These proportions among participants not assigned to NRT were 20% (GB), 17% (G1-G2), and 23% (G3-G4); and among assigned NRT groups were 30% (GBA), 34% (G1A-G2A), and 33% (G3A-G4A). After multiple adjustments, the abstinence proportions ratios seemed to follow a "dose-response" pattern: compared to GB, the ratios were 0.85 (G1-G2), 1.13 (G3-G4), 1.51 (GBA), 1.66 (G1A-G2A), and 1.75 (G3A-G4A). The results suggest that use of NRT increases the abstinence proportion for cessation. The "dose-response" pattern suggests that cognitive-behavioral could be the reasonable option in the smoking cessation therapy.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches.

The climacteric is not a condition of the modern age, although with increased life expectancy over the centuries, more women will experience this physiological transition. As women are living longer there is a greater expectation that good health will be maintained through to the late decade. Thus the potential long-term adverse health consequences of using hormonal therapies (HTs) to alleviate menopausal symptoms are of considerable concern for women and medical practitioners. This concern is often the basis for a decision whether or not to use HT. We have reviewed the history of knowledge of the menopause and the development of HT for the treatment of climacteric complaints. We have also summarised the current evidence for specific benefits and risks of HT. Data indicate that postmenopausal HT is appropriate for the management of vasomotor symptoms, but that HT should not be prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or dementia. HT does prevent bone loss and osteoporotic fracture; however, use for this purpose remains controversial. The risk of breast cancer with HT varies according to the preparation used, such that oestrogen without concurrent progestin appears to convey little, or possibly even no significant breast cancer risk. There is insufficient information regarding the long-term use of non-oral HT, low-dose HT or novel compounds such as tibolone or the selective oestrogen receptor modulators with respect to breast cancer and cardiovascular risk for specific recommendations to be made.

Administration, Cutaneous↗