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PubMed1994

Physical activity training for weight loss in Latinas: a controlled trial.

This study tested the effects of an exercise and diet modification training program for weight loss among Latinas. Forty four obese women were assigned to an experimental training group (n = 22) or a control (n = 22), at random. One session per week for eight weeks included instruction for diet modification and walking for exercise, and all women were led in 20 min of walking during each session. Instruction was provided by a bi-cultural Spanish-speaking physician. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreases, relative to controls, were obtained for Body Mass Index, waist to hip ratio, and serum cholesterol. Significant increases were obtained for fitness, exercise rate and frequency, and diet/exercise knowledge. Results suggest that the training was effective for decreasing obesity and increasing fitness among Low SES, Mexican-American women. Implications for weight control and disease prevention among under-served populations are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The health status and morbidity in the crew members of submarines at different periods of combat training activity].

It was found out in the result of complex examination of health status of 2020 enlisted men from 65 submarine crews of the North Fleet, that the inflammatory and infectious morbidity during the post-cruise period was considerably higher than during seagoing period. This morbidity was characterized by seasonal outbreaks. As for the types of the immune dependency, there were no seasonal changes. The peak of infectious morbidity coincides with the pre-cruise preparative period and post-cruise recreation due to "mixing" of the crews and diminishing of the non-specific resistance of an organism.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The time distribution of the spike train activity of the neurons in the rabbit sensorimotor cortex during a rhythmic motor dominant].

A stationary excitation focus produced in rabbit cortex by rhythmical electrodermal paw stimulation was revealed by presentation of testing sound stimuli, which were earlier indifferent for an animal. The multiunit activity in the sensorimotor cortex was recorded. The neuronal pairs were detected with correlated discharges. Analysis of discharges in such pairs revealed the dominant incidence of conjugated impulses with the interval equal or close to 2 s, if the focus had been created by stimulation with the rhythmic interval 2 s. The dominant interval between discharges in a conjugated pair of neurons was equal of close to 3 s, if the rhythmic stimuli positions had been spaced 3 s. It was shown that the rhythmical nature of the dominant focus was maintained at the level of neuronal interactions, i.e., was of a systemic character. The acquired rhythm in conjugated cell activity was observed not only during summation in the moment of excitation transmission to the effector (i.e., when the dominant realized itself in the motor reaction), but within the periods between the testing stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Impacts of health and safety education: comparison of worker activities before and after training.

BACKGROUND: The International Chemical Workers Union Council (ICWUC) Center for Worker Health and Safety Education in Cincinnati, Ohio, trains workers to protect themselves from hazards due to chemical spills and other chemical exposures. We evaluated whether the ICWUC Hazardous Waste Worker Training Program affects the attitudes and post-training activities, of trained union workers. METHODS: Detailed survey questionnaires were administered to 55 workers prior to and 14-18 months following training. Surveys queried trainees' interest and involvement in safety and health, use of information resources, training activities at their worksite, and their attempts and successes at making worksite improvements. RESULTS: Post-training, the study population showed an increase in training of other workers, use of resources, attempts at improvements, success rates for those attempting change, and overall success at making improvements. Self-reported interest decreased, and self reported involvement in health and safety did not significantly change. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that workers are more willing to attempt to change worksite conditions following training, and that their efficacy at making changes is substantially greater than before they were trained. The study confirms earlier work and strengthens these conclusions by using statistically tested comparisons of impact measures pre- and post-training.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effectiveness of different combinations of pulmonary rehabilitation program components: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To study the short-term and long-term effects of combining activity training or lectures to exercise training on quality of life, functional status, and exercise tolerance. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three outpatients with COPD. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: exercise training alone, exercise training plus activity training, and exercise training plus a lecture series. The mean treatment period was 10 weeks. MEASUREMENT: The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire, the modified version of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire, and the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale were administered at baseline, and 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks from the beginning of the rehabilitation program. The 6-min walk test was used to measure exercise tolerance. RESULTS: Benefits of activity training combined with exercise included less dyspnea (p < or = 0.04) and fatigue (p < or = 0.01), and increased activity involvement (p < or = 0.02) and total functional status (p < or = 0.02) in the short term compared to comparison treatment groups for comparatively older participants. Compared to the lecture series adjunct, the activity training adjunct resulted in significantly higher gains in total quality of life (p = 0.04) maintained at 24 weeks. Significantly worse emotional function and functional status resulted from the lecture series adjunct in the oldest participants (p < or = 0.03). Treatment groups did not differ significantly on exercise tolerance or self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for additional benefits of activity-specific training combined with exercise was found. A behavioral method emphasizing structured controlled breathing and supervised physical activity was statistically significantly more effective than didactic instruction in facilitating additional gains and meeting participants' learning needs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

The psychologist in the community mental health center: an analysis of activities and training needs.

Professional activities and expressed needs for additional training were examined in the case of 211 psychologists employed in 51 community mental health centers in western United States. Two-thirds of the work week is taken up directly or indirectly with traditional clinical services, 19% with community mental health activities; and the balance in program development, administration, research, and program evaluation. In contrast to the common assertion linking psychologists and research activity, the current results indicate that psychologists in community mental health centers devote very little time to research or program evaluation. Expressed training needs parallel reported activity patterns - highest for clinical functions and moderately high for community mental health functions. The significant impact of the community mental health movement is seen in both the distribution of professional activities and in expressed needs for additional competence.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Developmental lead exposure and two-way active avoidance training alter the distribution of protein kinase C activity in the rat hippocampus.

Long-term exposure to a low level of lead is associated with learning deficits. Several types of learning have been correlated to hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC) activation. This study was designed to determine if there is a correlation between the effects of lead on hippocampal PKC activation and those on learning performance. Rats were exposed to 0.2% (w/v) lead acetate at different developmental stages including a maternally exposed group, a postweaning exposed group, and a continuously exposed group. The continuously lead exposed rats tended to avoid less frequently and not respond more frequently in two-way active avoidance training than did controls. This training process was associated with translocation of hippocampal PKC activity from cytosol to membrane. Two-way analysis of variance of data indicates that there is a significant training and lead treatment interaction in the ratio of membrane to cytosolic PKC activity (F3,32 = 3.013; p = 0.044). The interaction is attributable to the absence of the training-induced PKC translocation in the continuously lead exposed rats. In addition, no significant changes were observed in learning performance and training-induced hippocampal PKC activation after maternal and postweaning lead exposure. Continuous and longer duration of lead exposure appears to affect the learning performance and hippocampal PKC activation. These data suggest that a change in the activation of hippocampal PKC may be involved in the lead-induced deficit in learning.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Effects of passive-active movement training on upper limb motor function and cortical activation in chronic patients with stroke: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how repetitive passive-active movement training effects upper limb motor function and cortical activation in patients with stroke. DESIGN: Single-group treatment trial with baseline comparisons. PATIENTS: Ten chronic patients with stroke with paresis of the upper limb. METHODS: Assessments were performed during a 4-week baseline period before and once after 4 weeks of training using the Motor Assessment Scale of the upper limb, Nine Hole Peg Test, goniometer for range of movement and the modified Ashworth scale for muscle tone. Two patients underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging pre- and post-training. The treatment consisted of daily sessions of repeated functional reaching and grasping movements guided passively and attempted actively during 4 weeks. RESULTS: The group improved in range of motion and Motor Assessment Scale scores. Subjects reported improvements in a variety of daily tasks requiring the use of the affected upper limb. Increases in cortical activation in prefrontal and sensorimotor areas were observed in parallel with improvements of upper limb motor function in the 2 patients scanned. CONCLUSION: The 4-week training programme improved hand motor function and ability. Cortical activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging changed in parallel suggesting reorganization of areas related to movements of the paretic limb.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1989

Changes in the serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the cerebral cortex of rats trained for active and passive avoidance.

Male Wistar rats were trained for active (shuttle-box) and passive (step-down) conditioned avoidance through negative reinforcement. The memory tests carried out on the 24th hour and on the 7th day after the training revealed that the rats trained for active avoidance demonstrated a considerably higher number of avoidance in both tests, compared with the avoidance shown during the training session. The memory tests on the 24th hour and on the 7th day after training for passive avoidance showed that the rats had mastered the task lastingly. The levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in the frontal cortex were determined on the 24th hour and on the 7th day after the training, both for active and for passive avoidance. The 5-HT content was considerably increased on the 24th hour after both active and passive avoidance training, whereas on the 7th day its level was unchanged for both types of training. The DA content was slightly increased on the 24th hour and on the 7th day after active avoidance training, though it was considerably reduced on the 24th hour after passive training. The NA level was insignificantly raised on the 24th hour after active avoidance training, being considerably reduced after passive avoidance training. The observed changes in the cortical levels of 5-HT, DA and NA are probably caused to a certain extent by the different stressors used as unconditioned-reflex stimuli during the training for active or passive avoidance.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Fenbufen in the treatment of over-use injuries in long-distance runners.

A random-selection trial comparing fenbufen (Cinopal; Lederle) and reduction in training activity to reduction in training activity alone in over-use injuries in long-distance runners is described. Fenbufen and reduction of training activity together were found to be significantly superior to reduction of training activity alone and improved the signs and symptoms of over-use injuries in long-distance runners. Most of these injuries were of soft tissues, and in these cases it was found that fenbufen had a significant anti-inflammatory effect.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Responsiveness to staff support: evaluating the impact of individual characteristics on the effectiveness of active support training using a conditional probability approach.

BACKGROUND: Active support training was fully conducted in 38 community houses accommodating 106 adults with intellectual disabilities (ID; group 1), but not in a further 36 accommodating 82 adults with ID (group 2). The aims of the present study were to analyse whether staff became more effective in supporting resident activity after the implementation of active support, and whether there was evidence of differential responsiveness by people with differing status in relation to adaptive behaviour, psychiatric diagnosis, challenging behaviour or autism. METHODS: Observations of staff:resident interaction and resident engagement in activity were taken before and after active support training. Changes in Yule's Q statistics, indicating the likelihood that resident engagement in activity followed staff giving residents verbal instruction or non-verbal assistance, were compared for the two groups. In addition, changes in similar statistics were compared for residents within group 1: (1) with Adaptive Behaviour Scale (ABS) scores above and below 180; and (2) with and without severe challenging behaviour, the triad of social impairments and mental illness. RESULTS: Yule's Q for engagement given non-verbal assistance significantly increased post-training among group 1, but not among group 2. Similar significant increases were found among group 1 residents with ABS scores below 180 without challenging behaviour, with and without the triad of social impairments, and without mental illness, but not with an ABS score above 180, with challenging behaviour and with mental illness. CONCLUSION: The present analysis reinforces previous studies on the effectiveness of active support training for adults with more severe ID (i.e. with ABS scores below 180). Active support was as effective for people with the triad of social impairments as for those without it. However, the effectiveness of support offered to people with challenging behaviour or mental illness did not significantly increase.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effectiveness of active physical training as treatment for long-standing adductor-related groin pain in athletes: randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Groin pain is common among athletes. A major cause of long-standing problems is adductor-related groin pain. The purpose of this randomised clinical trial was to compare an active training programme (AT) with a physiotherapy treatment without active training (PT) in the treatment of adductor-related groin pain in athletes. METHODS: 68 athletes with long-standing (median 40 weeks) adductor-related groin pain--after examination according to a standardised protocol--were randomly assigned to AT or PT. The treatment period was 8-12 weeks. 4 months after the end of treatment a standardised examination was done. The examining physician was unaware of the treatment allocation. The ultimate outcome measure was full return to sports at the same level without groin pain. Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 23 patients in the AT group and four in the PT group returned to sports without groin pain (odds ratio, multiple-logistic-regression analysis, 12.7 [95% CI 3.4-47.2]). The subjective global assessments of the effect of the treatments showed a significant (p=0.006) linear trend towards a better effect in the AT group. A per-protocol analysis did not show appreciably different results. INTERPRETATION: AT with a programme aimed at improving strength and coordination of the muscles acting on the pelvis, in particular the adductor muscles, is very effective in the treatment of athletes with long-standing adductor-related groin pain. The potential preventive value of a short programme based upon the principles of AT should be assessed in future, randomised, clinical trials.

Adolescent↗