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PubMed1999

Neutrophils in the molar tooth extraction wound in the rat: a transmission electron microscope (TEM) study.

Neutrophils have been ascribed a number of functions from ultrastructural studies of healing wounds. All of the wounds so far examined have been relatively aseptic. This study investigates, by TEM, the structure of neutrophils in healing molar tooth sockets in rats. Prior to epithelial coverage, a dense infiltrate of neutrophils separated the viable wound tissues from the overlying debris and bacteria. The more deeply situated neutrophils contained many granules and only occasional phagosomes. More superficial neutrophils contained fewer granules and phagosomes with engulfed bacteria undergoing lysis. The most superficial neutrophils were degenerate, lacked granules and often contained viable bacteria. There were varying numbers of neutrophils containing granules in the blood clot, granulation tissue, wound epithelium and adjacent tissue. No extracellular neutrophil granules nor extracellular discharge of granules was found. These findings differ from those of previous ultrastructural studies of relatively aseptic healing wounds. Ultrastructurally, the only function of neutrophils in healing tooth extraction wounds appears to be phagocytosis of bacteria, which supports a role in the prevention of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Changes in response properties of periodontal mechanoreceptors during tooth movement in rats.

Using an in vitro model, we investigated the chronological effects of orthodontic force on the response properties of periodontal mechanoreceptors (PMRs) in the rat mandibular first molar (M1). Experimental tooth movement was obtained by attaching a super-elastic titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) alloy closed coil spring from the mandibular incisors to the right M1. On 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 14 days after the appliances were set, three right mandibular molars were extracted and direct stimulation with von Frey hairs was applied to the PMRs remaining in the tooth sockets of right M1. Single unit discharges were recorded from the inferior alveolar nerve. Following results were obtained; (1) in the 1-, 2- and 3-day groups, the mechanical thresholds were significantly lower than those in the control group. In the 4-day group, the mechanical threshold was significantly higher than that of the 3-day group. (2) In the 3-, 4-, 7- and 14-day groups, the conduction velocities of A(beta) units were lower than those in the control group. These results imply that orthodontic force applied to M1 induced functional changes in the PMRs within a few days, suggesting that the PMR seems to respond to orthodontic force at early stage of tooth movement.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of spreader penetration depth and load required during lateral condensation in teeth prepared using various root canal preparation techniques.

AIM: To compare the influence of various root canal preparation techniques on spreader penetration depth and load required during lateral condensation with gutta-percha and sealer. METHODOLOGY: Eighty extracted human teeth with single and straight canals were used. Twenty teeth were instrumented using one of four root canal preparation techniques. The four preparation techniques were: step-back technique without Gates-Glidden drills, step-back technique with Gates-Glidden drills, crown-down pressureless technique and hybrid technique (step-down/step-back). After root canal preparation had been completed a simulated periodontal ligament was fabricated from a uniform layer of silicone impression material. The roots were then mounted in an acrylic resin to simulate the physical condition found in tooth socket. A standardized stainless steel hand spreader of the same size as the master apical file was mounted in an Instron testing machine and lateral compaction with gutta-percha and sealer was performed. The load value was recorded from the Instron testing machine. The spreader penetration depths were measured with an endodontic ruler. The data obtained were analysed statistically using anova and Student's t-tests. RESULTS: No significant difference in initial spreader load needed to condense the master cone was found amongst the four canal preparation techniques (P > 0.05). The step-back technique with Gates-Glidden drills and the hybrid technique demonstrated the least difference between the initial spreader penetration and the working length (mean 1.925 and 2.25 mm, respectively). The step-back technique without Gates-Glidden drills and the crown-down pressureless technique had the greatest difference between initial spreader penetration and the working length (mean 4.425 and 4.75 mm, respectively). CONCLUSION: The flare created by canal preparation affected spreader penetration depth, but had no effect on the spreader load.

Dental Pulp Cavity↗
PubMed1999

Effect of number of projections on accuracy of depth discrimination using tuned-aperture computed tomography for 3-dimensional dentoalveolar imaging of low-contrast details.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the number of projections influences the accuracy of a simple depth discrimination task when tuned-aperture computed tomography is used. STUDY DESIGN: In each of 4 partially edentulous mandibles, 2 radiopaque steel spheres were attached to the facial and lingual surfaces and 1 ceramic sphere was place in the apical region of an open tooth socket. Errors in estimates of the depth of the apically positioned ceramic sphere relative to the 2 steel spheres were determined from 3-dimensional tuned-aperture computed tomography reconstructions. These data were compared with actual measurements produced independently by means of an optical micrometer. Multiple projections were produced from radially symmetric exposures bearing an angular disparity of 15 degrees. The number of symmetrically dispersed projections per tuned-aperture computed tomography reconstruction was varied systematically (2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 projections). The consequences of this variable, as well as specimen and observer effects, were evaluated in a balanced factorial experimental design. Depth estimates were performed by 10 trained observers. The depth reported was that corresponding to the tuned-aperture computed tomography slice perceived to yield the image of the ceramic sphere in sharpest focus. Resulting data were normalized by logarithmic transformation and analyzed statistically by analysis of variance. RESULTS: No statistically meaningful effects were found for the number of projections (P = .607) or for different observers (P = .093), but a significant specimen effect was demonstrated (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Factors other than high contrast limit the perception of image sharpness under these conditions. Depth may be estimated accurately from relatively small numbers of projections.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of post-operative complications following wisdom tooth surgery performed with sterile or clean gloves.

This randomised prospective study aimed at evaluating possible differences in the post-operative complication rate following lower wisdom tooth surgery performed with either sterile or clean surgical gloves. The microbiological profiles of the tooth sockets and glove surfaces were also evaluated and compared. A total of 275 ASA I, non-smoking and non-drinking patients consented to be randomly assigned into two groups for lower wisdom tooth surgery, performed by operators wearing either sterile or clean gloves. All the patients returned for a post-operative assessment visit one week later. An additional 40 patients were recruited and randomised into the sterile glove group (n = 20) or the clean glove group (n = 20) for the microbiology study. Specimens were taken from the glove surfaces and the post-operative socket wounds during wisdom tooth surgery. This clinical trial showed no significant difference between the sterile and clean glove groups in the incidence of acute inflammation, acute infection and dry sockets in the wounds. No single peri-operative factor had a statistically significant effect on post-operative pain intensity. Most of the bacterial isolates from the clean gloves were Gram-positive cocci or spore-forming bacilli. The total number of colony forming units and the variety of bacterial isolates from the socket wounds in the sterile and clean glove groups were similar. The study concluded that there was no advantage in using sterile surgical gloves rather than clean gloves to minimize post-operative complications in wisdom tooth surgery. There was also no apparent relationship between the bacteria contaminating the clean glove surfaces and those isolated from the socket wounds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Establishing and characterizing human periodontal ligament fibroblasts immortalized by SV40T-antigen and hTERT gene transfer.

The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a highly specialized tissue connecting the cementum with the tooth socket bone and affects the life span of the tooth. However, little is known about the precise characteristics and regenerative mechanism of PDL cells because of the absence of specific markers and cell lines. Therefore, we aimed to establish three immortalized human PDL fibroblast cell lines by using simian virus40 T-antigen (SV40T-Ag) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) transfection, expecting these cells to have the characteristics of primary cells. The transfected cells were named STPLF. The expression of SV40T-Ag and hTERT in all STPLF lines was verified by using the semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method, stretch PCR analysis, or Western blotting analysis. All STPLF showed stable proliferation at more than 120 population doublings (PD), whereas primary human PDL fibroblasts (HPLF) stopped at 10-20 PD. Characterization by RT-PCR analysis revealed that all STPLF genes mimicked the expression of their respective original HPLF genes. STPLF expressed runt-related transcription factor-2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, periostin, receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand, osteoprotegerin, epidermal growth factor receptor, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and type XII collagen. STPLF stimulated with 50 micro g/ml ascorbic acid and 2 mM beta-glycerophosphate for 4 weeks produced more calcified deposits than did HPLF cultured with the same reagents. These results suggest that each STPLF line retained the characteristics of the respective original HPLF, that STPLF gained increased calcification activity, and that STPLF are helpful tools for studying the biology and regenerative mechanisms of human PDL.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

High-speed filming of the Periotest measurement.

Periodontal disease may be diagnosed with the Periotest technique, which involves electronically controlled and reproducible percussion of tooth. The movement on percussion was investigated with high-speed film and then compared with the return of teeth after static deflection for several seconds as has been reported previously by Lukas and Scholz. The elastic and viscous properties of the periodontium and the surrounding bony tooth socket are to a large extent non-linear. The 10-20 microns deflection of the healthy tooth represents only a fraction of static tooth mobility published by Parfitt or Schulte et al. The visco-elastic properties of a healthy tooth enabling the percussion of the Periotest tapping head to be decelerated in less than 1 ms are largely lost in periodontitis. It is this essential difference which the Periotest method utilizes.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1984

Differential response in alveolar bone osteoclasts residing at two different bone sites.

Using a histochemical method for demonstrating acid phosphatase activity, we have studied osteoclasts residing at two different bone sites in rat incisor alveolar bone, one at the endosteum and the other at the tooth socket, and compared the response of these osteoclasts to systemic changes. After 12 days of calcium (0%) or phosphorus (0.2%) deprivation, the number of osteoclasts/cross section at the endosteum increased 463% (P less than 0.001) and 103% (P less than 0.002), respectively. After 10 days of calcium or phosphorus replenishment, the number of osteoclasts at this bone site decreased to levels not significantly different from those in the control. In contrast, the number of osteoclasts at the incisor socket remained insignificantly changed throughout the experimental period. A similar osteoclast differential response was also observed in the alveolar bone surrounding the first molar tooth. After 12 days of calcium deprivation, the number of osteoclasts/mm bone surface increased 371% (P less than 0.001) at the endosteum but remained insignificantly changed at the first molar socket. These results suggest that an osteoclast differential response exists in alveolar bone and that the response may be of significance inasmuch as the major function of alveolar bone is to support the teeth. The work described here supports the concept of local as well as systemic regulation of bone metabolism to simultaneously perform the dual functions of mineral homeostasis and mechanical support.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of the teeth in genetic fingerprinting].

Blood, hairs and sperm are tissues currently used in forensic science to carry out DNA fingerprints in the field of individual identification. Our study aims at showing that dental pulp can also be an exploitable DNA source. A quantitative and qualitative DNA investigation on a yield gel with sizing extracted from this tissue shows that the molecule appears to be in a great quantity and of a high molecular weight. The last characteristic allows the use of the restriction fragments length polymorphic technique to make DNA fingerprints, based on the individual variations of the restriction sites disposition, within the DNA molecule, for a given enzyme. Thus, for an enzyme, the length of the restriction fragments obtained and revealed by a probe, is visualized by autoradiograph. According to this technique, we compared the DNA fingerprints obtained on 8 persons with the probe MS43A, from both pulpal and nucleated blood cells. During the extraction of the third molar of each sample, a small quantity of blood was taken in the tooth socket. In the same time DNA was recovered. For a same person, the autoradiograph showed the same pattern for both blood and tooth sample. The DNA profile similitude confirms the possibility of using the tooth for genetic analysis. The interest in using dental tissues as a DNA source of individual identification falls within the particular character of resistance of this organ towards physical or chemical exterior aggressions. The tooth which until now was used in Anthropology and Forensic Science for its morphological aspects could be used this way for genetic study.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1992

Use of bovine osteogenic protein to promote rapid osseointegration of endosseous dental implants.

An enriched bovine osteogenic protein preparation in combination with bone collagen matrix (osteogenic protein device) was used to effect new bone growth in extraction sites in the presence or absence of titanium dental implants. Incisor and canine teeth were extracted from each of three cynomolgus monkeys, and implants were inserted directly into the sockets without surgical site preparation. The osteogenic protein device induced new bone formation in close apposition to the titanium implants in all trials within 3 weeks. A lesser amount of new bone formation in both sets of control sites was limited to the bony socket walls and not closely apposed to the implant. These data show that the osteogenic protein device is capable of inducing new bone formation in tooth sockets within 3 weeks in the presence or absence of titanium implants. This is the first known demonstration of the therapeutic induction of bone formation in close apposition to metallic implants.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Experimental study of periodontal tissue regeneration. Changes in the periodontium after tooth implantation with and without periodontal ligament].

The role of the periodontal ligament in periodontal tissue regeneration was evaluated. The materials included bilateral upper 1st premolars and lower 2nd, 3rd, and 4th premolars of 11 adult Beagle dogs, aged from 3 to 6 years. Before implantation, the right teeth were extracted and kept for a period of more than 3 months in "a solution for reserving teeth". The left teeth on the other hand, were extracted and soon implanted thus retaining the periodontal ligament into the newly created bone cavities prepared in the right edentulous areas. At the same time, the right reserved teeth were implanted into the left tooth sockets. Implanted teeth were periodically observed macroscopically, radiographically, and histologically for a 6-month period. Macroscopical observation showed good clinical repair in the bilateral sides of the tooth implantation with and without a periodontal ligament. After a 6-week experimental period, radiographic observations of the implanted lower right teeth having a periodontal ligament revealed lamina dura-like findings. Histopathological investigation revealed ankylosis and root resorption on the left side, where the reserved teeth without a periodontal ligament were implanted. But regeneration of the periodontal tissue complex, which consisted of the gingiva, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, was generally observed in the implanted right teeth having a periodontal ligament. These results suggest that the periodontal ligament cells play a significant role in periodontal tissue regeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Long-term effect of desalivation on extraction wound healing: a densitometric study in rats.

The study evaluates radiographically the long-term changes that occur during the healing of tooth sockets in a desalivated rat model. Experimental rats underwent sialadenectomy of the submandibular and sublingual glands and ligation of the parotid ducts. Mandibular left first molars were extracted and the rats killed at 0, 14, 21, 28, 45 and 60 days post-extraction. The mandibles were removed, cleaned of soft tissue, placed on a size 2 dental X-ray film and exposed together with an aluminium stepwedge 0.5-3.0 mm. Socket density was measured using a digital densitometer and related to the equivalent density of aluminium. The density of the image of the apical area of the socket was similar in control and desalivated groups (P > 0.05) throughout the study. However, the density of the image of the crestal area of the socket was lower (P < 0.01-0.001) between days 21 and 60 in desalivated rats. This suggests that desalivation causes a long-term delay in socket healing.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1989

A histomorphometric analysis of the alveolar bone resorption process in calcium-deficient rats.

The present study was carried out to investigate the morphological changes in the alveolar bone in rats fed a low calcium diet, in order to establish an experimental model of alveolar bone resorption. Male Wistar rats (70-85 g in body weight) were either fed a low calcium diet (0.05% Ca, 0.35% P) or a control diet (0.5% Ca, 0.35% P) by using a pair feeding technique. The rats were sacrificed at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 20 days. No difference was found in the growth rate between the control and the low calcium group. In the low calcium group, the bone area significantly reduced at day 3 and progressively decreased to 46% of that of the controls by the end of the experiment. The bone resorption was obvious in the cancellous bone during the early period of the experiment and then the cortical bone was seen to resorb. However, the contour of bone and the rate of bone apposition did not change. At day 20, bone still remained in three regions: the alveolar bone proper that surrounds the tooth sockets, a few cancellous bones and a thin wall-like cortical bone. These results suggest that the process of alveolar bone resorption is related to the mechanical forces induced by the occlusal function of the tooth and, further, that this experimental model might be useful for investigating the mechanism of alveolar bone resorption and disorders of the alveolar bone.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1994

Early alveolar ridge osteogenesis following tooth extraction in the rat.

Following tooth extraction, fluorochrome bone labels were injected intraperitoneally at intervals to identify mineralizing bone surfaces. At 5, 10 and 14 days post-extraction, the rats were killed. The mineral apposition rate, mineralizing surface and mineral formation rate were determined at various locations around the healing tooth socket. Linear trends in mineral apposition rate (p < 0.000001), mineralizing surface (p < 0.000001) and mineral formation rate (p = 0.00008) were seen around the socket, decreasing from gingivopalatal to gingivobuccal regions. These differences may be due to variations in vascularity as the gingivopalatal region is adjacent to the greater palatine artery. The mineral formation rate and mineralizing surface were significantly higher in the rats killed at 14 days after tooth extraction than at the other two post-extraction time points. This may be related to an earlier peak rate of bone resorption.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1987

Mechanisms of tooth eruption in a computer-generated analysis of functional jaw deformations in man.

Two mechanisms that contribute to tooth eruption are proposed from analysis of the human jaws as elastic structures which are deformed intermittently under functional occlusal loads. One possible source of eruptive force is the transient pressure gradient established within each jaw as it is deformed. The second source, suggested by the computer model, is a consequence of the tension placed on periodontal-ligament fibres as individual tooth-sockets are distorted within the deformed jaws.

Bite Force↗
PubMed1997

Axial ultrasonographic imaging of the fetal maxilla for accurate characterization of facial clefts.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether scanning of the fetal midface in the axial plane allows accurate characterization of facial clefts. During fetal anatomic survey, facial clefts were identified in six fetuses. The midface anatomy was evaluated with ultrasonography in the coronal and axial planes, and the clefts were characterized prospectively as unilateral or bilateral and as involving the lip alone or both the lip and the palate. The integrity of the upper lip was assessed in the coronal and axial planes. The continuity of the normal C-shaped curve of the tooth-bearing alveolar ridge and the anterior six tooth sockets was assessed in the axial plane. The prospective prenatal diagnosis was correlated with postnatal findings in all cases. The clefts where characterized prospectively as unilateral cleft lip (one case), unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate (four cases), and bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate (one case). The prenatal characterization was confirmed to be correct postnatally in all cases. Prenatal sonographic evaluation of the axial view of the tooth-bearing alveolar ridge of the maxilla allows accurate determination of whether a cleft is confined to the lip or involves both the lip and the palate.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1996

Infective endocarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus after allogeneic tooth transplantation: a case report.

A patient developed infective endocarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus. He gave a history of recent dental extraction and allogeneic tooth transplantation. He was treated with various antibodies to which the organism was said to be sensitive, but it was not until the transplanted tooth was removed that he started to improve. The mode of infection was thought to be blood borne through the open tooth socket from the raw chicken that he ate regularly.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Extensive subcutaneous emphysema crossing the midline after a surgical extraction: report of case.

A case of extensive subcutaneous emphysema is reported. The patient had a mandibular third molar extracted but did not experience any cervical edema until the morning after surgery. The emphysema did not appear to be caused by the surgical procedure, as emphysema caused by use of instruments becomes immediately apparent and no patient-related causes could be documented. However, a dressing of a tetracycline-steroid ointment in a petrolatum base and a hemostatic agent was placed in the tooth socket during surgery and the dressing may have allowed air into the deeper tissues. The patient was managed by hospitalization, antibiotic therapy, and rest. The tissue emphysema resolved gradually during a 5-day period.

Adult↗